abstract This study aimed to analyze the relationships between swimming competitive events, functional classification and relative age and to detect if the relative age affects performance in Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers. Data were retrieved from public databases and birth dates were classified in four quartiles (Q1 = January-March; Q2 = April-June; Q3 = July-September; Q4 = October-December). Descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests and ANOVA were used. The 50 m freestyle is the competitive event with 2349 swimmers, followed by 100 m (n = 1817) and 200 m freestyle (n = 905), and 200 m butterfly with 42 swimmers. Para swimmers are mainly distributed to S14, S6 and S5 functional classes (n = 140, 87 and 45), and individual medley events were less represented at SM3, SM9 and SM11 (n = 1 swimmer). Most of swimming events (86.36%) and para swimming functional classes (51.43%) are represented by swimmers and para swimmers born in the first and second quartiles. Moderate associations between functional classification and relative age were observed (p < 0.0001, Cramer’s V = 0.277). No effects of relative age on swimmers and para swimmers’ performance were noticed (p > 0.05). The great functional class seems to be related to great para swimmers’ relative age. Quartiles distribution shows the advantage of being born in the first months of the year to be registered among the most talented Brazilian swimmers and para swimmers.

resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as relações entre eventos competitivos de natação, classificação funcional e idade relativa e detectar se a idade relativa afeta o desempenho em nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros. Os dados foram recuperados de bancos de dados públicos e as datas de nascimento foram classificadas em quatro quartis (Q1 = janeiro-março; Q2 = abril-junho; Q3 = julho-setembro; Q4 = outubro-dezembro). Utilizou-se estatística descritiva, teste Qui-quadrado e ANOVA. Os 50 m livre é a prova competitiva com 2.349 nadadores, seguido de 100 m (n = 1.817) e 200 m livre (n = 905), e 200 m borboleta com 42 nadadores. Os paranadadores estão distribuídos principalmente nas classes funcionais S14, S6 e S5 (n = 140, 87 e 45), e as provas individuais de medley foram menos representadas em SM3, SM9 e SM11 (n = 1 nadador). A maioria das provas de natação (86,36%) e classes funcionais de paranatação (51,43%) são representadas por nadadores e paranadadores nascidos no primeiro e segundo quartis. Associações moderadas entre classificação funcional e idade relativa foram observadas (p < 0,0001, V de Cramer = 0,277). Não foram observados efeitos da idade relativa no desempenho de nadadores e paranadadores (p > 0,05). A grande classe funcional parece estar relacionada com a idade relativa dos grandes paranadadores. A distribuição por quartis mostra a vantagem de ter nascido nos primeiros meses do ano para ser registrado entre os mais talentosos nadadores e paranadadores brasileiros.

ABSTRACT Objective Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), anaerobic threshold, walking economy, and cardiovascular responses during walking are used to guide and monitor walking training in patients with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication. Women with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication present greater impairments than men, and evaluating training markers according to sex for decisions regarding walking prescription in this population is important. This study aimed to compare VO2peak, walking economy, anaerobic threshold, and cardiovascular responses during walking in men and women with peripheral artery disease and intermittent claudication. Methods Forty patients (20 men and 20 women with similar baseline characteristics) underwent a cardiopulmonary treadmill test (3.2km/h and 2% increase in slope every 2 minutes until maximal leg pain). The VO2 and rate-pressure product were assessed. Data from men and women were compared using t-tests. Results There were no significant differences between men and women (VO2peak: 15.0±4.8 versus 13.9±2.9mL∙kg-1∙min-1, p=0.38; walking economy: 9.6±2.7 versus 8.4±1.6mL∙kg-1∙min-1, p=0.09; anaerobic threshold: 10.5±3.2 versus 10.5±2.2mL∙kg-1∙min-1, p=0.98; rate pressure product at 1st stage: 13,465± 2,910 versus 14,445±4,379bpm∙mmHg, p=0.41; and rate pressure product at anaerobic threshold:13,673±3,100 versus 16,390±5,870bpm∙mmHg, p=0.08 and rate pressure product at peak exercise: 21,253±6,141 versus 21,923±7,414bpm∙mmHg, p=0.76, respectively). Conclusion Men and women with peripheral artery disease and similar baseline characteristics presented similar responses to walking, suggesting that decisions regarding walking prescription and monitoring can be made regardless of sex in this specific population.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire for use in Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS: This is a Questionnaire validity study conducted at a private university. The Brazilian version of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire was developed by means of the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review, and pretesting. Test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. For construct validity, the total score of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire was correlated with the Diabetes Knowledge Scale and the Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire. Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated in the present study. RESULTS: For construct validity and floor and ceiling effect measurements, a total sample of 100 participants was used. For reliability, a subsample of 34 participants out of the total sample was used. We identified adequate values for reliability (kappa between 0.46–1.00 and ICC 0.96) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.80). There were significant correlations between the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire and the Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire (rs=0.370, p<0.001), but not the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (rs= −0.162). No ceiling or floor effects were found. CONCLUSION: We concluded that in accordance with the best international recommendations, the Brazilian version of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire has adequate psychometric properties.

