Summary: We characterized the trend of scientific research on biofertilizers in Mexico based on publications of national and foreign scientific journals during the 2015-2020 period. Our study consisted on the interpretation of research articles (in English and Spanish) published in the following scientific databases: Ebsco, Elsevier, Springer, Scielo, Wiley and Redalyc, for the analysis of bibliometric indicators. Productivity was determined by year, authors, journals, institutions, and collaborations between countries and Mexican states, on issues related to the use of microorganisms by agricultural crop, biofertilizer brands, and econometric variables and indicators. Within the evaluated period, a total of 115 research articles were published, with an annual average of 19 research articles. The most productive year was 2020, with 40 research articles. The authors with the greatest leadership in publications were Arturo Díaz Franco Santacruz and Cid Aguilar Carpio. The scientific journals that published the greatest number of these research articles were Terra Latinoamericana and Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. The main Mexican institutions performing the research were the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research (INIFAP) and the Postgraduate College. The United States of America is the country that collaborated the most with Mexican states (five states). Research in corn, varieties of chili, tomato, wheat and sorghum prevailed, being present in more than six research articles. Out of 33 brands of biofertilizers analyzed during the period, Micorriza INIFAP® was applied in more than 27% of the crops that used commercial biofertilizers. The most used microorganisms belonged to the genera Glomus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Azospirillum sp. Most of the research papers on biofertilizers are developed in the areas of agronomy, biology and environmental sciences, specifically in studies treating certain agricultural crop, while there are only few studies in the area of administration or marketing.

Resumen: Se caracteriza el comportamiento de la investigación científica sobre biofertilizantes en México, según publicaciones en revistas científicas nacionales y extranjeras, durante el período 2015-2020. La investigación se centró en la interpretación de estos artículos, en idioma inglés y en español, publicados en bases de datos científicas: Ebsco, Elsevier, Springer, Scielo, Willey y Redalyc, para el análisis de indicadores bibliométricos. Se determina la productividad por año, autores, revistas, instituciones, colaboraciones entre países y estados mexicanos, en temáticas relacionadas con el empleo de microorganismos por cultivo agrícola, marcas de biofertilizantes y variables e indicadores econométricos. Dentro del período se publicaron un total de 115 artículos, para un promedio anual de 19 artículos; destacándose el año 2020 como el más productivo con 40 artículos. Los autores con mayor liderazgo en las publicaciones fueron, Arturo Díaz Franco Santacruz y Cid Aguilar Carpio. Las revistas científicas, reservorio del mayor número de estos artículos, son Terra Latinoamericana y Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas. Las principales instituciones mexicanas que desarrollan estas investigaciones son el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) y el Colegio de Posgraduados. Estados Unidos de América, es el país que más colabora estando representado en cinco estados mexicanos. Primaron las investigaciones en maíz, variedades de ají, tomate, trigo y sorgo, estando presentes en más de seis artículos. De 33 marcas de biofertilizantes analizadas durante el período, la marca Micorriza INIFAP® fue aplicada en más del 27% de los cultivos donde se emplearon biofertilizantes comerciales. Los microorganismos más empleados, pertenecieron a los géneros Glomus, Pseudomonas, Bacillus y Azospirillum sp. La mayoría de los trabajos de investigación sobre biofertilizantes, se desarrollan en áreas de la agronomía, la biología y ciencias ambientales, específicamente sobre estudios de casos en algún cultivo agrícola, encontrándose escasos trabajos en el área de la administración o comercialización.

Resumen Introducción: Estilos de vida sedentarios, sin control nutricional y consumo de alcohol habitual podrían estar incrementando los riesgos a la salud en población universitaria. Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias en estilos de vida al respecto de la ingesta habitual de nutrimentos, gasto energético y actividad física de acuerdo con el consumo de alcohol en universitarios. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional, longitudinal con dos mediciones en una muestra de 67 estudiantes del área de la salud en 2017 y 2020. Se incluyó estudiantes vigentes de la universidad que aceptaran participar de manera voluntaria. Se aplicó cédula de datos personales, el recordatorio de 24 horas de pasos múltiples, el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física y se midió la composición corporal. Análisis inferenciales con pruebas de correlación, U de Mann Whitney y prueba de Wilcoxon. Resultados: El 54.2 % de las mujeres y 73.7 % de los hombres refirieron consumir alcohol actualmente. Hubo diferencias estadísticas en gasto energético total y la ingesta de carbohidratos entre los que consumen y no consumen alcohol con p< 05. En ambos grupos el consumo de proteínas se asoció con la ingesta de lípidos con p<.01. Entre mediciones, se encontraron diferencias estadísticas con índice de masa corporal, el consumo calórico total y el gasto energético total con p< 03. Conclusiones: En esta muestra el consumo de alcohol propició diferencias al respecto de mayor composición corporal, consumo calórico y gasto energético lo que puede incidir en mayor posibilidad de exceso de peso en universitarios.

