RESUMO O suco de uva vem sendo amplamente estudado pela presença dos compostos fenólicos e seu efeito benéfico para saúde humana. A irradiação ultravioleta do tipo C (UV-C) pode aumentar compostos fenólicos, antociânicos e contribuir com a aceitabilidade sensorial. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar no suco o efeito da aplicação de diferentes doses de irradiação ultravioleta do tipo C (UV-C) sobre as uvas ‘Trebbiano’, ‘Niágara Branca’, ‘Isabel’ e ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, bem como o efeito do período de armazenamento. Os sucos foram elaborados e avaliados quanto às análises físico-químicas, e quanto à análise sensorial em amostras irradiadas. Nos sucos das cultivares ‘Niágara Branca’ e ‘Trebbiano’, o armazenamento e a irradiação promoveram poucas alterações físico-químicas, e sensorialmente a irradiação reduziu a intensidade dos atributos sabor e cor. Nos sucos das cultivares tintas ‘Isabel’ e ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, o armazenamento levou à concentração de açúcares e a irradiação influenciou tanto os parâmetros físico-químicos quanto favoreceu o aumento da intensidade do atributo aroma na dose de 2 kJ m-2. Sendo assim, a irradiação UV-C pouco contribui para a melhoria dos sucos de uvas brancas, no entanto, favorece alguns atributos sensoriais nos sucos de uvas tintas, sendo necessários estudos mais amplos para elucidar a influência da irradiação UV-C na composição fenólica e volátil.

ABSTRACT Grape juice has been widely studied due to the presence of phenolic compounds and its beneficial effects on human health. Ultraviolet irradiation C (UV-C) can increase the content of phenolic compounds and anthocyanins and contribute to sensory acceptability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of ultraviolet irradiation C (UV-C) on ‘Trebbiano’, ‘Niagara Branca’, ‘Isabel’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapes, as well as effect of the storage period. Juices were elaborated and evaluated for physicochemical analyses, and for the sensorial analysis in irradiated samples. In ‘Niagara Branca’ and ‘Trebbiano’ cultivars, storage and irradiation promoted few physicochemical alterations, and sensorially, irradiation reduced the intensity of flavor and color attributes. In juices from ‘Isabel’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ cultivars, the storage period led to the concentration of sugars and irradiation influenced physicochemical parameters and increased the intensity of aroma attribute at dose of 2 kJ m-2. Thus, UV-C irradiation contributes little for the improvement of white grape juices; however, it favors some sensory attributes in red grape juice, requiring further studies to elucidate the influence of UV-C irradiation on the phenolic and volatile composition of grape juice.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition services according to internal and external auditors, before and after intervention, based on the requirements of Good Hygiene Practices. Fifteen hospital nutrition services were evaluated based on a checklist applied by internal auditors and by an external auditor. The intervention program was prepared and implemented in all the locations over one year, and was composed of four points: 1) training; 2) preparation of the action plan; 3) preparation of the documentation; 4) monthly visits to motivate the food handlers and responsible technicians, accompaniment and assistance in the implementation of Good Hygiene Practices. An improvment in the application of Good Hygiene Practices was observed in the hospital nutrition services after the systematic intervention, in the view of both the internal and external auditors, except the requirement related to operational aspects, which had a low percentage of adequacy, both before and after the intervention Before the intervention, there was a significant difference between the evaluation of the internal auditors and the external auditor, which was not found later. These results suggest that the systematic intervention assisted in the adoption of Good Hygiene Practices by hospital nutrition services, according to both the internal and external auditors, and contributed to increasing the knowledge of the internal auditors.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios da cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Foi determinada uma amostra de 15 domicílios por bairro através da divisão geográfica da cidade, totalizando 615 residências. Para a realização do diagnóstico do perfil dos manipuladores nos domicílios, elaborou-se um formulário sobre os dados pessoais com 6 questões abertas e 13 fechadas incluindo o gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão e renda mensal, bem como questões como a frequência do preparo das refeições nos domicílios, satisfação em prepará-las, participação em cursos e percepção deles sobre a segurança dos alimentos. Verificou-se que 92,5% dos manipuladores eram do sexo feminino, 52,2% possuíam nível de escolaridade fundamental completo ou incompleto, e 35,4% com rendimento mensal familiar de 3 a 9 salários mínimos. Dos entrevistados, 82,6% informaram que preparam as refeições todos os dias da semana e 77,9% relataram que nunca enfrentaram problemas ocasionados por alimentos produzidos em casa. É importante identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios para desenvolver estratégias para prevenir ou diminuir as doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos.