ABSTRACT This short-term study evaluated the effect of non-lethal high CO2 concentration on the transcriptional response of immune-related genes of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Two experimental groups were created: high CO2 (47.67±2.04 mg L−1) and low CO2 (2.0±1.93 mg L−1). Shrimp of 8.85±1.20 g were placed randomly at a density equivalent to 100 individuals m−3 and were monitored at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. The transcriptional response of immune-related genes was analyzed by qPCR. Gene expression of hemocyanin, prophenoloxidase, and heat shock protein 60 was downregulated at 24 h, suggesting affectations on oxygen transportation, melanization, and protein functioning of L. vannamei under high CO2 concentrations. Also, gene up-regulation of lipopolysaccharide- and β-glucan-binding protein and cytosolic manganese superoxide dismutase can impair the bacterial recognition and antioxidant defense of shrimp exposed to high CO2 concentrations. These results suggest that concentration at about 47 mg L−1 of CO2 can significantly influence the transcriptional response modulation of immune-related genes.

Resumo Objetivou-se comparar a intensidade planejada pelos treinadores personalizados com a percebida por alunos no treinamento resistido. Participaram do estudo seis praticantes de treinamento resistido (4 homens e 2 mulheres; média de idade 33,0 ± 6,16 anos, 1,3 ± 0,55 anos treinando com acompanhamento) e dois treinadores personalizados (média de 32,0 ± 4,0 anos, pós-graduados, com experiência acima de cinco anos atuando como treinador personalizado. A comparação entre a intensidade planejada pelo treinador personalizado e a intensidade experienciada pelos alunos foi realizada através da aplicação da escala de percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE). Previamente, ao início de cada treino, o treinador personalizado respondeu individualmente a PSE estimada para cada aluno naquela sessão de treinamento, e ao final de cada sessão, 30 minutos após seu término, esta mesma escala era respondida pelos alunos. Para a comparação entre a intensidade das sessões percebidas pelos alunos e a planejada pelos treinadores utilizamos as diferenças de médias estandardizadas, intervalos de confiança. Houve diferença substancial entre a PSE pretendida pelos treinadores personalizados e a experienciada pelos alunos no treinamento resistido. A intensidade percebida pelos praticantes foi maior do que a planejada pelos treinadores personalizados.

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the intensity planned by the Personal Trainers (PTs) with that perceived by subjects in resistance training. Six male and female practicing resistance training (4 males and 2 females with mean age 33.0 ± 6.16 years, 1.3 ± 0.55 years training with follow-up) and two PTs participated in the study (average 32.0 ± 4.0 years, postgraduates, with a five -year or more experience). The comparison between the intensity planned by the PT and the intensity experienced by the subjects was determined by the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Previously, at the beginning of each training, the PT should respond individually to the RPE estimated for each student in that training session. At the end of each session, 30 minutes after its completion, this same scale was answered by the subjects. To compare the intensity of the sessions perceived by the subjects and that planned by the PTs, we used descriptive statistics, standardized mean differences and their confidence intervals. Results have showed that subjects reported substantially higher intensities (small effect size) when compared to PTs. It has been concluded that the intensity experienced by the subjects was substantially higher than that planned by the PTs.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com delineamento transversal, composto por 42 idosos de uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de abril a dezembro de 2014 por meio de um questionário com informações sobre aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica em versão reduzida (EDG-15) e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Dos idosos estudados, 54,8% apresentaram sintomas depressivos, predominando o sexo feminino com 64,7%. Houve associação significativa entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: aposentado (p = 0,043); incontinência urinária (p = 0,028); autopercepção de saúde (p-valor = 0,042) e qualidade do sono (p-valor = 0,000). O estudo verificou alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados, associado às variáveis presença de incontinência urinária, autopercepção de saúde (negativa), qualidade de sono (ruim) e aposentadoria (sim). Através do estudo e diante das necessidades enfrentadas por essa população, faz-se necessário a busca por medidas que atuem diretamente nas variáveis modificáveis, prevenindo e tratando-as.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in institutionalized elderly. Methods: This is an epidemiological cross-sectional study with 42 elderly in a Long-Term Care Institution for the Elderly (LTCIE). Data was collected from April to December 2014 through a questionnaire with information on demographic and socioeconomic aspects, the Geriatric Depression Scale short version (GDS-15) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: Of the elderly studied, 54.8% had depressive symptoms and were predominantly females (64.7%). There was a significant association between depressive symptoms and variables retired (p = 0.043); urinary incontinence (p = 0.028); self-perceived health (p-value = 0.042) and sleep quality (p-value = 0.000). Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in institutionalized elderly, associated with the presence of urinary incontinence, (negative) self-perceived health, (poor) quality of sleep and retirement (yes). Following the study and in the face of the needs of this population, it is necessary to seek measures that act directly on the modifiable variables, preventing and treating them.

