Abstract: Groundwater discharges (GD) provide information for understanding the local hydrogeology of a region. This study comprehensively describes a GD in the coast of Quintana Roo, quantifying the volumetric discharge and describing the hydrochemistry and geophysics of the site in order to contribute to the knowledge of the coastal karst aquifer in Quintana Roo. The GD described is an oval opening with an approximate area of 0.0507 m2 where major elements, silicates, metals and stable isotopes of water (δ2H and δ18O) were quantified monthly. The contribution of the accumulated monthly rainfall (Qp) in the discharge flow was calculated; electrical resistivity tomography was performed to identify saturated zones and flow zones. In general, Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Cl tend to decrease as Qp increases. SiO2, ORP and salinity do not show clear relations with changes in Qp, only in some sampling events there was a positive relationship, while the rest of the time is negative or null. The water is sodium-potassium-chloride type. The contribution of groundwater dominates, seawater contributes between 2 and 16% of the flow. The greatest contribution of seawater is observed when the flow of the GD is low. The contribution of Qp is between 1 and 15% and is not measured immediately. Geophysics survey suggest the existence of a lens of free fresh water approximately 2.5 m thick and recharge zones, as well as the existence of small dissolution channels where groundwater flows. The results capture local and regional aquifer recharge events.

Resumen: Las descargas de agua subterránea (DAS) aportan información para entender la hidrogeología local dentro de una región. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir de manera integral una DAS en la zona costera de Quintana Roo para contribuir al conocimiento del acuífero kárstico costero en Quintana Roo. La DAS es una cavidad ovalada con un área aproximada de 0.0507 m2 donde mensualmente se cuantificaron elementos mayores, silicatos, metales e isótopos estables del agua (δ2H y δ18O). Se calculó el aporte de la precipitación pluvial mensual acumulada (Qp) en el caudal de la descarga, se realizaron tomografías de resistividad eléctrica para identificar zonas saturadas y zonas de flujo. En lo general el Na, K, Ca, Mg y Cl tendieron a disminuir cuando Qp aumenta. SiO2, ORP y salinidad no tuvieron una relación evidente con Qp durante el tiempo de medición. El agua es de tipo clorurada sódico potásica; domina el aporte de agua subterránea, el agua de mar contribuyó entre 2 y 16% del caudal. El mayor aporte del agua de mar se observó cuando el caudal de la DAS es bajo. La contribución de Qp fue de entre y 15% y no se observó de manera inmediata. La geofísica apunta a un lente de agua dulce libre de aproximadamente 2.5 m de espesor y zonas de recarga, así como la existencia de pequeños canales de conducción por donde fluye el agua subterránea. Los resultados capturan eventos locales y regionales de recarga del acuífero.

ABSTRACT Aim. To compare the efficiency of the ultrasound and direct visual techniques for antral follicle counts, and the morphological characteristics of the ovaries of slaughtered heifers. Methods: A number of 102 ovary pairs from crossbred Holstein heifers collected postmortem were included. The study used the ultrasound and direct visual techniques to determine the size and weight of the ovaries, luteal body, and the number of <4 mm >4 mm antral follicles. A simple analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% were performed to compare the means of the variables pooled by phase of the estrus cycle and follicular wave. A two-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the two techniques and location of the ovarian structures (RO and LO). Additionally, the Pearson test was conducted to establish the correlation between the techniques. Results: The study found that the right ovary (RO) weighed 3.21 g more than the left ovary (LO). Besides, 86.27% of animals presented luteal body (LB) with a mean weight of 3.38 g. The size of ovaries, (LB), and > 4 mm antral follicle counts (AFC) performed through direct visual (Vis) and ultrasound (US) techniques were similar (P>0.05), with a high and significant correlation (r=0.75; P<0.001). However, the <4 mm AFC showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the techniques, whereas the correlation was low and non-significant. Conclusion: Ultrasound is a highly efficient tool to assess > 4 mm ovarian structures. However, the correct determination of smaller structures will depend on other additional factors.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Comparar la eficiencia de la técnica ultrasonográfica con la visual directa en el recuento de folículos antrales y las características morfológicas ováricas de vaquillas sacrificadas. Métodos: Se utilizaron 102 pares de ovarios de vaquillas Holstein mestizas, recuperados post-mortem. Mediante las técnicas ultrasonográfica y visual directa se determinó tamaño y peso del ovario, cuerpo lúteo y número de folículos antrales <4 mm y >4 mm. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza simple (ANOVA) y la prueba de Tukey al 5% para comparar medias de las variables agrupadas por fase del ciclo estral y fase de onda folicular y para comparar las técnicas y ubicación de las estructuras ováricas (OD y OI) se utilizó un análisis de varianza de dos vías. Además, se aplicó la prueba de Pearson para establecer correlación entre las dos técnicas. Resultados: Se determinó que el ovario derecho (OD) pesó 3,21 g más que el ovario izquierdo (OI). Además, el 86,27% de los animales presentaron cuerpo lúteo (CL), con peso medio de 3,38 g. El tamaño de los ovarios, CL y el recuento de folículos antrales (RFA) >4 mm establecidos mediante las técnicas visual directa (Vis) y ultrasonográfica (US) fueron similares (P>0,05) y guardaban correlación alta y significativa (r=0,75; P<0,001). Sin embargo, el RFA <4 mm presentaron diferencia estadística (P<0,05) entre las dos técnicas y la correlación fue baja y no significativa. Conclusión: La ultrasonografía es una herramienta con una alta eficiencia en la valoración de estructuras ováricas mayores a 4 mm. Sin embargo; la determinación correcta de estructuras menores, va a depender de otros factores adicionales.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard of treatment for benign pathologies such as cholelithiasis and gallbladder polyps. The LC is one of the most frequent procedures in general surgery, with a 0.1%-0.3% associated risk of bile duct injury. Currently, scientific society programs, surgical strategies, and new technologies allow us to reduce the risk of bile duct injuries and to increase the clinical safety of this procedure. This document aims to review the strategies, technologies, and tactics to carry out a safe LC beyond the critical vision of security.