Abstract Introduction: Sedentary lifestyles without nutritional control that also include regular alcohol consumption could increase the health risks in university population. Objective: Analyze the differences in lifestyles with respect to the regular intake of nutrients, energy consumption and physical activity according to alcohol consumption in university students. Methodology: Descriptive, correlational, and longitudinal study with two measurements in a sample of 67 students from the health area (2017 and 2020). Current university students who voluntarily agreed to participate were included. A personal data card, the 24-hour multi-step reminder, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire were applied, and body composition was measured. Inferential analyzes with correlation tests, Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon test were also implemented. Results: 54.2% of women and 73.7% of men were reported as current alcohol consumers. Differences were observed regarding total energy consumption and carbohydrate intake between those who drink and those who did not drink alcohol (p <.05). In both groups, protein consumption was associated to lipid intake (p <.01). Between measurements, differences were found regarding body mass index, total caloric consumption, and total energy consumption (p <.03). Conclusion: In this sample, alcohol consumption led to differences regarding greater body composition, caloric consumption, and energy consumption, which may influence a greater possibility of overweight in university students.

Abstrato Introdução: Estilos de vida sedentários, sem controle nutricional e consumo habitual de álcool podem estar aumentando os riscos à saúde da população universitária. Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças nos estilos de vida quanto à ingestão habitual de nutrientes, gasto energético e atividade física de acordo com o consumo de álcool em universitários. Metodologia: Estudo longitudinal, descritivo-correlacional com duas medidas em uma amostra de 67 estudantes da área da saúde em 2017 e 2020. Foram incluídos estudantes universitários atuais que aceitaram participar voluntariamente. Cartão de dados pessoais, recordatório de 24 horas de múltiplos passos, Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física e composição corporal foram medidos. Análises inferenciais com testes de correlação, teste U de Mann Whitney e teste de Wilcoxon. Resultados: 54,2% das mulheres e 73,7% dos homens relataram consumir álcool atualmente. Houve diferenças estatísticas no gasto energético total e ingestão de carboidratos entre aqueles que consomem e não consomem álcool com (p<0,05). Em ambos os grupos, a ingestão de proteínas foi associada à ingestão de lipídios com (p<0,01). Entre as medidas, foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas com índice de massa corporal, ingestão calórica total e gasto energético total com p < 03). Conclusões: Nesta amostra, o consumo de álcool levou a diferenças em termos de maior composição corporal, ingestão calórica e gasto energético, o que pode afetar uma maior possibilidade de excesso de peso em universitários.

ABSTRACT Objective: The occurrence of partial remission (honeymoon phase) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic microvascular complications of diabetes. We have published case reports showing that a combination therapy with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin plus vitamin D3 (VIDPP-4i) can prolong the honeymoon phase in patients with new-onset T1D. In the present case-control study, we investigated the frequency of occurrence of clinical remission (CR) in patients with new-onset T1D after VIDPP-4i treatment. Subjects and methods: In this case-control study, we collected data spanning 10 years from medical records of 46 patients (23 females) recently diagnosed with T1D. Overall, 27 participants with CR (insulin dose-adjusted glycated hemoglobin [IDAA1c] ≤ 9) at 12 or 24 months composed the case group, and 19 participants without CR served as the control group. Chi-square with Yates correction was used to analyze the association between VIDPP-4i use and CR, and odds ratio (OR) was used to determine the chance of CR due to VIDPP-4i treatment exposure. Results: In all, 37 patients (80.4%) experienced CR at some time over 24 months. The mean CR duration was 13.15 ± 9.91 months. Treatment with VIDPP-4i was significantly associated with CR. At 24 months, the OR of CR after VIDPP-4i exposure was 9.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.21-30.18, p = 0.0036). Additionally, 9 (33.6%) and 4 (14.8%) patients in the VIDPP-4i group experienced insulin-free CR at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Conclusion: Therapy with VIDPP-4i was associated with a higher frequency and duration of the honeymoon phase. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.