This article seeks to diagnose the profile of food handlers in the households of the city of Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. By geographical division of the city, a sample of 15 households per neighborhood was chosen, totaling 615 households. For the diagnosis of the profile of handlers in the households, a questionnaire was prepared, containing 6 open questions and 13 closed questions related to personal data including gender, marital status, education, occupation and monthly income. Issues such as the frequency with which people prepare meals in the households and satisfaction in preparing them, as well as participation in courses and the perception of food safety, were also addressed. It was found that 92.5% of the food handlers were female, 52.2% had complete or incomplete primary school and 35.4% had a monthly income of between 3 and 9 minimum wages. Among those interviewed, 82.6% reported that they prepare meals every day of the week and 77.9% reported that they never had problems caused by the food produced at home. It is important to evaluate the profile of food handlers in the households, as this makes it possible to develop strategies to prevent or diminish foodborne diseases.

O objetivo deste artigo é identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios da cidade de Santa Maria (RS). Foi determinada uma amostra de 15 domicílios por bairro através da divisão geográfica da cidade, totalizando 615 residências. Para a realização do diagnóstico do perfil dos manipuladores nos domicílios, elaborou-se um formulário sobre os dados pessoais com 6 questões abertas e 13 fechadas incluindo o gênero, estado civil, escolaridade, profissão e renda mensal, bem como questões como a frequência do preparo das refeições nos domicílios, satisfação em prepará-las, participação em cursos e percepção deles sobre a segurança dos alimentos. Verificou-se que 92,5% dos manipuladores eram do sexo feminino, 52,2% possuíam nível de escolaridade fundamental completo ou incompleto, e 35,4% com rendimento mensal familiar de 3 a 9 salários mínimos. Dos entrevistados, 82,6% informaram que preparam as refeições todos os dias da semana e 77,9% relataram que nunca enfrentaram problemas ocasionados por alimentos produzidos em casa. É importante identificar o perfil dos manipuladores de alimentos nos domicílios para desenvolver estratégias para prevenir ou diminuir as doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos.

This article seeks to diagnose the profile of food handlers in the households of the city of Santa Maria in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. By geographical division of the city, a sample of 15 households per neighborhood was chosen, totaling 615 households. For the diagnosis of the profile of handlers in the households, a questionnaire was prepared, containing 6 open questions and 13 closed questions related to personal data including gender, marital status, education, occupation and monthly income. Issues such as the frequency with which people prepare meals in the households and satisfaction in preparing them, as well as participation in courses and the perception of food safety, were also addressed. It was found that 92.5% of the food handlers were female, 52.2% had complete or incomplete primary school and 35.4% had a monthly income of between 3 and 9 minimum wages. Among those interviewed, 82.6% reported that they prepare meals every day of the week and 77.9% reported that they never had problems caused by the food produced at home. It is important to evaluate the profile of food handlers in the households, as this makes it possible to develop strategies to prevent or diminish foodborne diseases.