Resumen La colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL) es el estándar de tratamiento para la patología benigna como la colelitiasis y los pólipos de la vesícula biliar y es uno de los procedimientos más frecuentes de la cirugía general. Esta intervención tiene un riesgo de 0,1%-0,3% de causar una lesión quirúrgica de la vía biliar (LQVB). En la actualidad, existen programas de sociedades científicas, estrategias de abordaje y tecnologías que nos permiten reducir las LQVB mejorando la seguridad clínica de este procedimiento. El objetivo de este documento es realizar una revisión de las estrategias, tecnologías y maniobras para realizar una CL segura más allá de la visión crítica de seguridad.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue caracterizar el ensilaje de maíz acorde a su composición química, a su rendimiento, así como a su producción de leche prevista. Se realizó una búsqueda en estudios relacionados al rendimiento del ensilado de maíz, a la densidad, a la composición química (MS, PB, FDN, almidón) y a la digestibilidad de materia seca (DMS). En este estudio fueron analizadas 41 variedades de maíz de regiones templadas y 101 variedades de maíz de origen tropical. Se determinaron la energía neta de lactancia (ENL Mcal/kg MS), los kilogramos de leche por t de ensilaje (kg de leche/t MS), y los kilogramos de leche por hectárea de ensilaje (kg de leche/ha). Se llevó a cabo un análisis cluster a partir del cual fueron obtenidos seis CL del ensilaje de maíz. El CL1 incluyó digestibilidad de materia seca, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutro, ENL y kg de leche/t MS. El CL2 se caracterizó por ser el ensilaje de maíz con el mayor número de plantas por hectárea y FDN. El CL3 incluyó el mayor contenido de ceniza. El CL4 se compuso de valores intermedios en todas las variables. El CL5 incluyó el mayor rendimiento de forraje (t MS/ha) y kg de leche/ha, mientras que el CL6 incluyó el mayor kg de leche/t. En general, el CL1 fue el que presentó el mayor valor de DMS y ENL, produciendo como resultado más leche por t MS. Los resultados sugirieron que la opción ideal es el ensilaje de maíz con mayor rendimiento de forraje y más del 35 % MS (CL5), puesto que produjo más kg de leche por hectárea.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to characterize maize silage according to chemical composition, maize silage yield, as well as their predicted milk production. A search was made on studies related to maize silage yield, density, chemical composition (DM, CP, NDF, starch), and dry matter digestibility (DMD). In this study, 41 maize varieties from temperate regions and 101 maize varieties from tropical origin were analyzed. The net energy of lactation (NEL Mcal/kg DM), kilograms of milk per t of silage (kg of milk/t DM), and kilograms of milk per hectare of silage (kg of milk/ha) were determined. A cluster (CL) analysis was performed, and six CL of maize silage were obtained. The CL1 included digestibility for dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, NEL, and kg of milk/t DM. CL2 was characterized by maize silage with the highest number of plants per hectare and NDF. CL3 included the highest ash content. CL4 consisted of intermediate values for all variables. CL5 included the highest forage yield (t DM/ha) and kg of milk/ ha whereas CL6 included the highest kg of milk/t. Overall, CL1 resulted in the highest DMD and NEL, producing more milk per t DM. Results suggested that the ideal option is maize silage with a higher forage yield and more than 35 % DM (CL5) since this produces more kg of milk per hectare.

Background: Emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) is a rare presentation of acute cholecystitis. Material and methods: We report three cases of EC in two men and one woman between 55 and 79 years. One of the patients was otherwise healthy while the other two were diabetics. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in all the cases. Two patients underwent video-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy with favorable outcome and one patient underwent percutaneous cholecystostomy. Discussion: Emphysematous cholecystitis is characterized by the presence of gas in the gallbladder lumen or wall. Mortality rate is 50%. Most patients are diabetics, but EC may present in younger patients without risk factors. Computed tomography scan is the method of choice for the diagnosis. Cholecystectomy is indicated as definite treatment, but percutaneous cholecystostomy may be a valid option. Conclusions: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and antibiotics are effective and safe to treat.

