SUMMARY: In this work the quantitative data of the surfaces that limit the sub-spaces that constitute the peritoneal space are shown. The methodology of measurement of the two sheets (parietal and visceral) of the peritoneal serosa applied in our previous paper (Albanese et al., 2009), in non-eviscerated corpses, allowed us to know for the first time, the surface or total extension of the peritoneum "in situ". This methodology was useful to determine the surface or area of the two sheets of the peritoneum, which limit the peritoneal space. Our objective in this study was to determine the total peritoneal areas (visceral + parietal) in human corpses that are not eviscerated, which limit the different sub-spaces that make up the peritoneal space. Ten female cadavers fixed in 5 % formaldehyde solution were used. Small cellophane films were placed directly on the peritoneal sheets. The digital images were obtained by scanning these models. The surface was determined by the "Scion image for Windows" program. The results were expressed as mean +/- SE. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical study. The results obtained showed that the peritoneal sub-space of greater surface area was retro-omental (mean +/- SE 7767.81 +/- 646.70 cm2 p <0.01 ANOVA), due to the large extension of its visceral surface ( mean +/- SE 7401.82 +/- 640.99 cm2). More than 50 % of the surface of the entire peritoneum corresponds to said sub-space. The smallest peritoneal sub-space (3 % of the total peritoneal surface) was the pelvic sub-space (mean +/- SE 431.30 +/- 41.62 cm2). We believe that this information may be useful in case of peritoneal pathological processes or those affected by prolonged peritoneal dialysis, and that knowledge of the surface and extension of the peritoneal space involved may contribute to the estimation of the peritoneal surface involved and help to plan the treatment.

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se muestran los datos cuantitativos de las superficies que limitan el espacio peritoneal y los sub-espacios que lo componen. La metodología de medición de las dos hojas (parietal y visceral) de la serosa peritoneal empleada en cadáveres no eviscerados, permitió conocer por primera vez, la superficie o extensión total del peritoneo in situ. El objetivo en este trabajo fue determinar -en cadáveres humanos no evisceradoslas áreas peritoneales totales (visceral + parietal) que limitan los distintos sub-espacios que conforman el espacio peritoneal. Se han utilizado diez cadáveres femeninos no eviscerados fijados en solución de formaldehido al 5 %. Pequeñas películas de celofán se colocaron directamente sobre las hojas peritoneales. La obtención de imágenes digitales se realizó escaneando estos modelos. La superficie fue determinada por el programa “Scion image for Windows”. Los resultados se expresaron como media +/- SE. Para el estudio estadístico se utilizó el análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que el sub-espacio peritoneal de mayor superficie fue el retro-omental (media +/- SE 7767,81 +/ - 646,70 cm2 p<0.01 ANOVA), debido a la gran extensión de su superficie visceral (media +/- SE 7401,82 +/- 640,99 cm2). Más del 50 % de la superficie de todo el peritoneo corresponde a dicho sub-espacio. El sub-espacio peritoneal más pequeño (3 % de la superficie peritoneal total) fue el sub-espacio pélvico (media +/SE 431,30 +/- 41,62 cm2). Esta información podrá ser de utilidad en el caso de procesos patológicos peritoneales o áreas afectadas por diálisis peritoneal prolongada. De esta manera el conocimiento de la extensión del espacio peritoneal involucrado, puede contribuir a la estimación de la magnitud y gravedad de la superficie peritoneal comprometida. Además puede ayudar a planificar el tratamiento.

Aim: To compare the results obtained in multiple choice exams with and without penalty for errors. Subjects and methods: 1059 students of anatomy were evaluated in exams by multiple choice of 180 questions in double sheets of simultaneous answers, one without and another with a penalty for erroneous answers. Results and conclusion: The comparison between the results of both sheets reveals the answers in conviction and in uncertainty-chance that the same evaluated recognizes in a sort of self-evaluation.

Objetivo: Comparar los resultados obtenidos en exámenes de elección múltiple con y sin penalización por errores. Sujetos y métodos: Se evaluaron 1.059 alumnos de anatomía en exámenes por múltiple opción de 180 preguntas en una doble hoja de respuestas simultáneas, una sin penalización y otra con penalización para respuestas erróneas. Resultados y conclusión: La comparación entre resultados de ambas hojas pone en evidencia las respuestas en convencimiento y en incertidumbre-azar que el mismo evaluado reconoce en una suerte de autoevaluación.