The objective of this study was to verify the compliance of the supermarket sector with respect to the Good Practice Program standards of the city of Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. Sixty nine establishments were verified using a checklist of good practices for the supermarket sector in Santa Maria, RS (Brazil), from April to July 2011. The data were collected by a food safety and quality professional using this checklist. The results showed that the overall adequacy of the establishments surveyed was 29.07%. The highest percentage of compliance was found for storage at ambient temperature (64.13%). The lowest compliance percentage was also found in different sections and areas in the supermarkets such as bakery and confectionery (14.93%), water supply (18.30%), food handling (21.01%), sausage and cold meat (or deli meat) (36.38%), and documentation-related items (4.97%). None of the supermarkets evaluated had the necessary documentation for the implementation of good practices. The results of this study show the importance of effectively implementing a good practice program and quality systems by raising awareness among technicians and professionals of the importance of quality programs used in food companies and the need for more thorough inspection delivered by competent authorities to ensure food safety for consumers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary conditions of hospital nutrition and dietary services using external and internal auditors. Eleven hospitals were evaluated for their nutrition and dietary services using an evaluation checklist based on food safety requirements in the current legislation. The checklist was applied by an internal auditor (a technical supervisor) and an external auditor (a professional with experience in food services) between August and October 2011. According to the number of items on the evaluation checklist that were considered adequate, the hospital facilities were ranked as excellent, good, regular, bad, or very bad. The results obtained by the auditors were compared. According to these results, it can be said that most of the hospital nutrition and dietary services were rated as good for overall quality by the internal auditor, while the external auditor classified them as Regular. There was a clear difference between the evaluations of the auditors, both in terms of the number of items considered adequate and the overall requirements' average score. It can be concluded that hospital nutrition and dietary services should meet safety requirements in order to provide food. These facilities should have external audits conducted as a way to prevent routine problems from being perpetuated.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a composição centesimal do tubérculo de batata in natura a ser utilizado no processo de destilação para a produção de etanol e do resíduo sólido resultante da fermentação deste tubérculo. Com base na composição do resíduo, avaliou-se o efeito da sua utilização na substituição de diferentes teores de fibra alimentar de uma dieta padrão, na resposta biológica de ratos. Para a avaliação dos efeitos biológicos, foram utilizados 32 ratos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos. Um dos grupos de animais recebeu a dieta padrão para ratos em crescimento, e os demais grupos receberam esta dieta com substituição de 25, 50 ou 100% de sua fibra alimentar pela fibra do resíduo. Durante o período experimental (23 dias), foram avaliados o consumo, o ganho de peso, o coeficiente de eficiência alimentar (CEA), a produção de fezes secas e úmidas, pH e excreção de nitrogênio fecal. No final do ensaio, foram avaliados o peso do fígado e da gordura epididimal, níveis sanguíneos de triglicerídeos, colesterol total, colesterol HDL e proteínas totais. O resíduo apresentou uma composição centesimal de 8,2% de proteína, 16,7% de fibra alimentar, 62,8% de carboidratos e 288Kcal. Os resultados obtidos no ensaio biológico sugerem que o resíduo sólido da fermentação de tubérculos de batata pode ser empregado como fonte de nutrientes, com base na substituição da fração fibra de uma dieta padrão AIN-93, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento dos ratos e os parâmetros bioquímicos analisados.

The present research had the objectives of determining the in natura potato tuber centesimal composition in the distilling process in order to produce ethanol and to verify the solid residues resulting from this tuber fermentation process. Based on the residue composition, it was evaluated the effect of its use in the substitution of different dietary fiber content of a standard diet observing the rats biological response to this diet. In order to evaluate the biological effect, 32 Wistar rats were used divided into four groups. One group was given the standard diet for growing rats, according to recommendations of the American Institute of Nutrition (AIN-93), and the other three groups were given this diet substituting 25, 50 or 100% of residue by dietary fiber. Throughout the experimental period (23 days), consumption, weight gain, food efficiency ratio (FER), dry and moist feces production, pH and nitrogen fecal excretion were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, liver and epididimal fat weights, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total protein levels were evaluated. The residue presented centesimal composition of 8.2% protein, 16.7% of dietary fiber, 62.8% of carbohydrates and 288 Kcal. The results obtained in the biological assay suggest that the solid residue resulting from potato tuber fermentation can be employed as a source of nutrients having as basis the exchange of fiber fraction of an AIN-93 standard diet without endangering rats' growth and the analyzed biochemical parameters.