Antecedentes: la colecistitis enfisematosa (CE) es una forma de presentación infrecuente de la colecistitis aguda. Material y métodos: presentecedentes patológicos, mientras que los otros eran diabéticos. A todos se les realizó tomografía computarizada (TC). Dos pacientes fueron sometidos a colecistectomía videolaparoscópica (CL) con buena evolución, mientras que en un caso se realizó colecistostomía percutánea (CP). Discusión: la CE se refiere a la presencia de gas en la luz o en la pared de la vesícula biliar. La tasa de morbilidad es del 50%. Los pacientes suelen padecer diabetes, pero puede presentarse en pacientes más jóvenes sin factores de riesgo. La TC es el método de elección para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento definitivo es la CL, aunque la CP es otra opción válida. Conclusión: la CL se considera un enfoque eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento de la CE.

RESUMEN: En esta investigación, se analizó el liderazgo estratégico, la negociación integrativa y su influencia sobre el prestigio y estatus organizacional percibido de líderes de pequeñas empresas de la región del Estado de Guanajuato, México. Para ello, se empleó una muestra de 418 participantes. El método utilizado para llevar a cabo la investigación es explicativo, observacional y transversal. Se desarrolló un modelo de ecuación estructural (SEM) hipotético. Para evaluar el modelo, se emplearon los índices de bondad de ajuste (X2 = 632,03; CL = 345; CFI = 0,914; TLI = 0,905; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,04), porque el sem resultó ser aceptable. De acuerdo con los hallazgos de la investigación, se demuestra que el liderazgo estratégico y la estrategia de negociación influyen positiva y significativamente sobre la percepción del prestigio y estatus organizacional; asimismo, la estrategia de negociación integrativa influye positiva y significativamente como variable mediadora entre el liderazgo estratégico y la percepción del prestigio y estatus organizacional; por otra parte, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción del prestigio y estatus de la organización entre hombres y mujeres líderes de pequeñas empresas de la región del Estado de Guanajuato.

RÉSUMÉ: Dans cette recherche on a analysé la direction stratégique, la négociation intégrative et leur influence sur le prestige et le statut orga-nisationnel perçu des dirigeants de petites entreprises de la région de l'état de Guanajuato, au Mexique. Pour cela, on a utilisé un échantillon de 418 participants. La méthode employée pour mener l'enquéte est explicative, observationnelle et transversale. On a développé un modèle hypothétique d'équations structurelles (SEM). Pour évaluer le modèle, on a utilisé les indices de qualité de l'ajustement (X2 = 632,03; CL = 345; CFI = 0,914; TLI = 0,905; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,04), parce que le SEM s'est avéré acceptable. Selon les résultats de la recherche, on a démontré que la direction stratégique et la stratégie de négociation influencent de manière positive et significative la perception du prestige et du statut de l'organisation; de plus, la stratégie de négociation intégrative a une influence positive et significative en tant que variable médiatrice entre la direction stratégique et la perception du prestige et du statut organisationnel; par ailleurs, aucune différence significative n'a été constatée dans la perception du prestige et du statut de l'organisation entre les dirigeants masculins et féminins de petites entreprises de la région de l'état de Guanajuato.

ABSTRACT: This research studied strategic leadership and integrative negotiation and their influence on the prestige and the perceived organizational status of small business leaders in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico. For this purpose, we studied a sample of 418 participants, following an explanatory, observational and transversal methodological approach. In addition, we developed a hypothetical structural equation model (SEM). Fit indices (X2 = 632,03; CL = 345; GFI = 0,914; TLI = 0,905; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,04) were used to assess the model, since sem was acceptable. According to our research findings, it is shown that both strategic leadership and negotiation strategies positively and significantly influence the perception of prestige and organizational status. Furthermore, integrative negotiation strategy has a positive and significant influence as a mediating variable between strategic leadership and the perception of prestige and organizational status. No significant differences were found between male and female small businesses leaders for the studied variables.

RESUMO: Nesta pesquisa, foram analisadas a liderança estratégia, a negociação integradora e sua influência sobre o prestígio e o status organizacional percebido de líderes de pequenas empresas da região do estado de Guanajuato, México. Para isso, foi utilizada uma amostra de 418 participantes. O método utilizado para realizar a pesquisa é explicativo, observacional e transversal. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de equação estrutural (SEM) hipotético. Para avaliar o modelo, foram empregados os índices de benefício de ajuste (X2 = 632,03; CL = 345; CFI = 0,914; TLI = 0,905; RMSEA = 0,04; SRMR = 0,04), porque o SEM acabou sendo aceitável. De acordo com os achados desta pesquisa, demonstra-se que a liderança estratégia e a estratégia de negociação influenciam positiva e significativamente na percepção do prestígio e do status organizacional; além disso, a estratégia de negociação integradora influencia positiva e significativamente como variável mediadora entre a liderança estratégia e a percepção do prestígio e status organizacional; por sua vez, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na percepção do prestígio e status organizacional entre homens e mulheres líderes de pequenas empresas de Guanajuato.