RESUMO Esta pesquisa objetivou detectar e intervir nas dificuldades de linguagem e comportamento em crianças de três e quatro anos de idade. Foram avaliadas 178 crianças nas áreas de comportamento, vocabulário expressivo e receptivo e processamento auditivo central. O grupo experimental, com 84 crianças, foi submetido à intervenção para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de linguagem e manejo de comportamentos-problema por meio de atividades desenvolvidas em aplicativos usados em tablets, jogos concretos e orientações fornecidas a seus pais e professores por uma equipe de fonoaudiólogos, psicólogos e psicopedagogos. As análises do pós-teste indicaram diferença significativa entre os resultados dos testes de vocabulário e comportamento, sugerindo que esse modelo de avaliação e intervenção precoce pode ser uma estratégia bem-sucedida em ambiente escolar.

Abstract This project had the aim of detecting and intervening in difficulties of language and behavior in children at the age of three and four. A hundred seventy-eight children were assessed in behavior, expressive and receptive vocabulary and in central auditory processing. 84 children constituted the experimental group and were engaged in an intervention for the development and refinement of language and management of behavior problems through activities developed in software used in tablets, concrete games and orientation provided to their parents and teachers by a professional team composed by speech therapists, psychologists and psycho pedagogues. Posttest analysis indicated significant difference between the vocabulary and language scores, suggesting that this model of early assessment and intervention can be a successful strategy in school environments.

RESUMO O presente estudo testou se existem diferenças, nas respostas fisiológicas e neuromusculares em atletas de futsal durante um jogo amistoso. A amostra foi composta por seis atletas de futsal do sexo feminino (21,8 ± 3,9 anos; 57,4 ± 4,1 kg; 159,0 ± 2,7 cm de altura; 19,0 ± 3,3% gordura corporal e 7,8 ± 1,8 anos de tempo de prática). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi monitorada durante toda a partida. O salto com contramovimento, resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores e lactato sanguíneo foram avaliados antes, após o final do primeiro e segundo tempo de jogo. Para comparação das variáveis neuromusculares e fisiológicas entre os diferentes momentos, nós utilizamos as diferenças de médias estandardizadas (DME), intervalo de confiança (IC = 90%) e probabilidades de haver diferenças com relevância clínica. A FC máxima (FCmáx) foi de 186,6 ± 10,6 e 185,8 ± 8,3, primeiro e segundo tempo, respectivamente. Houve um aumento substancial do lactato do momento que antecedeu o início da partida para o final do primeiro (2,1 ± 0,3 para 6,3 ± 2,3 mmol/L-1, DME = 5,25 (3,28: 7,21), 100/0/0; most likely) e segundo tempo (2,1 ± 0,3 para 5,4 ± 1,3 mmol/L-1, DME = 4,62 (3,19: 6,04), 100/0/0; most likely) de partida. Embora tenha ocorrido um aumento do lactato sanguineo, a performance de atletas femininas de futsal não foi suprimida durante e logo após uma partida amistosa, sugerindo que, o sistema neuromuscular possa estar restaurado logo após o término do jogo.