OBJETIVO: Verificar as possíveis atividades biológicas causadas pelo consumo diário de linhaça em diferentes condições de preparo, em ratos Wistar machos recém-desmamados. MÉTODOS: Os ratos recém-desmamados (n=32) foram divididos em 4 grupos de 8 animais: ração padrão; ração com 16% de grão de linhaça cru; ração com 16% de grão de linhaça assado; e ração com 7% de óleo de linhaça. Os animais foram pesados a cada três dias e, após 23 dias de período experimental, foram sacrificados por punção cardíaca, sendo os órgãos imediatamente pesados e o sangue coletado e armazenado a -18ºC para realização das análises (glicose, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade - colesterol, triglicerídios e proteínas totais). As fezes foram coletadas para a determinação de umidade, lipídeo excretado e lipídeo absorvido. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto ao ganho de peso total, consumo diário, coeficiente de eficácia alimentar e peso dos órgãos. A excreção diária, o teor de umidade das fezes e a quantidade de lipídeo fecal foram maiores nos grupos linhaça cru e linhaça assada em comparação aos grupos padrão e óleo de linhaça. Com exceção do lipoproteína de alta densidade-colesterol, todos os demais parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados apresentaram diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos. CONCLUSÃO: O consumo de linhaça, seja como grão cru, assado ou óleo, possui atividade biológica em ratos, destacando-se por reduzir os níveis de glicose, triglicerídios e colesterol. Além disso, o consumo do grão de linhaça aumentou significativamente o volume do bolo fecal e a excreção de lipídeos nas fezes.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) prepared by different methods on the biological response of rats. METHODS: Weaned rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: standard feed, standard feed with 16% raw flaxseed, standard feed with 16% roasted flaxseed and standard feed with 7% flaxseed oil. The animals were weighted at every 3 days and after 23 days, rats were killed by heart puncture. The organs were immediately weighed and the blood was collected and stored at -18ºC for biochemical assays (blood glucose, total cholesterol, High density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride and total protein). The feces were collected for analysis of moisture, excreted lipids and absorbed lipids. RESULTS: The groups did not differ with respect to weight gain, daily food intake, food efficiency ratio and organ weight. Daily excretion, feces moisture and fecal lipid content were greater in the groups fed raw and roasted flaxseed than in the groups fed standard feed and flaxseed oil. Except for high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, all other biochemical parameters presented statistical differences between treatments. CONCLUSION: Raw or roasted flaxseed or flaxseed oil has biological activity in rats: it reduces blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, rats fed raw and roasted flaxseed presented a significantly greater fecal volume and fecal lipid content.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência dos fatores embalagem e tempo na alteração da cor e degradação da clorofila, durante armazenamento de erva-mate tipo chimarrão em condições ambientais. Amostras de erva-mate, acondicionadas em embalagem de papel ou laminada, foram colocadas em câmara de armazenagem e analisadas em sete períodos, totalizando 12 semanas. Foram determinadas a concentração de clorofila (a, b e total), cor instrumental (CIELAB), umidade e atividade de água. Verificou-se degradação dos pigmentos clorofílicos nas amostras em embalagem laminada (redução de 59,5% na concentração de clorofila a e de 28,0% na de clorofila b) e resultados controversos para as amostras em embalagem de papel, os quais provavelmente tiveram interferência da reação de Maillard. As alterações de cor durante o período de armazenamento foram: redução no valor de L* para a erva-mate acondicionada em embalagem de papel (de 49,3 para 48,1) e aumento de L* para o produto em embalagem laminada (de 49,3 para 51,5); redução de -a* e redução de b* para o produto de ambas as embalagens, papel (a*=de -13,2 para -5,9; b*=de 29,3 para 28,5) e laminada (a*=de -13,3 para -7,0; b*=de 29,5 para 24,9). Concluiu-se que o tempo de armazenagem e o tipo de embalagem influenciaram significativamente (P<0,05) os itens analisados, e a alteração de cor foi provavelmente influenciada pelas reações de feofitinização e oxidação dos pigmentos clorofílicos da erva-mate.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of packaging and time factors in color change and degradation of chlorophyll during storage of mate, mate type, in environmental conditions. Samples of mate, packaged in laminated flexible film or paper, were placed in a storage chamber, and analyzed at seven periods, during 12 weeks. Chlorophyll (a, b and total), instrumental color (CIELAB), moisture and water activity were determined. In the analysis of chlorophyllian pigments, it was verified their degradation in the samples packaged in laminated film (a reduction of 59.5% in chlorophyll a and 28.0% in chlorophyll b), and controversial results were found in the samples on paper package. This result probably suffered the interference of Maillard reaction. The mate color changes during storage were: L* reduction in the samples on paper package (from 49.3 to 48.1) and L* increase in the samples on laminated package (from 49.3 to 51.5); -a* reduction and b* reduction in the product on both packages, paper (a*=from -13.2 to -5.9; b*=from 29.3 to 28.5) and laminated film (a*=from -13.3 to -7.0; b*=from 29.5 to 24.9). It was concluded that the storage time and the kind of package significantly influenced (P<0.05) the items analized and that the color change was probably influenced by pheophytinization as well as by oxidation of chlorophyllian pigments in mate.

Durante o armazenamento de farinha de trigo, podem ocorrer mudanças bioquímicas que resultam em alterações nutricionais e tecnológicas, sendo que em baixa temperatura estas mudanças ocorrem mais lentamente. Entre as alterações, pode-se citar o aumento da acidez, a redução do pH e as modificações na sua cor. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do armazenamento à baixa temperatura (-4 ºC) na cor e na acidez da farinha de trigo durante seis meses e correlacionar os resultados obtidos para investigar se a acidez tem relação com a cor da farinha. Foram utilizadas farinhas provenientes de dez genótipos de trigo cultivados em Cascavel, no Estado do Paraná. A cor foi determinada no sistema CIEL*a*b* através dos parâmetros de cor: L* (luminosidade), a* e b* (coordenadas de cromaticidade). Usou-se procedimento da AOAC para determinação da acidez de lipídios. As farinhas apresentaram tendência ao branqueamento durante o período de seis meses de armazenamento, com ocorrência de leve aumento da acidez, mas dentro dos teores aceitáveis. A acidez não foi considerada um fator envolvido na alteração da cor das farinhas no armazenamento à baixa temperatura, pois não houve correlação entre estes dois parâmetros.