Abstract The objective was to determine the effect of some factors on pregnancy rate of fixed-time embryo transfer (FTET), in cows and heifers kept under Mexican tropical conditions. Recipients females (n=405) grazing in pastures were selected according to breed group (Zebu and crosses), parity (nulliparous and multiparous), body condition score (BCS) and the presence of a corpus luteum (CL). The females were synchronized on day 0 using a progesterone vaginal device and 2 mg estradiol benzoate (EB), two groups were established. Group 1 (conventional protocol) were animals in which the progesterone device was removed on day 7. At this time, also received an injection of 50 mg cloprostenol sodium and 1 mg estradiol cypionate. Animals also received 300 IU (heifers) or 360 IU (cows) of eCG. Group 2 (J-Synch protocol) were animals in which the progesterone device was removed on day 6. Cloprotenol and eCG injections were applied as in Group 1. Additionally, on day 9, animals of group 2 received 0.01 mg buserelin acetate. Embryo transfer of in vivo or in vitro was done on day 16 and pregnancy diagnosis was realized by ultrasonography on days 23 and 53 after FTET. Statistical analyses were carried out using Chi-square tests and logistic regression. Pregnancy rate varied between farms (P<0.05). The highest pregnancy rate was for multiparous cows (66%). The recipient utilization rate was better in the J-Synch protocol (85%), and in vivo embryos (75%) had higher pregnancy rate. The diameter of the follicle and the CL had no effect on pregnancy rate (P>0.05). However, the logistic regression determined that the only significant factor on pregnancy rate was the type of embryo. In conclusion, pregnancy rate in FTET females was higher for in vivo embryos than for in vitro embryos in cows evaluated under humid tropical conditions in Mexico.

Resumen: Antecedentes: la endocarditis infecciosa es una enfermedad con elevada morbimortalidad, la cual se encuentra en torno al 25%. Aproximadamente el 50% de los casos requiere tratamiento quirúrgico. En nuestro medio se desconocen las características clínicas y evolutivas de pacientes operados por endocarditis infecciosa activa. Objetivos: primario, determinar mortalidad operatoria (MO) y sobrevida a largo plazo; secundario, definir predictores de embolias, complicaciones locales (CL), MO y endocarditis protésica (EP) en la evolución. Métodos: trabajo retrospectivo y analítico. Se identificaron pacientes que recibieron cirugía cardíaca por endocarditis activa entre enero de 2006 y diciembre de 2017. Mediante regresión logística multivariada se identificaron predictores para los objetivos enunciados. Resultados: se incluyeron 101 pacientes. El microorganismo más frecuentemente encontrado fue Staphylococcus aureus (SA) (15,8%). La topografía fue protésica en 20,8%, aórtica en 46,5%, mitral en 23,8% y mitro-aórtica en 13,9%. La MO fue 11,3% y 29,5% (p=0,025), según ausencia o presencia de CL, único predictor independiente de mortalidad (OR=3,38). El 47,5% presentó CL, siendo la más frecuente el absceso (25,7%). Fueron predictores independientes: EP (OR=5,8), endocarditis valvular aórtica (OR=2,9) y sexo masculino (OR=3,5). La incidencia de EP precoz fue 3% y tardía 4%. El 30% de los pacientes adquirió la EI como consecuencia de un procedimiento médico invasivo en los 6 meses previos. De los siete pacientes con EP en la evolución, seis tenían CL (p<0,05). El 31,7% presentaba embolias, resultando predictores independientes: Staphylococcus aureus (OR=4,6), vegetación en el velo mitral posterior (OR=3,2) y antecedente de hipertensión arterial (OR=3,32). La sobrevida a cinco y diez años fue de 88,20%±0,04 y 81,50%±0,05 respectivamente. Conclusiones: la MO de la endocarditis activa en nuestro medio es similar a la reportada internacionalmente. La presencia de CL se asocia a EP en la evolución y resultó ser un predictor independiente de sobrevida a largo plazo, y de MO. La sobrevida a largo plazo es similar a la reportada internacionalmente. Se observó una alta incidencia de agentes intrahospitalarios y procedimientos invasivos como causas probables.