ABSTRACT Introduction: As of the present moment many studies have evidenced a decline in the quality of the human semen and an incremented risk masculine sub-fertility. Objective: To evaluate the association's grade of the morphologic and functional changes of the spermatozoa with the risk factors in the masculine infertility. Methods: A descriptive transverse study was carried out in the 123 patients with alterations in the spermogram attended in the Territorial Center of Attention to the Infertile Couple in Holguín in the year 2021, and that fulfilled the established criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The information was gotten from the revision of the case histories and the realization of a questionnaire. Spearman's correlation to identify the relation between the studied variables was used. Results: The teratozoospermia was the morphofunctional change that predominated with 69 cases (56.09 %), being more frequent in the age bracket of 30 to 39 years (22 for a 76 %), the exposition to temperatures raised with 19.51 % and the varicocele with a 43.9 %. The malnutrition for excess and teratozoospermic in 44 patients evidenced a bigger association in the correlation of the studied variables. Conclusions: The evaluation of the changes allowed morphologic and functional of spermatozoa knowing a predominance of the related to the morphology. Risk factors like an age older than 30 years, the malnutrition for excess, the exposition to loud temperatures and the varicocele correlate to the masculine infertility.

RESUMEN Introducción: En la actualidad muchos estudios han mostrado un declinar en la calidad del semen humano y un riesgo incrementado de subfertilidad masculina. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de asociación de los cambios morfofuncionales de los espermatozoides con los factores de riesgo en la infertilidad masculina. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal a los 123 pacientes con alteraciones en el espermograma que acudieron al Centro Territorial de Atención a la Pareja Infértil de la provincia Holguín en el año 2021 que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. La información fue obtenida a partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas y la realización de un cuestionario. Se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Spearman para identificar la relación entre las variables estudiadas a un nivel de significancia (=0,05. Resultados: La teratozoospermia fue el cambio morfofuncional que predominó con 69 casos (56,09 %), al ser más frecuente en el grupo de edad de 30 a 39 años (22, 76 %), la exposición a temperaturas elevadas con 19,51 % y el varicocele con un 43,9 %. En la correlación de las variables estudiadas mostró una mayor asociación la malnutrición por exceso y la teratozoospermia en 44 pacientes. Conclusiones: La evaluación de los cambios morfofuncionales de los espermatozoides permitió́ conocer un predominio de los relacionados a la morfología. Factores de riesgo como la edad mayor de 30 años, la malnutrición por exceso, la exposición a altas temperaturas y el varicocele se asocian a la infertilidad masculina.

ABSTRACT In this work, a study of the ceramic Pb0,91La0,09(Zr0,65Ti0,35)O3 + xMnO with x = 0,0; 0,01; 0,02 and 0,03 was carried out, The dielectric response of PLZT was measured using the impedance spectroscopy method, in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 10 MHz and at temperatures from 15 to 700 K, In the behavior of permittivity with frequency, a strong dispersion is reported for x = 0,0, This relaxing behavior becomes imperceptible with the increase of the Mn2+ cation, In the temperature range between 660 and 700 K, the doped samples showed a relaxation process by conductivity, studied by the Cole-Cole relaxation function, determining, in addition, the thermal evolution of the relaxation time τ, suggesting conductive processes by ion movement. The macroscopic activation energy was determined indicating a conduction process by oxygen vacancies.

RESUMEN En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de la cerámica Pb0,91La0,09(Zr0,65Ti0,35)O3 + xMnO con x = 0,0; 0,01; 0,02 y 0,03. La respuesta dieléctrica del PLZT es medida a través del método de espectroscopia de impedancia, en un rango de frecuencias 100 Hz a 10 MHz y a temperaturas desde 15 a 700 K. En el comportamiento de la permitividad con la frecuencia se reporta una fuerte dispersión para x = 0,0. Este comportamiento relajador se hace imperceptible con el aumento del catión Mn2+.En el intervalo de temperaturas comprendido entre los 660 y 700 K las muestras dopadas, manifestaron un proceso de relajación por conductividad, estudiado por la función de relajación Cole-Cole, determinándose, además, la evolución térmica del tiempo de relajación sugiriendo procesos conductivos por movimiento de iones. Se determinó la energía de activación macroscópica indicando un proceso de conducción por vacancias de oxígeno.

