Abstract Ilex paraguariensis (yerba mate) is a native species from South America and is a rich source of bioactive compounds. There is a lack of research efforts on the phytochemical investigation of callus culture from this species. In the present study, an effort was made to optimize callus culture conditions and to identify secondary compounds. Calli were induced from 10 genotypes using leaf explants and the best genotype was selected to evaluate the effects of cytokinin types and concentrations on callus induction and biomass accumulation. The best genotype and cytokinin treatment were used to conduct one last experiment with sucrose concentrations in culture media and its effects on calli biomass, antioxidant activity and secondary compounds accumulation. Callus initiation was genotype dependent, and the 6-156-6 line had the best response. Zeatin supplemented medium showed higher callus induction rate (82%) and higher biomass accumulation after 120 days (328.2 mg). Higher biomass and secondary compounds accumulation were observed for calli on 3% sucrose medium. Antioxidant activity was not affected by sucrose concentrations. Yerba mate callus culture allowed the accumulation of chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, theobromine and caffeine.

RESUMO A vulnerabilidade de aquíferos do tipo cársticos à contaminação por atividades agropecuárias ocorre em função de sua estrutura geomorfológica. No entanto, existem poucos estudos desta natureza no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de nitrato, bactérias coliformes e atrazina em poços rasos e profundos no aquífero cárstico paranaense sob influência de atividades agrícolas. O estudo foi realizado em uma área de agricultura intensiva sobre aquífero cárstico da bacia hidrográfica do Alto Iguaçu/Ribeira no município de Colombo-PR. As campanhas amostrais foram realizadas no período entre 2014 e 2015 em 15 poços rasos e 7 poços profundos, para análise bacteriológica, de NO3- e de atrazina na água. A concentração de NO3- nos poços rasos variou entre 0,14 mg L-1 e 40,22 mg L-1. Nos poços profundos, as concentrações foram menores, entre 1,24 mg L-1 e 17,86 mg L-1. A análise de coliformes totais e fecais apresentou a mesma tendência da presença deNO3-. A atrazina foi detectada em 5 poços rasos e 4 profundos. Propriedades físico-químicas da atrazina, assim como, as fraturas do aquífero cárstico e alta condutividade hidráulica podem ser consideradas como fatores determinantes no destino deste pesticida.

ABSTRACT The vulnerability of karst aquifers to contamination by agrochemical compounds was studied. Such contamination occurs due to its geomorphological structure. Despite the fact, aquifers are important to provide potable water, there is a lack of research about karst aquifers in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of nitrates, fecal coliform bacteria and atrazine in shallow and deep wells in the karst aquifer in the State of Paraná, which is affected by agricultural activities. This study was conducted in an intensive agricultural area located inside the basin of the Upper Iguassu/Ribeira in the Municipality of Colombo, Paraná in Brazil. The sampling campaigns were carried out between 2014 and 2015 in fifteen shallow wells and seven deep wells. Nitrates, total and fecal coliforms and atrazine were analyzed. Nitrates were found in higher concentration in all shallow wells, ranging from 0.14 mg L-1 and 40.22 mg L-1. In deep wells, the lower concentrations were between 1.24 mg L-1 e 17.86 mg L-1. The analysis of total and fecal coliforms showed the bias for nitrates. Atrazine was detected in five shallow wells and in four deep wells. Physico-chemical characteristics of atrazine as well as fractures of the karstic aquifer and high hydraulic conductivity can be considered as determining factors in the fate of pesticides.

A crescente demanda por novas fontes de energia vem aumentando o interesse em pesquisas para a utilização de resíduos florestais. Foram preparados carvões a temperaturas de 500 ºC, 600 °C e 700 °C com o objetivo de avaliar o potencial de uso de acículas de Pinus spp. para energia. Foram avaliadas as características anatômicas e químicas das acículas e do carvão produzido. O conteúdo de cinzas das acículas foi de 2,32% e o poder calorífico de 20,30 MJ/kg. O poder calorífico aumentou 45%, alcançando 29,64MJ/kg após a carbonização em temperatura de 600 ºC. Esse valor é superior ao carvão feito de eucalipto (19,25 MJ/kg) e coco (23,55 MJ/kg), mostrando o bom potencial de uso para energia.