Summary: Introduction: infective endocarditis is a high morbidity and mortality disease, which is about 25%. About fifty percent of patients require heart surgery. In our environment, clinical and evolutionary characteristics of patients operated with active endocarditis are unknown. Objective: primary, determine operative mortality and long-term survival; secondary, define predictors of embolisms, local complications, operative mortality and prosthetic endocarditis in evolution. Methods: retrospective, analytical study. Patients who received cardiac surgery for active endocarditis between January 2006 and December 2017 were identified. Through multivariate logistic regression, predictors were identified for the stated objectives. Results: one hundred and one patients were included. The most frequently found microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (15.8%). The topography was prosthetic in 20.8%, aortic 46.5%, mitral 23.8% and mitro-aortic 13.9%. The operative mortality was 11.3% and 29.5% (p = 0.025) according to the absence or presence of local complications , the only independent predictor of mortality (OR = 3.32). Local complications were present in 47.5%, the most frequent were abscess (25.7%), independent predictors were: prosthetic endocarditis (OR=5.8), aortic endocarditis (OR=2.9) and male sex (OR=3.5). The incidence of early prosthetic endocarditis was 3% and late 4%. Thirty percent of patients acquired infective endocarditis as a result of an invasive medical procedure in the previous 6 months. Of the seven patients with prosthetic endocarditis in evolution, six had local complications (p <0.05). Embolic events were present in 31.7% of patients, were independent predictors: Staphylococcus aureus (OR=4.6), presence of vegetation in the posterior mitral leaflet (OR=3.2) and history of hypertension (OR=3.32). Survival at 5 and 10 years was 88.20% ± 0.04 and 81.50% ± 0.05 respectively. Conclusions: operative mortality of active endocarditis in our environment is high and similar to that reported internationally. The presence of local complications is associated with prosthetic endocarditis in evolution and proved to be an independent predictor of long-term survival, and operative mortality. Long-term survival is similar to that reported internationally. A high incidence of in-hospital agents was observed and invasive procedures as probable causes.

Resumo: Antecedentes: a endocardite infecciosa é uma doença com alta morbimortalidade. Requerem tratamento cirúrgico o 50%. Em nosso meio, as características clínicas e evolutivas dos pacientes operados com endocardite ativa são desconhecidas. Objetivos: primário, determinar a mortalidade operatória e a sobrevida a longo prazo; secundário: Definir preditores de embolias, complicações locais, mortalidade operatória e endocardite protética na evolução. Métodos: trabalho retrospectivo, analítico. Foram identificados no banco de dados pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de endocardite ativa entre janeiro de 2006 e dezembro de 2017. Através de regressão logística multivariada, os preditores foram identificados para os objetivos estabelecidos. Resultados: cento e um pacientes foram incluídos. Staphylococcus aureus foi o microrganismo mais frequente (15,8%). A topografia foi protética em 20,8%, aórtica 46,5%, mitral 23,8% e mitroaórtica 13,9%. A mortalidade operatória foi de 11,3% e 29,5% (p = 0,025), de acordo com a ausência ou presença de complicações locais, o único preditor independente de mortalidade (OR). Um 47,5% apresentaram complicações locais, sendo o mais frequente o abscesso (25,7%). Os preditores independentes foram: endocardite protética (OR = 5,8), endocardite valvar aórtica (OR=2,9)) e sexo masculino (OR = 3,5). A incidência de endocardite protética precoce foi de 3% e tardia de 4%. Trinta por cento dos pacientes adquiriram endocardite infecciosa como resultado de um procedimento médico invasivo nos 6 meses anteriores. Dos pacientes com endocardite protética na evolução, 85,7% apresentava complicações locais (p <0,05). O 31,7% apresentava embolia, resultando em preditores independentes: Staphylococcus aureus (OR = 4,6), vegetação no véu mitral posterior (OR = 3,2) e história de hipertensão arterial (OR = 3,32). A sobrevida em 5 e 10 anos foi de 88,20% ± 0,04 e 81,50% ± 0,05, respectivamente. Conclusões: a mortalidade operatória da endocardite ativa em nosso ambiente é alto e semelhante ao relatado internacionalmente. A presença de complicações locais está associada à endocardite protética na evolução e provou ser um preditor independente de sobrevida a longo prazo e mortalidade operatória. A sobrevivência a longo prazo é semelhante à relatada internacionalmente. Foi observada alta incidência de agentes hospitalares e procedimentos invasivos como causas prováveis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of GnRH, hCG and eCG applied 14 days after fixed time artificial insemination (FTAI) on the rate of pregnancy and embryonic and foetal survival in cows under heat stress. The cows (n = 234) were synchronized, inseminated and received 14 days later via i.m. the hormonal application: a) Control group: 2 ml of saline solution (n=56), b) GnRH group: 100 µg of GnRH (n=58), Group c) hCG: 1500 IU of hCG (n=60), and d) ECG Group: 400 IU of eCG (n=60). The diagnosis of pregnancy and the evaluation of the number of corpora lutea (CL) was determined by ultrasonography on days 34, 45 and 60 of the AI. Cows treated with GnRH had a higher pregnancy rate (p<0.05) and no significant differences were found between the other groups. Embryonic and foetal survival between days 45 and 60 was constant in all groups, but one foetal death occurred in the eCG group. There were no significant differences in the proportion of accessory CL between the treated groups and the control group at 60 days of gestation. It is concluded that the administration of GnRH 14 days post-FTAI improves the pregnancy rate in dairy cows under caloric stress.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto de GnRH, hCG y eCG aplicados 14 días después de la inseminación artificial a tiempo (IATF) fijo sobre la tasa de preñez y sobrevivencia embrionaria y fetal en vacas sometidas a estrés calórico. Las vacas (n=234) fueron sincronizadas e inseminadas y recibieron diferentes dosis hormonales vía i.m. 14 días después: a) Grupo control: 2 ml de suero fisiológico (n=56), b) Grupo GnRH: 100 µg de GnRH (n=58), Grupo c) hCG: 1500 UI de hCG (n=60), y d) Grupo eCG: 400 UI de eCG (n=60). El diagnóstico de gestación y la evaluación del número de cuerpos lúteos (CL) se determinó mediante ultrasonografía a los días 34, 45 y 60 de la IA. Las vacas tratadas con GnRH presentaron una mayor tasa de preñez (p<0.05) y sin diferencias significativas entre los demás grupos. La sobrevivencia embrionaria y fetal entre los días 45 y 60 fue constante en todos los grupos, pero ocurrió una muerte fetal en el grupo eCG. No hubo diferencia significativa en la proporción de cuerpos lúteos accesorios entre los grupos tratados y el grupo control a los 60 días de gestación. Se concluye que la administración de GnRH 14 días pos-IATF mejora la tasa de preñez en vacas lecheras sometidas a estrés calórico.