Abstract BACKGROUND: About 7% of pregnant women have some type of hemoglobinopathy including beta-thalassemia which corresponds to an alteration of the beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule. The treatment of these patients is with multiple blood transfusions, with the risk of alloimmunization. CLINICAL CASE: 29-year-old patient with a diagnosis of beta-thalassemia minor seen in the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department in her first pregnancy, with recurrent severe anemic syndrome. She was transfused 7 globular packets, cause of irregular low-frequency anti-E alloantibody. The pregnancy was terminated at 39 weeks by cesarean section, with a live male newborn of 3550 g, Apgar 9-9, without complications. At 35 years of age, she had the second pregnancy which during its evolution required the transfusion of phenotyped blood with nine erythrocyte concentrates. The pregnancy was terminated by cesarean section at 38 weeks, with birth of a girl of 3220 g, Apgar 8-9, without risks or complications for the mother and her daughter. CONCLUSION: The prevention of alloimmunization in the treatment of pregnant women with beta-thalassemia minor consists of establishing the phenotype of the red blood cells to determine systems other than the traditional AB0 or Rh, to avoid sensitization reactions and production of alloantibodies which, if they cross the placental barrier, could cause an immune response in the fetus due to maternal-fetal incompatibility.

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: Alrededor de 7% de las mujeres embarazadas resulta con algún tipo de hemoglobinopatía, como la betatalasemia, que corresponde a una alteración de las cadenas beta de la molécula de hemoglobina. El tratamiento de estas pacientes es con múltiples trasfusiones sanguíneas, con el riesgo de aloinmunización. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 29 años, con diagnóstico de betatalasemia menor atendida en el servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia en su primer embarazo, con síndrome anémico severo recurrente. Se le trasfundieron 7 paquetes globulares, causa del aloanticuerpo irregular de baja frecuencia anti-E. El embarazo finalizó a las 39 semanas por cesárea, con un recién nacido masculino vivo de 3550 g, Apgar 9-9, sin complicaciones. A los 35 años tuvo el segundo embarazo que durante su evolución requirió la trasfusión de sangre fenotipada con nueve concentrados eritrocitarios. El embarazo finalizó por cesárea a las 38 semanas, con nacimiento de una niña de 3220 g, Apgar 8-9, sin riesgos ni complicaciones para la madre y su hija. CONCLUSIÓN: La prevención de la aloinmunización en la embarazada con betatalasemia menor consiste en establecer el fenotipo de los glóbulos rojos para conocer otros sistemas distintos a los tradicionales AB0 o Rh, para evitar reacciones de sensibilización y producción de aloanticuerpos que, de atravesar la barrera placentaria, podrían causar una respuesta inmunitaria en el feto debido a incompatibilidad materno-fetal.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II instrument was developed in English and in Spanish to examine health-promoting lifestyle profiles. Several reports question the validity of its Spanish version; it is thought that the translation employed requires changes according to the cultural context in which it is intended to be used. The proposal was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the six dimensions proposed by the original version of the instrument in Mexican university students. Method: Ex post facto design with 478 students from a public university in northeastern Mexico. The analysis was performed in LISREL 8.1 and in SPSS 21.0. A psychometric analysis was performed of the six dimensions with factor homogeneity, validity, and reliability indices in two models. Results: Descriptive data and results of the factor analysis are presented with a moderate fit model and a distribution that explains 49.93% of the variance. The 52-item version presented low convergent and discriminant validity values; by removing six items, these values reached normalization for five of the six dimensions. In opposition to that, reliability of the scores was good. Conclusions: In this sample from the Mexican context, some problems of the Spanish version's factor solution are confirmed with a model that presents moderate fit given the six-dimension structure. However, the predicted structure shows accepTable reliability values. In the experts' opinion, the six-dimension structure seems to be the most adequate to be used in Mexican university students.