ABSTRACT This study has evaluated the differences in the physiological and neuromuscular responses in female futsal athletes during a friendly game. Sample comprised six female futsal players (21.8 ± 3.9 years; 57.4 ± 4.1 kg; 159.0 ± 2.7 cm height; 19.0 ± 3.3% body fat and 7.8 ± 1.8 years of practice). Heart rate (HR) was monitored during the whole game. Coutermovement Jump (CMJ), Resistance Explosive Power (REP) lower limb and blood lactate have been evaluated before and after the final of the first and second periods. To compare physiological and neuromuscular variables between the different moments we have used standardized mean difference (SMD), confidence interval (CI = 90%) and the probabilities of differences with clinical relevance. Maximal heart rate (HRmax) was 186.6 ± 10.6 and 185.8 ± 8.3, first and second periods, respectively. There has been a substantial lactate increasing in the moment prior to the start of the game to the final of the first (2.1 ± 0.3 to 6.3 ± 2.3 mmol/L-1, SMD = 5.25 (3.28: 7.21), 100/0/0; most likely) and the second periods (2.1 ± 0.3 to 5.4 ± 1.3 mmol/L-1, SMD = 4.62 (3.19: 6.04), 100/0/0; most likely). Although there has been an increase in blood lactate, the performance of female futsal players was not suppressed during and immediately after a friendly game, suggesting that the neuromuscular system may be restored immediately after the end of the game.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a prevalência e fatores associados a sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com delineamento transversal, composto por 42 idosos de uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI). A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de abril a dezembro de 2014 por meio de um questionário com informações sobre aspectos demográficos e socioeconômicos, a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica em versão reduzida (EDG-15) e o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Dos idosos estudados, 54,8% apresentaram sintomas depressivos, predominando o sexo feminino com 64,7%. Houve associação significativa entre sintomas depressivos e as variáveis: aposentado (p = 0,043); incontinência urinária (p = 0,028); autopercepção de saúde (p-valor = 0,042) e qualidade do sono (p-valor = 0,000). O estudo verificou alta prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos institucionalizados, associado às variáveis presença de incontinência urinária, autopercepção de saúde (negativa), qualidade de sono (ruim) e aposentadoria (sim). Através do estudo e diante das necessidades enfrentadas por essa população, faz-se necessário a busca por medidas que atuem diretamente nas variáveis modificáveis, prevenindo e tratando-as.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with depressive symptoms in institutionalized elderly. Methods: This is an epidemiological cross-sectional study with 42 elderly in a Long-Term Care Institution for the Elderly (LTCIE). Data was collected from April to December 2014 through a questionnaire with information on demographic and socioeconomic aspects, the Geriatric Depression Scale short version (GDS-15) and the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: Of the elderly studied, 54.8% had depressive symptoms and were predominantly females (64.7%). There was a significant association between depressive symptoms and variables retired (p = 0.043); urinary incontinence (p = 0.028); self-perceived health (p-value = 0.042) and sleep quality (p-value = 0.000). Conclusion: The study found a high prevalence of depressive symptoms in institutionalized elderly, associated with the presence of urinary incontinence, (negative) self-perceived health, (poor) quality of sleep and retirement (yes). Following the study and in the face of the needs of this population, it is necessary to seek measures that act directly on the modifiable variables, preventing and treating them.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Uric acid is one of the compounds associated with the inflammatory process in malaria. It acts as an indicator of cellular damage by activating the immune response and inflammatory process. METHODS: We measured serum concentrations of uric acid in 60 symptomatic patients before and after treatment for malarial infections caused by Plasmodium vivax. RESULTS: Lower serum concentrations of uric acid were found during the acute phase of P. vivax malaria compared to those in its convalescent phase (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the acute phase of malaria had lower uric acid levels than those in its convalescent phase.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine the factors associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-positive blood culture. Methods: Case-control study. Sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from 2000 to 2015. Results: We reviewed medical records of 533 patients with culture-proven tuberculosis, of whom 27.2% (145/533) had blood culture available. Patients with mycobacteremia presented more frequently with abdominal tuberculosis, body mass index <18 kg/m2, and had lower hemoglobin and albumin levels. No differences were observed regarding HIV status. Conclusions: Few studies have reported on the characteristics associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteremia, especially among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-negative patients. Out of 145 tuberculosis-infected patients with blood culture results available, 21 turned out positive. Anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and a body mass index < 18 kg/m2 were associated with mycobacteremia.