ABSTRACT Promising species for aquaculture need to have their nutritional requirements defined. Considering that protein is the most expensive macronutrient in aquaculture diets, the present study aimed to estimate the protein requirement of curimatãpacu fed with diets containing two lipid levels. Thus, eight experimental diets were formulated to contain 20, 25, 30 and 35% of crude protein (CP) associated to 11 and 15% of crude lipids (CL) were formulated, constituting a completely randomized factorial design (4 CP x 2 CL) with three replicates per treatment. The juveniles (3.6 ± 0.01 g) were fed daily with 6% of the biomass, three times a day (08:00, 12:00 and 16:00 h) for 70 days. The protein requirement was estimated by the combination of the broken line and quadratic regression models. The CP concentration in the diets was the only factor influencing (P < 0.05) the growth and feeding efficiency variables of the fish, without interaction (P > 0.05) with the CL level of the diets. The requirement for weight gain and fish feed efficiency was estimated at 32.5 and 34.5% CP. Protein retention decreased (P < 0.05) in proportion to CP elevation. Fish fed 15% CL had higher (P < 0.05) body lipid deposition. On the other hand, the increase of CP of the diets decreased (P < 0.05) lipid deposition in juveniles. Therefore, it is recommended that young curimatãpacu between 3 and 27 g in weight should be fed diets containing 32.5-34.5% CP and 11% of CL, equivalent to a protein: energy ratio of 22-23 mg kJ−1

The aim of the study was to monitor the follicular dynamics of the natural estrous cycle in the domestic buffalo in Colombia. Patterns of growth and regression of ovarian follicles in two consecutive oestrus cycles in 11 buffalos were evaluated. Ultrasound examination of the ovaries were conducted every second day to establish patterns of follicular waves, number of waves, emergency day, number of follicles recruited, and characteristics of the dominant follicle (DF) and of the corpus luteum (CL). Progesterone (P ) concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. Seventeen normal cycles (2, 11 and 4 estrous cycles with one, two and three follicular waves, respectively) were evaluated. The inter ovulatory interval was 12.5 ± 2.7, 20.5 ± 1.2 and 28.8 ± 1.9 days for cycles with 1, 2 and 3 follicular waves, respectively. Follicular waves emerged on days 0 ± 2.3 for cycles with 1 wave, on days 2.3 ± 1.0 and 10.5 ± 1.0 in cycles with two waves and on days 1.6 ± 1.25, 8.0 ± 1.9 and 20.8 ± 1.6 (mean ± e.e.) in cycles with the waves. The concentration of P4 on the day of maximum diameter of CL on average was 7.2 ± 6.6 ng/ml. In conclusion, follicular dynamics of the Colombian buffalo is characterized by patterns of one, two and three follicular waves, with predominance of two-wave cycles.