RESUMEN: Introducción: El instrumento Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II fue desarrollado en inglés y español para examinar perfiles de estilo de vida promotores de salud. Existen varios reportes que cuestionan la validez de su versión en español, se piensa que la traducción utilizada requiere modificaciones de acuerdo con el contexto cultural en el que desee utilizarse. Se propuso evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de las seis dimensiones que propone la versión original del instrumento en universitarios mexicanos. Método: Diseño ex post facto con 478 estudiantes de una universidad pública del noreste de México. Análisis con LISREL 8.1 y SPSS 21.0. Se realizó análisis psicométrico de las seis dimensiones con índices de homogeneidad factorial, índices de validez y confiabilidad en dos modelos. Resultados: Se presentan datos descriptivos y resultados de análisis factoriales con modelo de ajuste moderado y una distribución que explica el 49.93% de la varianza. La versión de 52 ítems presentó valores bajos de validez convergente y discriminante, con la eliminación de seis ítems estos valores se normalizaron para cinco de las seis dimensiones. En contraste, la fiabilidad de las puntuaciones fue buena. Conclusiones: En esta muestra del contexto mexicano, se confirman algunas problemáticas de la solución factorial de la versión en español con un modelo que presenta ajuste moderado ante la estructura de seis dimensiones. Sin embargo, la estructura predicha muestra valores de fiabilidad acepTables. A juicio de expertos, la estructura de seis dimensiones parece ser la más adecuada para utilizarse en universitarios mexicanos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cholera is an acute intestinal infection caused by toxigenic strains of Vibrio choleare. The rapid dissemination and emergence of the multiresistance that characterizes this pathogen could interfere with the success of antimicrobial therapy, so it is a priority to monitor changes in susceptibility patterns, as a transcendental part of the resistance control policy antimicrobial. Objective: To determine the behavior of antimicrobial resistance against the antimicrobials of interest used in the treatment, the presence of enzymatic virulence factors and whether there is a relationship between them. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted during July 2012 to December 2015. Where 500 isolates belonging to the cepary of the National Reference Laboratory for Acute Diarrheal Diseases of the Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", from outbreaks of EDA of the national network of Microbiology laboratories in Cuba. Conventional phenotypic methods were applied to determine the behavior of antimicrobial resistance, the presence of enzymatic factors and their relationship with antimicrobial resistance. Results: The highest percentages of sensitivity were obtained against azithromycin (98%), doxycycline (96%) and ciprofloxacin (93%) and resistance to ampicillin (100%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (99.4%). 44 isolated (8.8%) multi-resistant were found. All isolates had at least two extracellular enzymes as virulence factors, the most frequent: gelatinase (96%) and lecithinase (95%). Conclusions: There is a direct and proportional relationship between the presence of virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance, synergism that arises greater pathogenicity of the isolates studied from epidemic outbreaks.

RESUMEN Introducción: El cólera es una infección intestinal aguda causada por cepas toxigénicas de Vibrio choleare. La rápida diseminación y emergencia de la multirresistencia que caracteriza a este patógeno, podría interferir en el éxito de la terapia antimicrobiana, por lo que constituye una prioridad monitorear los cambios en los patrones de susceptibilidad, como parte trascendental de la política de control de la resistencia antimicrobiana. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana frente a los antimicrobianos de interés empleados en el tratamiento, la presencia de factores de virulencia enzimáticos y si existe relación entre ambos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal durante julio de 2012 a diciembre de 2015. Se estudiaron 500 aislamientos pertenecientes al cepario del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedades Diarreicas Agudas del Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Pedro Kourí”, procedentes de brotes de enfermedades diarreicas agudas de la red nacional de laboratorios de Microbiología de Cuba. Se aplicaron métodos convencionales fenotípicos para determinar el comportamiento de la resistencia antimicrobiana, la presencia de factores enzimáticos y la relación de estos con la resistencia antimicrobiana. Resultados: Los mayores porcentajes de sensibilidad se obtuvieron frente a azitromicina (98 %), doxiciclina (96 %) y ciprofloxacina (93%) y de resistencia frente a ampicilina (100 %) y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (99,4 %). Se encontraron 44 aislados (8,8 %) multirresistente. Todos los aislamientos poseían al menos dos enzimas extracelulares como factores de virulencia, las más frecuentes: gelatinasa (96 %) y lecitinasa (95 %). Conclusiones: Se evidencia una relación directa y proporcional entre la presencia de los factores de virulencia y resistencia antimicrobiana, sinergismo que surgiere mayor patogenicidad de los aislados estudiados procedentes de brotes epidémicos.