The demand for new energy sources is growing and awakening interest in the use of forest residues. Charcoal was prepared at carbonization temperatures of 500 ºC, 600 °C and 700 °C in order to evaluate the potential use of Pinus sp needles for energy. The anatomical and chemical characteristics of the needles and the charcoal produced were also evaluated. The needles were found to have ash content of 2.32% and gross calorific value of 20.30 MJ/kg. The calorific value increased by 45%, reaching 29.64 MJ/kg, after carbonization carried out at 600 ºC. This value is higher than that for charcoal made from eucalyptus (19.25 MJ/kg) and even coconut husks (23.55 MJ/kg), showing the high energy potential of these needles.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a morfologia e a estrutura molecular do hidrocarvão produzido pela carbonização hidrotérmica da celulose por micro-ondas. O hidrocarvão produzido consiste principalmente de microesferas agregadas de aproximadamente 2,0 µm de diâmetro, com estruturas alifáticas e aromáticas e a presença de grupos funcionais carbonilas. Os grupos aromáticos são constituídos basicamente de estruturas do tipo benzofurano, com estrutura química diferente da do carvão obtido da celulose por métodos convencionais. A carbonização hidrotérmica da celulose por micro-ondas produz um material funcionalizado rico em carbono, semelhante ao produzido por métodos hidrotérmicos convencionais.

The objective of this work was to characterize the morphology and molecular composition of the hydrochar produced by microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose. The produced hydrochar consists mainly of aggregate microspheres with about 2.0 µm in diameter, with aliphatic and aromatic structures and the presence of carbonyl functional groups. The aromatic groups are formed mainly by benzofuran-like structures, being chemically different from common cellulose char. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization yields a functionalized carbon-rich material similar to that produced by the conventional hydrothermal process.

Objetivou-se micropropagar E. benthamii x E. dunnii, testando concentrações de cloro para a assepsia de explantes, a concentração ótima de benzilaminopurina (BAP) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) para a proliferação de gemas e a relação entre BAP e ácido giberélico (GA3) em dois meios de cultura para o alongamento de brotações. Segmentos nodais dos genótipos H12, H19 e H20 foram desinfetados com 0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0% (v v-1) de cloro. Os explantes foram multiplicados em meio ½MS suplementado com BAP (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 mg L-1) e ANA (0; 0,025; 0,050; 0,075 e 0,100 mg L-1) para produção de gemas, e alongados nos meios MS e ½MS suplementados com BAP (0; 0,05 e 0,10 mg L-1) e GA3 (0; 0,1; 0,2 e 0,3 mg L-1). A combinação de 0,50 mg L-1 de BAP e 0,050 mg L-1 de ANA proporcionou melhor proliferação de gemas para os genótipos H12 e H20. As concentrações de 0,10 e 0,20 mg L-1 de GA3 combinadas com 0,10 mg L-1 de BAP em ½MS, promoveram os melhores resultados no alongamento, para os clones H12 e H20, respectivamente. O enraizamento foi baixo, com média de 12,0% para condições in vitro e 14,4% ex vitro.

This study was designed to micropropagate E. benthamii x E. dunnii, by testing chlorine concentrations for explant asepsis, the optimal concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for bud proliferation, and the ratio between BAP and gibberellic acid (GA3) in two nutrient media for shoot elongation. Nodal segments from H12, H19 and H20 clones were disinfected with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (v v-1) of chlorine. Explants were grown on ½MS medium supplemented with BAP (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mg L-1) and NAA (0, 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 mg L-1) for bud production. They were elongated on MS and ½MS media supplemented with BAP (0, 0.05 and 0.10 mg L-1) and GA3 (0, 0.1; 0.2 and 0.3 mg L-1). The 0.50 mg L-1 BAP and 0.050 mg L-1 NAA combination was optimal for bud proliferation for H12 and H20. GA3 concentrations of 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1 combined with 0.10 mg L-1 BAP on ½MS resulted in the longest shoots, for H12 and H20, respectively. Regardless of clone, the rooting rate was low, with an average of 12.0% and 14.4% of plants having roots for in vitro and ex vitro conditions, respectively.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a distribuição de lipídios em sedimentos arqueológicos do sítio Rio do Meio, Ilha de Santa Catarina. Nos extratos totais de lipídios, analisados por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas (CG e CG-EM), predominaram os compostos ácidos e álcoois saturados. Foram detectados pelo menos dois tipos de matéria orgânica: uma antiga e outra comparativamente recente. Na primeira, o extrato total de lipídios foi dominado por ácidos graxos de cadeias curtas (< Ac20:0), com menor percentagem de ácidos e álcoois de cadeias longas (> Ac20:0 e Al20:0). Em contraste, na deposição classificada como recente, foram identificados em maiores teores os ácidos e álcoois de cadeias longas (> Ac20:0 e Al20:0). Neste estudo, foi possível observar a incorporação de material orgânico procedente de fontes de origem vegetal, bacteriana e, possivelmente, animal (gorduras) nos sedimentos arqueológicos analisados.