OBJETIVOS: Estimar a prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos e avaliar o impacto de uma intervenção breve voltada para o controle da doença. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo controlado randomizado em 74 residentes de pediatria. Todos preencheram o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach, e foram coletadas informações demográficas (idade, sexo, filhos, coabitantes e ano de residência). O grupo experimental (n = 37) participou de oficinas de autocuidado durante 2 meses, e o grupo controle (n = 37) não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Após a intervenção, os participantes preencheram novamente o Inventário de Burnout de Maslach. Todos os potenciais preditores de burnout foram incluídos em um modelo de regressão logística. A eficácia da intervenção foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado. Os valores p < 0,05 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos foi de 66%. Após controle para idade, gênero, filhos e coabitantes, a prevalência de burnout foi maior entre residentes do terceiro ano (razão de chances = 11,8; intervalo de confiança de 95% 2,3-59,3; p = 0,003). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na prevalência de burnout no grupo experimental entre os períodos inicial e pós-intervenção (p = 0,8) ou entre os dois grupos após a intervenção (p = 0,8). A única diferença observada foi uma melhora quanto à "despersonalização", no grupo experimental (p = 0,031). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de burnout entre residentes pediátricos foi de 66%, sendo maior entre os residentes do terceiro ano. Uma intervenção breve não foi eficaz na redução da prevalência de burnout, apesar da melhora no quesito "despersonalização".

OBJECTIVES: To estimate burnout prevalence among pediatric residents and to evaluate the impact of a brief intervention aimed at controlling burnout. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 74 pediatric residents. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to all subjects, and demographic information was gathered (age, gender, children, cohabitants, and residency year). The experimental group (n = 37) participated in self-care workshops over the course of 2 months, and the control group (n = 37) did not receive any intervention. After the intervention, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered again to all participants. All potential predictors of burnout were included in a logistic regression model. The efficacy of the intervention was evaluated by the chi-square test. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66%. After controlling for age, gender, children, and cohabitants, the prevalence of burnout was significantly higher among third-year residents (odds ratio = 11.8; 95% confidence interval 2.3-59.3; p = 0.003). There were no significant differences regarding burnout prevalence in the experimental group between the baseline and post-intervention periods (p = 0.8) or between the two groups after intervention (p = 0.8). The only difference observed was an improvement regarding "depersonalization" in the experimental group (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The burnout prevalence among pediatric residents was 66% and was higher among third-year residents. A brief intervention was not effective in reducing burnout prevalence, despite the achievement of an improvement in "depersonalization."

When the asymmetry of bilateral structures formed by asymmetric subregions with opposite lateralities is determined, the existence of interhemispheric differences of those subregions can be totally or partially hidden (compensated). In order to quantify this reality we have established a new parameter, the compensation. The objective of this work, performed in postmortem human brains, is to determine the weight and cortical surface percentage of compensation and asymmetry of three brain regions of the frontal lobe: 1) Broca's area; 2) the anterior portion or the inferior frontal gyrus, 3) the inferior frontal gyrus as a whole. The percentage of partial or total compensation cases are respectively for weight and cortical surface values for Broca's area 50 and 42%, for the anterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus 70 and 67% and for the inferior frontal gyrus as a whole 96 and 96%. For the last one the percentage of cases with compensation is significantly higher than for the other two regions (Chi2) Similar percent values of asymmetry can be observed in cases with different percent values of compensation. This indicates that if only asymmetry is calculated different aspects of interhemispheric differences can be hidden. Consequently both values complement each other

: Cuando se determina la asimetría de una estructura bilateral formada por subregiones asimétricas con lateralidades opuestas, queda enmascarada (compensada), total o parcialmente, la existencia de las diferencias interhemisféricas de tales subregiones. Para cuantificar esta realidad, hemos establecido un nuevo parámetro: la compensación. El objetivo del presente trabajo, realizado en cerebros humanos postmortem, está dirigido a determinar los porcentajes de compensación, de asimetría de peso y de superficie cortical, de tres regiones cerebrales pertenecientes al lóbulo frontal: 1. El área de motora del lenguaje (de Broca). 2. La porción anterior del giro frontal inferior. 3. El giro frontal inferior en su totalidad. Para valores de peso y de superficie cortical para el área motora del lenguaje los porcentajes de casos con compensación parcial o total son, respectivamente, 50 y 42%; para la porción anterior del giro frontal inferior 70 y 67%; y para el giro frontal inferior en su totalidad 96 y 96%. En este último el porcentaje de casos con compensación es significativamente mayor que en las otras dos regiones (Chi²). Similares valores porcentuales de asimetría pueden darse en casos con muy diferentes valores porcentuales de compensación. Esto demuestra que con el sólo cálculo de la asimetría se enmascaran aspectos de las diferencias interhemisféricas. De ahí que ambos valores son complementarios