RESUMO Este trabalho teve por finalidade analisar o processo de implantação do plano de gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos (PGRS) em um complexo siderúrgico, de modo que se identifiquem possíveis ganhos financeiros associados aos ganhos ambientais. Para atender ao objetivo proposto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho descritivo e analítico, adotando a pesquisa-ação como estratégia de pesquisa. Os recursos metodológicos usados foram pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo. Os resultados permitiram levantar e classificar os resíduos gerados pelo complexo, para conhecer sua natureza, legislações pertinentes e métodos de tratamento; acompanhar o processo de implantação do novo plano de tratamento de resíduos; e analisar os impactos financeiros associados aos ganhos ambientais. A análise de indicadores mostrou que, até o ano de 2014, as despesas com o gerenciamento de resíduos eram maiores que as receitas. Já em 2015, com a implantação do PGRS, houve aumento de receitas, provenientes de venda de resíduos recicláveis e redução de custos de tratamento de resíduos, mostrando ser possível, com um trabalho coletivo e focado, atender a legislações ambientais e ainda trazer um retorno financeiro para a empresa.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the process of implementation of solid waste management plan (SWMP) in a steel complex, in order to identify possible financial gains associated with environmental gains. To reach the proposed objective, a qualitative, descriptive and analytical research was carried out, adopting action-research as a strategy. The methodological resources used were bibliographical, documentary and field research. Results allow to survey and classify the waste generated by the complex, to know its nature, relevant legislation and treatment methods; to monitor the implementation process of the new waste treatment plan; and to analyze the financial impacts associated with environmental gains. The indicators analysis showed that by 2014, the cost of waste management expenses was greater than revenues. In 2015, with the implementation of the SWMP, there was an increase in revenues from the sale of recyclable waste and a reduction of waste treatment costs, showing that it is possible, with a collective and focused work, to meet environmental legislation and also bring a financial return to the company.

Resumo Apesar dos esforços de despoluição desde os anos 1990, não houve percepção, por parte da opinião pública, de que houve evolução do deteriorado quadro social da região da bacia da Baía de Guanabara (RJ). A importância dos indicadores sociais emerge em um momento em que se faz necessário prestar contas à população quanto aos investimentos e resultados obtidos, direcionar as ações às questões sociais e locais em situação de maior urgência e acompanhar os resultados para a identificação de ajustes nas ações para o alcance de melhores resultados. A atual agenda de discussão das questões sociais do entorno da baía configurou a base para a elaboração de um sistema de indicadores sociais. Três bacias hidrográficas em processo de despoluição também foram estudadas, com foco em suas abordagens quanto às questões sociais. Um modelo teórico de indicadores foi elaborado e testado em um recorte da bacia da Baía de Guanabara, por intermédio da utilização de dados públicos disponíveis. O modelo se mostrou ferramenta útil para uma abordagem holística da bacia ao informar sobre o melhor direcionamento de ações de despoluição para resultados mais efetivos em ambas as questões, sociais e ambientais.

Abstract Despite the efforts in the depollution since the 1990s, evolution of the damaged social scenario in the region of the watershed of the Guanabara Bay is not perceived by the public opinion. The importance of social indicators emerges in a moment in which rendering account to the population regarding investiments and results obtained, orienting actions for emergency social and local issues and monitoring results for identification of adjustments to the actions for the achievement of better results is necessary. The current agenda for debating social issues of the region of the bay represented the basis for the creation of a system of social indicators. Three watersheds in depollution process were also studied, focusing on their approaches regarding social issues. A theoretical model of indicators was developed and tested in a draft of the Guanabara Bay watershed, using the public data available. The model proved to be a useful tool for an holistic approach of the bay by providing information on the better orientation of depollution actions for more effective results in both social and environmental issues.

Resumo Apesar dos esforços de despoluição desde os anos 1990, não houve percepção, por parte da opinião pública, de que houve evolução do deteriorado quadro social da região da bacia da Baía de Guanabara (RJ). A importância dos indicadores sociais emerge em um momento em que se faz necessário prestar contas à população quanto aos investimentos e resultados obtidos, direcionar as ações às questões sociais e locais em situação de maior urgência e acompanhar os resultados para a identificação de ajustes nas ações para o alcance de melhores resultados. A atual agenda de discussão das questões sociais do entorno da baía configurou a base para a elaboração de um sistema de indicadores sociais. Três bacias hidrográficas em processo de despoluição também foram estudadas, com foco em suas abordagens quanto às questões sociais. Um modelo teórico de indicadores foi elaborado e testado em um recorte da bacia da Baía de Guanabara, por intermédio da utilização de dados públicos disponíveis. O modelo se mostrou ferramenta útil para uma abordagem holística da bacia ao informar sobre o melhor direcionamento de ações de despoluição para resultados mais efetivos em ambas as questões, sociais e ambientais.