In this study the distribution of lipid compounds was evaluated in sediment samples of an archaeological site Rio do Meio, Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. In the total lipid extracts, analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC and GC-MS), saturated fatty acids and alcohols were predominant. At least two sources of organic matter were detected, an older and a more recent one. In the old deposit, the most abundant lipids were short-chain fatty acids (< Ac20:0), followed by a minor composition of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols (> Ac20:0 and Al20:0). In contrast, the fresh deposit was dominated by long-chain fatty acids and alcohols (> Ac20:0 and Al20:0). This paper described the incorporation of vegetal, bacterial and possible animal (fat) sources into the archaeological sediments analyzed.

Organic residue analysis of archaeological potsherds is a well-established method for determining the uses of European and North American pottery vessels. In the present work we assess if the organic residues identified in Brazilian potsherd extracts are related to commodity processes (e.g. cooking or surface treatment) or to other non-archaeological sources, using as a model potsherds recovered from the Rio do Meio site (Santa Catarina Island). The potsherd extracts are dominated by saturated fatty acids (Ac16:0, with lower abundances of Ac14:0 and Ac18:0). Our studies provide evidence that the organic residues preserved in the Brazilian archeological potsherds are related to foodstuffs and surface treatment processes of the pottery vessels.

Lipídios provenientes de sete estações sedimentares foram usados para avaliar fontes de matéria orgânica em dois manguezais localizados na Ilha de Santa Catarina, SC. O manguezal de Ratones encontra-se em uma área de preservação permanente, com pouca influência humana. Em contraste, o manguezal do Itacorubi tem sofrido sérios impactos por atividades antrópicas devido à sua proximidade da cidade de Florianópolis. Os maiores níveis de carbono orgânico (2,13 mmol g-1) e fósforo total (14,9 µmol g-1) foram encontrados em Ratones. Entretanto, o percentual de fósforo inorgânico determinado no manguezal de Itacorubi (84%) foi maior do que o de Ratones (58%), possivelmente devido à contaminação urbana. A importância do aporte de esgoto doméstico para o manguezal do Itacorubi foi avaliada a partir da concentração do coprostanol que variou, em média, de 7,7 ng g-1 em Ratones para 1,42 µg g-1 no Itacorubi. Esse nível elevado é compatível com valores encontrados em outros ambientes contaminados.

Lipid compounds from seven sedimentary stations were used to assess sources of organic matter in two mangrove ecosystems located on Santa Catarina Island, southern Brazil. Ratones Mangrove forms part of a national preservation area and has suffered only minimal human influence. Itacorubi Mangrove has been seriously impacted by anthropogenic activities due to its proximity to the city of Florianopolis. Higher levels of total organic carbon (2.13 mmol g-1) and total phosphorus (14.9 µmol g-1) were found in Ratones Mangrove sediments. However, sediments from Itacorubi showed a greater percentage of inorganic phosphorus (84%) than those from Ratones (58%), which can be related to urban contamination. The importance of sewage outfalls into the tidal creeks crossing Itacorubi Mangrove was clearly seen as the concentration of coprostanol averaging 7.7 ng g-1 in Ratones sediments was found to be as high as 1.42 µg g-1 in Itacorubi, which is comparable to other sewage contaminated hydrosystems.