The morphological dominance of cerebral regions is usually expressed as the significant number or percentage of cases presenting the same hemispheric size lateralization. We consider that the evaluation of cerebral dominance should be complemented by means of a expression related to the relative magnitude of the values of asymmetry of the cases with opposite laterality, with statistical significance, useful to statistically compare the dominance of different cerebral regions. With this purpose we have developed a new expression that we presented at the 25th "Congreso Argentino de Neurociencias" (2000) and that we have called dominance relation (rD). The objective of the present study was to determine the rD, with their statistical significance, of weight and exposed as well as deep cortical surfaces of the limbic lobe (LL) and its gyri: cingulate anterior (CA), cingulate posterior (CP) and parahipocampal (PH), in 20 postmortem adult human brains processed according to our method (Arch. Neurol. 46: 307-310, 1989; Rev.Chil.Anat. 17:175-81, 1999 ).The rD is based on the nonparametric Spearman rank correlation. The variables are the laterality (negative sign for left-sided laterality and positive sign for right-sided laterality) and the absolute value of laterality. Its value ranges from -1 to +1. Its sign being negative for left-sided dominance and positive for right-sided dominance. The rD of weight and cortical surface of the CA (0.97 and 0.99) and of the LL (0.88 and 0.94) are statistically significant (p<0.001). The difference between them is significant (p<0.05). These rD that quantify the relative dominance of the CA and the LL, complement the expression of right-sided dominance of both structures based on the significant percentage of cases that share that hemispheric size lateralization and show absence of statistically significant dominance in the rest of the gyri of the lobe

La dominancia morfológica de regiones cerebrales suele expresarse en función del número o porcentaje significativo de casos que presenta una misma lateralidad hemisférica. Estimamos que la evaluación de la dominancia debiera complementarse mediante una expresión relacionada con la magnitud relativa de los valores de las asimetrías de los casos con lateralidades opuestas, con significación estadística, útil para comparar la dominancia de diferentes regiones cerebrales. Para tal fin, hemos desarrollado una nueva expresión, que presentamos en el 25(0) Congreso Argentino de Neurociencias (2000), a la que denominamos relación de dominancia (rD). El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar las rD con su significación estadística, de pesos y superficies corticales expuestas y profundas del lóbulo límbico (LL) y de sus giros -giro del cíngulo anterior (CA), giro del cíngulo posterior (CP) y giro parahipocampal (PH)- en 20 cerebros humanos adultos, postmortem, procesados según nuestro método (Arch. Neurol. 46: 307-310, 1989; Rev. Chil. Anat. 17:175-81, 1999). La rD está basada en la correlación no paramétrica de Spearman. Las variables que se enfrentan en la correlación corresponden a la lateralidad con su signo (negativo si es izquierda y positivo si es derecha) y al valor absoluto de lateralidad. Su rango está comprendido entre - 1 y +1. Su signo resulta negativo si la dominancia es izquierda y positivo si es derecha. Son estadísticamentre significativas (p<0.001) las rD de peso y de superficie cortical del CA ( 0.97 y 0.99) y del LL (0.88 y 0.94). La diferencia entre ellas es significativa (p<0.05). Las rD, cuantificando las lateralidades relativas del CA y del LL, complementan las expresiones de dominancia derecha de ambas estructuras, basadas en el porcentaje significativo de casos que comparten dicha lateralidad hemisférica y muestran ausencia de significación estadística de dominancia en el resto de giros del lóbulo

The objective of the present work was to study the lobus frontalis in postmortem human brains in order to obtain weight as well as superficial and deep cortex values of the lobus and its gyri and quantitative ratios among these values. Twelve brains obtained from right-handed subjects aged between 30 and 55 years having no visible macroscopic neurologic lesions were fixed in formaldehyde (5%) and processed using a method developed in our laboratory (Arch. Neurol., 46:307; 1989). Absolute and percent values, as well as weight/cortical surface ratios and correlations of the gyri of the lobus frontalis - regio orbitalis, cinguli, superior+medium, inferior and precentralis - were obtained. The cortical surface of the right gyrus cinguli is significantly larger than the contralateral one. The statistically lower weight/cortical surface ratio corresponds to the regio orbitalis and the higher one to the gyrus precentralis. The regio orbitalis supplies a higher percentage in cortical surface than in weight to its respective lobus frontalis; the opposite occurs with the gyrus precentralis. The right gyrus cinguli supplies a higher percentage in weight than in cortical surface than the left one. The Pearson coefficient of correlation between the values (absolute and percent) corresponding to weight and cortical surface between homologous gyri of both hemispheres are positive.The correlations between weight absolute as well as percent values and those of the respective cortical surface are positive, excellent and highly significant. The higher percentage of cases with right laterality corresponds to the gyrus cinguli and that with left laterality to the gyrus frontalis inferior. Modifications that could occur in brains from psychiatric and neurologic patients could alter some of these values and relationships, as for example in schizophrenia in which we found an inversion of the gyrus cinguli anterior laterality (<A HREF="#albanese95">ALBANSE et al., 1995</A>)