Abstract Despite the efforts in the depollution since the 1990s, evolution of the damaged social scenario in the region of the watershed of the Guanabara Bay is not perceived by the public opinion. The importance of social indicators emerges in a moment in which rendering account to the population regarding investiments and results obtained, orienting actions for emergency social and local issues and monitoring results for identification of adjustments to the actions for the achievement of better results is necessary. The current agenda for debating social issues of the region of the bay represented the basis for the creation of a system of social indicators. Three watersheds in depollution process were also studied, focusing on their approaches regarding social issues. A theoretical model of indicators was developed and tested in a draft of the Guanabara Bay watershed, using the public data available. The model proved to be a useful tool for an holistic approach of the bay by providing information on the better orientation of depollution actions for more effective results in both social and environmental issues.

Resumen La planeación de cursos de un centro educativo o universidad está compuesta por múltiples problemas complejos como lo es la asignación de horarios para los alumnos, salones y profesores para cada asignatura. Uno de los problemas iniciales es determinar la cantidad de asignaturas que se ofertarán; este problema parece sencillo a simple vista ya que una vez que se tenga la información de la cantidad de alumnos aprobados para cada asignatura, se puede calcular fácilmente la siguiente demanda de asignaturas. Sin embargo, existen ocasiones en los que la planeación de cursos del siguiente período inicia antes de tener la información relativa a la aprobación de los alumnos. Lo cual nos lleva al problema del pronóstico de los porcentajes de aprobación para calcular la demanda de asignaturas de los alumnos. En este trabajo se compara el desempeño de modelos causales contra modelos estadísticos para el pronóstico de los porcentajes de aprobación y reprobación de los alumnos. Los resultados finales muestran una ventaja importante de los métodos causales sobre los métodos estadísticos para los casos de prueba. Consideramos que esta ventaja ocurre debido a que el modelo causal aprende los patrones de comportamiento de los datos de entrenamiento de forma independiente en vez de generalizar porcentajes de acreditación. Además de lo anterior, el método estadístico puede presentar problemas importantes al tratar de pronosticar porcentajes de acreditación para situaciones que no se encuentren en los datos de entrenamiento, mientras que el modelo causal utilizará la información aprendida para pronosticar dichas situaciones.

Abstract Course planning of an educative center or university is composed of multiple complex problems like the design of the schedule for the students, classrooms, and professors for each signature. One of the problems is the forecasting of the number of subjects to make available for the students; this problem seems easy at first glance because once we have the number of approved and failed students for each subject, we can easily calculate the following demand for each subject. However, there are occasions where the course planning for the following period starts before having the information related to the number of accredited students; which lead us to the problem of forecasting the accreditation ratio for the calculation of the subject demand from the students. In this paper, the performance of a causal model compares to the performance of a statistical model for the forecasting of the approve and fail ratio of the students. The final results show that the causal model outperforms the statistical model for the given instances. We consider that this advantage occurs because the causal model learns the behavior patterns of the training data independently, instead of generalizing the accreditation ratio. Additionally, the statistical method can present significant problems when trying to forecast accreditation ratios for situations that are not found in the training data, while the causal model will use the information learned to predict such situations.

Resumo O planejamento de cursos de um centro educativo ou universidade está composto por múltiplos problemas complexos como é a distribuição de horários para os alunos, salões e professores para cada disciplina. Um dos problemas iniciais é determinar a quantidade de disciplinas que se ofertarão; este problema parece simples à primeira vista já que uma vez que se tenha a informação da quantidade de alunos aprovados para cada disciplina, pode-se calcular facilmente a seguinte demanda de disciplinas. Porém, existem ocasiões nas quais o planejamento de cursos do seguinte período inicia antes de ter a informação relativa à aprovação dos alunos. O que nos leva ao problema do prognóstico das porcentagens de aprovação para calcular a demanda de disciplinas dos alunos. Neste trabalho compara-se o desempenho de modelos causais contra modelos estatísticos para o prognóstico das porcentagens de aprovação e reprovação dos alunos. Os resultados finais mostram uma vantagem importante dos métodos causais sobre os métodos estatísticos para os casos de prova. Consideramos que esta vantagem ocorre devido a que o modelo causal aprende os padrões de comportamento dos dados de treinamento de forma independente em vez de generalizar porcentagens de acreditação. Além disso, o método estatístico pode apresentar problemas importantes ao tratar de prognosticar porcentagens de acreditação para situações que não se encontrem nos dados de treinamento, enquanto que o modelo causal utilizará a informação aprendida para prognosticar tais situações.