El objetivo del estudio fue monitorear la dinámica folicular del ciclo estral natural de hembras bufalinas en Colombia. Se evaluaron los patrones de crecimiento y regresión de folículos ováricos de 11 búfalas durante dos ciclos estrales. Se realizaron exámenes ecográficos interdiarios de los ovarios para establecer patrones de ondas foliculares, número de ondas, día de emergencia, número de folículos reclutados, y características del folículo dominante (FD) y del cuerpo lúteo (CL). Las concentraciones de progesterona (P ) se determinaron por radioinmunoensayo. Se evaluaron 17 ciclos normales (2, 11 y 4 ciclos con una, dos y tres ondas foliculares, respectivamente). El intervalo inter-ovulatorio fue de 12.5 ± 2.7, 20.5 ± 1.2 y 28.8 ± 1.9 días para los ciclos con 1, 2 y 3 ondas foliculares, respectivamente. Las ondas foliculares emergieron los días 0 ± 2.3 en ciclos de una onda, los días 2.3 ± 1.0 y 10.5 ± 1.0 en ciclos de dos ondas y los días 1.25 ± 1.6, 8.0 ± 1.9 y 20.8 ± 1.6 (promedio ± e.e.) en ciclos de tres ondas. El diámetro máximo (cm) alcanzado por el FD fue de 1.2 ± 0.4 en ciclos de una onda, de 1.02 ± 0.2 y 1.3 ± 0.3 en ciclos de dos ondas, y de 1.2 ± 0.3, 1.3 ± 0.3 y 1.2 ± 0.3 en ciclos de tres ondas. La concentración de P4 en el día de máximo diámetro del CL en promedio fue de 7.2 ± 6.6 ng/ml. Se concluye que la dinámica folicular de la búfala colombiana se caracteriza por presentar patrones de una, dos y tres ondas foliculares, con predominio de ciclos de dos ondas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: colon lymphoma (CL) is an uncommon variety of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that represents less than 0.6% of all primary colonic neoplasms. Early diagnosis is challenging as clinical manifestations are non-specific. The goal of this review was to discuss our experience over the last few years regarding the clinical, endoscopic, histological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics of CL. Patients and methods: a retrospective, descriptive analysis of patients with CL diagnosed from 1994 to 2016 at the Hospital Universitario de La Princesa (Madrid, Spain) was performed. Results: a total of 29 patients with CL were identified, with a median age of 67 years; 18 were male (62%). The most common clinical manifestations included abdominal pain, constitutional syndrome, diarrhea and a palpable abdominal mass. Eight (27.6%) patients were asymptomatic and six (20.6%) initially presented with surgical complications. A colonoscopy was performed in 24 patients and the most common findings included diffuse infiltration and solid growth. The most common location was the descending and sigmoid colon. The most common histological subtypes included mantle B-cell NHL and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Chemotherapy was administered to 28 patients (96.5%), surgery was performed in six (20.7%) and combined chemo-radiotherapy was administered to one patient. Median survival was 156 months. Survival was 100.0% at one year and 55.0% at ten years. Conclusions: due to the variable aspects of CL on endoscopy, a histological study of all colonic segments is required. Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice and emergency surgery followed by chemotherapy is required for complications. Primary factors associated with poorer survival include age above 65 years, relapsing disease and partial or nil responses.

RESUMEN Introducción: el linfoma de colon (LC) es una variedad poco frecuente de los linfomas no Hodgkin (LNH) que representa menos del 0,6% de todas las neoplasias primarias del colon. Realizar un diagnóstico precoz es difícil debido a que las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas. El objetivo de esta revisión fue presentar nuestra experiencia en los últimos años en cuanto a características clínicas, endoscópicas, histológicas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución de los LC. Pacientes y métodos: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo y descriptivo de pacientes con LC diagnosticados desde 1994 hasta 2016 en el Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid. Resultados: se identificaron 29 pacientes con LC (mediana de edad 67 años, 18 hombres [62%]). Las manifestaciones clínicas más comunes fueron dolor abdominal, síndrome constitucional, diarrea y masa abdominal palpable. Ocho (27,6%) pacientes se encontraban asintomáticos y seis (20,6%) debutaron con complicaciones quirúrgicas. En 24 pacientes se realizó colonoscopia y los hallazgos más frecuentes fueron infiltración difusa y tumoración. La localización más común fue el colon descendente y sigma. Los subtipos histológicos más frecuentes fueron: LNH de células B del manto y linfoma difuso de células grandes tipo B. Se trató con quimioterapia a 28 pacientes (96,5%), con cirugía a seis (20,7%) y uno recibió quimio y radioterapia. La mediana del tiempo de supervivencia fue de 156 meses. La supervivencia al año fue del 100,0% y a los diez años, del 55,0%. Conclusiones: debido al aspecto endoscópico variable del LC, es necesario el estudio histológico de todos los segmentos del colon. El tratamiento de elección es la quimioterapia y en casos de complicaciones es necesaria la cirugía urgente con quimioterapia posterior. Los principales factores asociados a peor supervivencia son la edad mayor de 65 años, la existencia de recidiva y las respuestas parciales o nulas.

Resumo Este artigo apresenta a distribuição espacial das estruturas de gás raso e as classifica com base em dois conjuntos de dados de registros sísmicos diferentes com o CHIRP, um na Lagoa da Conceição (CL) e o outro na Baía Norte (NB), ambos na Ilha de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Os dados de sonar de varredura lateral da CL foram usados para facilitar a interpretação. Os dados sísmicos de subsuperfície (SB) foram processados e interpretados por meio do software SeisPrho e os dados obtidos com o sonar de varredura lateral (SSS), pelo software SonarWiz5. A medida espacial foi realizada por intermédio de GIS. As estruturas de gás raso foram definidas de acordo com as formas apresentadas nos registros sísmicos (eco-caráter). Na CL, as acumulações rasas de gás foram encontradas sob a forma de escapes nas exsudações e feições apresentando estruturas de gás superficial, entre a superfície e 8,20 ms (cerca de 12,3 m). Estas acumulações de gás foram encontradas na forma de Cobertura Acústica com Plumas Acústicas associadas, além de Sombra Negra. As pockmarks foram observadas no fundo da lagoa, ligadas aos escapes de gás (diâmetro médio de 0,97 ± 0,19 m e densidade de 54 a 242 unidades por 50 m2). Na NB observou-se três tipos de estruturas de gás raso no perfil sísmico, ou seja, de Cobertura Acústica, Pináculos de Turbidez e Plumas Intrssedimentares. A profundidade variou da superfície até 12,10 ms (cerca de 18,15 m). Em ambos os ambientes, o gás é expelido a partir do sedimento para a coluna de água. As pockmarks na CL e na NB, as feições de pluma acústica e os sedimentos ricos em enxofre total validam essa evidência.