Abstract AIM Describe and compare training load dynamics of two Olympic beach volleyball players. METHODS Two Olympic beach volleyball players participated in this study (specialist defender and blocker: both aged 34 years, holding 14 years of competitive experience, height: 1.74 m and 1.81 m, weight: 69 kg and 65 kg, respectively). Internal training load (ITL), total weekly training load (TWTL), monotony and strain were obtained through the session rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE) for three training mesocycles (10 weeks). Lower limb explosive power was assessed through the counter movement jump (CMJ). RESULTS Mean ITL, TWTL, monotony and strain during the 10-week period were: 370 ± 156; 1997 ± 838; 2.7 ± 1.3; 5621 ± 1802 arbitrary units (AU) (Defender) and 414 ± 153; 2392 ± 892; 2.7 ± 1.1; 6894 ± 3747 (AU) (Blocker). Mean of CMJ height was 47.0 ± 1.3 and 40.3 ± 1.6 cm, for the defender and blocker, respectively. The defender player presented higher ITL in the second (effect size (ES) = 0.90; 92/5/3, likely) and in the third (ES = 0.91; 94/4/2, likely) mesocycles when compared to the first. Monotony raised from the first to the third mesocycle (ES = 2.91; 98/1/1, very likely). Blocker’s ITL was higher in the third mesocycle than the first (ES = 1.42. 98/1/1, very likely) and the second (ES = 1.49; 98/1/1, likely) ones. CONCLUSION ITL magnitude increased from the first to the third mesocycle, in both players.

ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is a disease of global extent reaching populations in social vulnerability. One of the control measures of this parasitosis is the use of molluscicidal substances that can fight snails of the genus Biomphalaria, intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni. The aim of this work was to study the toxic activity of three mangrove species (Avicennia schaueriana Stapf. & Leech, ex Moldenke, 1939, Laguncularia racemosa (L.) CF Gaertn, 1807 and Rhizophora mangle L. 1753) on the biological activities of snails Biomphalaria glabrata. Hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from the stem and leaves of each of the three plant species to which mollusks were exposed. The phytochemical analysis of plants showed the presence of important metabolites in the leaves and stems of L. racemosa and R. mangle, such as tannins and saponins, but the absence of these metabolites in A. schaueriana. Leaf and stem extracts of the three plant species showed low molluscicidal activity, not reaching the standards determined by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1983). L. racemosa and R. mangle has interfered with motility, feeding and oviposition of snails, unlike the extracts of A. schaueriana, which had no effect on these activities.

Resumen Definimos acidosis láctica en presencia de pH<7,35, lactato en sangre >2,0 mmol/ly PaCO2 <42 mmHg. Por otro lado, la definición de acidosis láctica grave es controvertida. La causa principal de acidosis láctica grave es el estado de choque. La acidosis láctica pormetformina es rara, pero alcanza una mortalidad del 50%. La acidosis metabólica, incluyendo a la acidosis láctica, puede recibir tratamiento específico o tratamiento general con bicarbonato de sodio, trihidroxiaminometano, carbicarb o hemodiafiltracion continua. El éxito del tratamiento de la acidosis láctica yace en el control de la fuente etiológica; la terapia de reemplazo renal intermitente o continua está perfectamente justificada, y el argumento para decidir cuál utilizar es el estado de choque. Presentamos el informe de un caso de un paciente masculino con intoxicación por metformina como intento suicida, quien desarrolló acidosis láctica y falla orgánica múltiple; la base para el éxito del caso fue el tratamiento con hemodiafiltración continua.

Abstract Lactic acidosis is defined as the presence of pH <7.35, blood lactate >2.0 mmol/L and PaCO2 <42 mmHg. However, the definition of severe lactic acidosis is controversial. The primary cause of severe lactic acidosis is shock. Although rare, metformin-related lactic acidosis is associated with a mortality as high as 50%. The treatment for metabolic acidosis, including lactic acidosis, may be specific or general, using sodium bicarbonate, trihydroxyaminomethane, carbicarb or continuous haemodiafiltration. The successful treatment of lactic acidosis depends on the control of the aetiological source. Intermittent or continuous renal replacement therapy is perfectly justified, shock being the argument for deciding which modality to use. We report a case of a male patient presenting with metformin poisoning as a result of attempted suicide, who developed lactic acidosis and multiple organ failure. The critical success factor was treatment with continuous haemodiafiltration.