During wheat flour storage, biochemical changes can occur which lead to nutritional and technological alterations, but in low temperature these changes can occur more slowly. Among the reactions, we may note are an increase in acidity, reduction of pH and modifications to its color. The present work aimed to evaluate the effects of storage at low temperature (-4 ºC) on the color and acidity of wheat flour over six months and to correlate the results obtained to discover whether the acidity has any relationship with the color of the flour. Flours of ten wheat genotypes, cultivated in Cascavel, in Paraná State were used. The color was determined via the CIEL*a*b* system using the color parameters: L * (brightness), a* and b * (chromaticity coordinates). The AOAC procedure for lipid acidity was used. The flours displayed a tendency to discoloration during the six-month storage period, with the occurrence of a slight increase in acidity, but with acceptable content. The acidity was not considered to be a factor involved in the alteration of the flour color in the storage at low temperature, because no correlation between these two parameters was observed.

O consumo moderado de vinho reduz significativamente os riscos de doenças cardiovasculares. Este efeito é atribuído aos polifenóis presentes no vinho, em especial ao resveratrol (3,5,4'-triidroxiestilbeno), que é uma fitoalexina encontrada em várias partes da videira, principalmente na casca da uva, assim como em outras espécies de plantas. Uvas da cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon foram submetidas à irradiação com luz ultravioleta e maceração carbônica e após fermentadas. Procedeu-se à coleta de amostras durante todo o experimento, as quais foram posteriormente analisadas quanto ao teor de trans-resveratrol através da Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Os resultados do trabalho demonstram que a evolução do conteúdo de trans-resveratrol foi ascendente durante as fases da fermentação. Diferenças ocorreram no final da fermentação, em que as amostras de vinhos com maceração carbônica apresentaram leve declínio, possivelmente pela atmosfera de CO2 na qual ficaram armazenadas, inibindo a formação do resveratrol. Ao final da fermentação principal a concentração de trans-resveratrol foi de 15 mg.L-1 em todos os tratamentos, chegando a 1,5 mg.L-1, em média, no final do período de estocagem.

The moderate consumption of wine reduces the risks of heart diseases significantly. This effect is attributed to the polyphenols found in the wine, in special to resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihidroxistilbene) that it is a phytoalexin found in the various parts of the vine, including in the skin of the grape, as well as in other species of plants. Grapes of cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon had been submitted to the irradiation with ultra-violet light and carbonic maceration and after fermented. It was proceeded all collection from samples during the experiment, which later had been analyzed how much to the concentration of trans-resveratrol using the Liquid Chromatography of High Efficiency. The of the content of trans-resveratrol was ascendent during the vinification phases. Differences had occurred in the end of the fermentation where the samples of wines with carbonic maceration had presentes low decline, possibly for the CO2 atmosphere in which they were stored, in this way, inhibiting the formation of resveratrol. At the end of the main fermentation, the concentration of trans-resveratrol was 15 mg.L-1 in all treatments, arriving of 1.5 mg.L-1, in average, at the end of storage period.

As clorofilas são pigmentos verdes, comuns em todas as células fotossintéticas. Por sua estrutura química ser instável, são facilmente degradadas, resultando em produtos de decomposição que modificam a percepção e qualidade dos alimentos. Esta revisão trata dos vários fatores que interferem na degradação das clorofilas, como a luz, radiação, calor, ácidos, oxigênio, alteração enzimática e interação com outros pigmentos. Também, outro aspecto a ser abordado é a utilização das clorofilas como corantes, através da formação de complexos que tornam esses pigmentos mais estáveis à decomposição.

The Chlorophylls are a common green pigment to all photosynthetic cells. They are easily degraded, because of their unstable chemical structure. Degradation results in products alter the perception and quality of foods. This review discusses the various factors, that interfere on chlorophyll degradation such as light, irradiation, heat, acids, oxygen, enzymatical alteration and the interaction with other pigments. Also, the other topic that was mentioned the utilization of the chlorophylls as dyes through a complex formation that make this pigment more stable to degradation.