Abstract This paper presents the spatial distribution of shallow gas structures and classifies them on the basis of two different data sets of CHIRP seismic records, one from the Conceição Lagoon (CL) and the other from North Bay (NB), both on Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil. Side scan sonar data from the CL were used to facilitate the understanding. The sub bottom (SB) seismic data were processed and interpreted by means of the SeisPrho software, the side scan sonar (SSS) data by SonarWiz5 software and the spatial extension being measured with the help of GIS. The shallow gas structures were defined in accordance with their shapes in the seismic recordings (echo-character). At the CL, shallow gas accumulations were found in the form of seepages and features presenting shallow gas structures between the surface and 8.20 ms (around 12.3 m). Accumulations of gas were found in the form of Acoustic Blanking with Acoustic Plume, and also Black Shadows. Pockmarks were found on the lagoon floor and associated with gas seepages (average size diameter 0.97 ± 0.19 m and density from 54 to 242 units per 50 m2). In the NB three types of shallow gas features were found in the seismic profile, namely Acoustic Blanking, Turbidity Pinnacles and Intra-sedimentary plumes. The depth varied from the surface to 12.10 ms (around 18.15 m). In both environments, the gas is escaping from the sediment into the water column. The Pockmarks in the CL and the Acoustic Plume features and sediment rich in total sulfur in the NB validate these findings.

RESUMO No presente estudo, propusemos a criação de um modelo computacional em 3D com elaboração de software onde dois arquivos em formato DICOM com uma TC e RNM de crânio foram usados para simular diferentes mensurações na extensão do clivus (EC) e no ângulo basal (AB). O volume final da fossa posterior (VFP) foi obtido em cada variação, bem como a percentagem de volume alterada. O tamanho inicial da EC era de 35,65 mm e o do AB era de 112.66º, com um VFP de 209 ml. Variando a EC de 34,65 para 29,65 – 24.65 e 19.65, houve uma diminuição do VFP de 0.47%, 1.12% e 1.69%, respectivamente. Variando o AB de 122,66º para 127,66º e 142,66º, o VFP diminui para 0.69% e 3.23%, respectivamente. Nosso modelo enfatiza a importância da patogênese do aumento do AB e do encurtamento do clivus no desenvolvimento do Chiari I.

ABSTRACT We proposed a 3D model to evaluate the role of platybasia and clivus length in the development of Chiari I (CI). Using a computer aided design software, two DICOM files of a normal CT scan and MR were used to simulate different clivus lengths (CL) and also different basal angles (BA). The final posterior fossa volume (PFV) was obtained for each variation and the percentage of the volumetric change was acquired with the same method. The initial normal values of CL and BA were 35.65 mm and 112.66º respectively, with a total PFV of 209 ml. Ranging the CL from 34.65 to 29.65 – 24.65 – 19.65, there was a PFV decrease of 0.47% – 1.12% – 1.69%, respectively. Ranging the BA from 122.66º to 127.66º – 142.66º, the PFV decreased 0.69% – 3.23%, respectively. Our model highlights the importance of the basal angle and clivus length to the development of CI.

SUMMARY American tegumentary leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. Pentavalent antimonials are the first choice drugs for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), although doses are controversial. In a clinical trial for CL we investigated the occurrence of pancreatic toxicity with different schedules of treatment with meglumine antimoniate (MA). Seventy-two patients were allocated in two different therapeutic groups: 20 or 5 mg of pentavalent antimony (Sb5+)/kg/day for 20 or 30 days, respectively. Looking for adverse effects, patients were asked about abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or anorexia in each medical visit. We performed physical examinations and collected blood to evaluate serum amylase and lipase in the pre-treatment period, and every 10 days during treatment and one month post-treatment. Hyperlipasemia occurred in 54.8% and hyperamylasemia in 19.4% patients. Patients treated with MA 20 mg Sb5+ presented a higher risk of hyperlipasemia (p = 0.023). Besides, higher MA doses were associated with a 2.05 higher risk ratio (p = 0.003) of developing more serious (moderate to severe) hyperlipasemia. The attributable fraction was 51% in this group. Thirty-six patients presented abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting or anorexia but only 47.2% of those had hyperlipasemia and/ or hyperamylasemia. These findings suggest the importance of the search for less toxic therapeutic regimens for the treatment of CL.