Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Injeções intra-articulares de plasma rico em plaquetas têm sido usadas com sucesso para tratar os sintomas da osteoartrite de joelho em pacientes jovens. Porém, na maioria desses estudos, os joelhos de controle e teste estavam presentes em diferentes pacientes, o que incorporou uma grande quantidade de viés aos resultados. Portanto, o projeto do presente estudo incluiu pacientes com osteoartrite em ambos os joelhos, com a administração de plasma rico em plaquetas em um dos joelhos e de solução salina normal no outro joelho do mesmo paciente. Métodos: 20 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 30-65 anos e portadores de osteoartrite bilateral de joelho (classificação ASA I e II) foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram randomizados para receber plasma rico em plaquetas e solução salina normal em um dos dois joelhos. O desfecho primário foram os escores VAS e WOMAC seis meses após o procedimento. O desfecho secundário incluiu alterações na rigidez articular, função física e qualquere feito adverso observado durante o curso do estudo. Resultados: O escore VAS basal para o joelho que recebeu plasma rico em plaquetas foi 8,4 ± 0,88 e melhorou significativamente para 4,85 ± 2,48 (p < 0,001) após seis meses, comparado ao joelho que recebeu solução salina normal (p = 0,017). A intensidade da dor avaliada com o WOMAC também melhorou de 14,5 ± 1,3 na fase basal para 7,00 ± 4,24 após seis meses (p < 0,001) nos joelhos que receberam plasma rico em plaquetas, enquanto nenhuma mudança significativa ocorreu nos joelhos que receberam solução salina normal entre a fase basal e após seis meses (10,2 ± 1,2 a 10,05 ± 1,23). Além disso, houve uma diminuição significativa da rigidez e melhora da atividade física nos joelhos que receberam plasma rico em plaquetas, comparados aos joelhos que receberam salina normal. Conclusão: O presente estudo identificou uma diminuição significativa da dor e da rigidez e uma melhora das funções físicas da articulação do joelho com a injeção intra-articular de plasma rico em plaquetas, comparada à solução salina normal.

Abstract Background: Intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma to treat symptoms of knee osteoarthritis have been successfully used in young patients. However in most of these studies the control and test knees were present in different patients thus incorporating a large amount of bias in the results. Therefore, the present study was designed in which patients with bilateral osteoarthritis knee were included and platelet-rich plasma was administered in one knee and normal saline in another knee of same patient. Methods: 20 patients aged 30–65 years with bilateral osteoarthritis knees (ASA class I and II) of either gender were included in the study. Patients were randomized to receive platelet-rich plasma and normal saline in one of the two knees. The primary outcome was VAS and WOMAC score at 6 months after procedure. The secondary outcome included changes in joint stiffness, physical function, any adverse effects noted during the course of study. Results: The baseline VAS score in platelet-rich plasma knee was 8.4 ± 0.88 which improved significantly to 4.85 ± 2.48 (p < 0.001) at 6 months as compared to normal saline knee (p = 0.017). The WOMAC pain score also improved from baseline (14.5 ± 1.3) to over 6 month 7.00 ± 4.24 (p < 0.001) in platelet-rich plasma knee while in the normal saline knee, no significant change occurred from baseline to six months (10.2 ± 1.2 to 10.05 ± 1.23). There was also significant decrease in stiffness and improvement of physical activity in the platelet-rich plasma knee as compared to normal saline knee. Conclusion: The present study showed significant decrease in pain and stiffness and improvement of physical functions of knee joint with intra-articular platelet-rich plasma injection as compared to normal saline.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Main objective of any pharmaceutical scientist is to develop drug delivery system that is safe, effective, stable, having good patient compliance and fulfill the requirements of customers. Lead to a great interest of research to develop the drug delivery system that will enable to supply drug «on-demand» basis. These «stimuli-responsive and intelligent» systems have been designed to deliver the drug on various times or at various sites in the body, according to a stimulus that is either endogenous or externally applied. Objectives: This paper aim to review various researches in the field of self regulatory drug delivery systems in tabular form so one can utilize these finding for further development of in intelligent drug delivery systems. Method: Various physicochemical principles and chemical schemes have been applied by researchers to get release pattern of drug as per requirement of body. Such devices can be used for intelligent drug delivery needed for the treatment of many diseases like diabetes. Results & Discussion: This type of intelligent system firstly sense the signals caused by diseaseà judge the magnitude of signalsà and then release the drug in direct response. Conclusion: In this article we have discuss various innovations in the field of self regulatory drug delivery Systems and suggest that here is a lot of research scope in this field.

RESUMEN Introducción: El objetivo principal de cualquier científico farmacéutico es desarrollar un sistema de administración de fármacos que sea seguro, efectivo, estable, que cumpla con los requisitos del paciente y cumpla con los requisitos de los clientes. Llevar a un gran interés de investigación para desarrollar el sistema de entrega de medicamentos que permitirá suministrar medicamentos «a demanda». Estos sistemas «sensibles a estímulos e inteligentes» han sido diseñados para administrar el farmaco en varios momentos o en varios sitios en el cuerpo, de acuerdo con un estímulo endógeno o aplicado externamente. Objetivos: Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar diversas investigaciones en el campo de los sistemas autorreguladores de administración de fármacos en forma tabular para que uno pueda utilizar estos hallazgos para un mayor desarrollo de sistemas inteligentes de administración de fármacos. Método: Los investigadores han aplicado varios principios fisicoquímicos y esquemas químicos para obtener el patrón de liberación del fármaco según las necesidades del cuerpo. Dichos dispositivos se pueden usar para la administración inteligente de medicamentos necesarios para el tratamiento de muchas enfermedades, como la diabetes. Resultados y discusión: Este tipo de sistema inteligente primero detecta las señales causadas por la enfermedad, juzga la magnitud de las señales y luego libera la droga en respuesta directa. Conclusión: En este artículo, hemos discutido varias innovaciones en el campo de los sistemas autorreguladores de administración de fármacos y sugerimos que aquí hay mucho campo de investigación en este campo.

Advantages of Cu based shape memory alloy include amongst other features, high transformation temperature, low cost of production, ease in manufacturing processes and ability to vary the achieved properties through alloying additions. It has been often reported that these alloys are very sensitive to the alloying additions in terms of properties achieved and phase precipitation necessary for development of shape memory properties. This behaviour in Cu based shape memory alloys i.e. being very sensitive to its constituents can be used positively to design alloys with pre set properties if the alloying additions and their percentages are properly controlled. In an attempt to understand the effect of different alloying additions, 2% of different elements [Zn, Si, Mg & Cr] were added to a known Cu-based shape memory alloy [Cu-12.5 wt% of Al-5 wt % of Mn]. The objective was to ascertain changes or improvements achieved due to the additions in terms of microstructural changes, hardness, phase precipitation and transformation temperatures. Attempts have been made to analyze the changes in properties achieved in the base Cu-Al-Mn alloys due to the quaternary additions. Grain structure with α+β phases, which is a pre requisite for martensite formation on quenching is seen in all the alloys indicating that all the alloys have potential to exhibit the shape memory behaviour. The martensite formation with different morphologies is observed in the quenched samples however. XRD results have identified the precipitated phases to be the martensitic phases. The DSC results indicate clear transformation peaks in most of the samples with significantly high transformation temperatures. The findings confirm the variation in properties achieved due to different additions and improvements achieved in terms of higher transformation temperatures and martensite formation due to the alloying additions. An attempt has been made to understand the findings.