The paper describes the stages of an approach known as planned organizational change based on the level of use of information technologies (POCBIT), used as reference framework and scale for enterprise diagnostics, and the experiences of its application in enterprise diagnostics as well as in an information systems planning process. The POCBIT stages were defined supplementing the bibliographic review about the integration of supply chain information systems with 47 training-research graduate projects in enterprise systems diagnostics, consultation with 21 managers, a master's degree thesis and a PhD thesis dealing with information systems planning, conducted in a business group from the biopharmaceutical industry in the period 2010-2012. As a result, four transformation stages were defined which may be used as a scale for the diagnosis of information systems management, considering the interaction of various management scenarios emerged from the evolution of relationships between organizations, structural organizational changes that may be associated with each scenario, and the various types of information technologies on which such changes are based. The POCBIT stages and the conceptual framework developed with them, have facilitated the interdisciplinarity required for organizational diagnostics, paving the way for the information systems planning performed.

El artículo describe etapas de un enfoque, empleado como marco de referencia y escala para diagnóstico empresarial, llamado cambio organizacional planificado, basado en el nivel de uso de las tecnologías de la información (COPTI) y las experiencias de su aplicación en diagnósticos empresariales y en un proceso de planificación de sistemas de información. La definición de las etapas del COPTI se ha realizado complementando la revisión bibliográfica relacionada con la integración de sistemas de información de cadenas de suministros, con 47 proyectos docente-investigativos de posgrado en diagnóstico de sistemas empresariales, la consulta a 21 directivos y dos tesis (una de maestría y una de doctorado) que abordan la planificación de sistemas de información realizada en un grupo empresarial de la industria biofarmacéutica, del período 2010-2012. Como resultado se han definido 4 etapas de transformación que pueden ser empleadas como una escala para el diagnóstico de gestión de sistemas de información considerando la interrelación de diferentes escenarios de gestión surgidos de la evolución de las relaciones entre organizaciones, los cambios organizacionales estructurales que a cada escenario pueden asociarse y varios tipos de tecnologías de la información en los que se apoyan dichos cambios. Las etapas del COPTI, y el marco conceptual que con ellas se ha elaborado, han facilitado la necesaria interdisciplinariedad en el diagnóstico organizacional, lo que a su vez ha viabilizado la planificación de sistemas de información realizada.

This paper goal is to analyze problems related with the use of Information Technologies in Organizations, as well as some experiences to solve these problems using a tool named Planned Business Change enabled by Information Technology (COPTI, the Spanish acronym) during an Information Systems Planning Process devolved in a pharmaceutical group from 2010 to 2012. The problems were detected during field research in the context of Business Information Systems Diagnosis and Information Systems Planning. Cronbach Alfa is used to analyze surveys results on these information technologies related problems. Knowledge gaps among different disciplines involved in the Information Systems Planning are minimized using the conceptual reference framework created with COPTI, leading to an improvement in the detected problems. A reduction in the knowledge misconceptions among disciplines contributes to a better used of available information technologies and better disposition the changes enabled by information technologies.

El objetivo del trabajo es el análisis de experiencias en la mejora de problemáticas asociadas al uso de tecnologías de la información mediante una herramienta llamada cambio organizacional planificado basado en el uso de tecnologías de la información (COPTI). Las problemáticas han sido observadas en unos 100 proyectos docente-investigativos y contrastadas con el criterio de 21 directivos en el año 2013, y 80 especialistas en el negocio y en tecnologías de la información en el año 2016. Las experiencias en la mejora de estas mediante el COPTI provienen de tesis de posgrado aplicadas en un grupo empresarial de la industria biofarmacéutica en el período 2010-2012 en el contexto de la planificación de sistemas de información. Se aplicó el Alfa de Cronbach para evaluar la encuesta realizada respecto a problemáticas de las tecnologías de la información en empresas cubanas. Con la aplicación del COPTI se mejoran varias de las problemáticas detectadas, al facilitar a los especialistas en el negocio y en las tecnologías de la información un racero conceptual común a emplear como referencia. La disminución del sectarismo del conocimiento contribuye a la disminución de otras problemáticas, entre ellas la mejor utilización de las tecnologías de la información disponibles y la mejor disposición hacia los cambios generados por estas.