RESUMO Levando em consideração a natureza inovadora da abordagem do expossoma humano, apresentamos o estado da arte dos estudos sobre expossoma, e discutimos os desafios e perspectivas atuais nessa área. Foram realizadas diversas atividades de leitura e discussão pelo grupo eXsat (Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador), com sistematização da literatura da área publicada entre janeiro de 2005 e janeiro de 2017, disponíveis nas bases de dados PubMed e Web of Science. O presente comentário traz uma análise da temática de forma a incentivar a disseminação da abordagem do expossoma nos estudos da área de Saúde Pública.

ABSTRACT Considering the innovative nature of the approach to human exposome, we present the state of the art of studies on exposome, and discuss current challenges and perspectives in this area. Several reading and discussion activities were conducted by the Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador (eXsat – Group Exposome and Worker's Health), with systematization of the literature in the area published between January 2005 and January 2017, available in the databases PubMed and Web of Science. This comment brings a thematic analysis to encourage the dissemination of the exposome approach for studies in the Public Health area.

RESUMO Levando em consideração a natureza inovadora da abordagem do expossoma humano, apresentamos o estado da arte dos estudos sobre expossoma, e discutimos os desafios e perspectivas atuais nessa área. Foram realizadas diversas atividades de leitura e discussão pelo grupo eXsat (Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador), com sistematização da literatura da área publicada entre janeiro de 2005 e janeiro de 2017, disponíveis nas bases de dados PubMed e Web of Science. O presente comentário traz uma análise da temática de forma a incentivar a disseminação da abordagem do expossoma nos estudos da área de Saúde Pública.

ABSTRACT Considering the innovative nature of the approach to human exposome, we present the state of the art of studies on exposome, and discuss current challenges and perspectives in this area. Several reading and discussion activities were conducted by the Expossoma e Saúde do Trabalhador (eXsat – Group Exposome and Worker's Health), with systematization of the literature in the area published between January 2005 and January 2017, available in the databases PubMed and Web of Science. This comment brings a thematic analysis to encourage the dissemination of the exposome approach for studies in the Public Health area.

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas e o valor nutritivo do capim-Tifton 85 adubado com duas doses de nitrogênio em quatro idades de rebrota. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados seguindo esquema fatorial 4 x 2, com 4 idades de rebrota (28, 35, 42 e 49 dias) e duas doses de nitrogênio (100 e 300 kg ha-1) com seis repetições, totalizando 48 unidades experimentais de 25 m² (5x5m) cada. O critério de blocagem foi à variação na área experimental. A produção de matéria seca incrementou linearmente, em média 56.4%, à medida que avançou a idade de rebrota de 28 para 49 dias (P<0,01). Entre as doses de N, houve aumento de 17.2% na produção de matéria seca quando adubado com 300 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. A altura das plantas (P<0,01), assim como o número de folhas vivas (P<0,01), número de folhas expandidas (P<0,01) e o comprimento final da folha (P<0,01) aumentaram linearmente com o avanço da idade corte. A adubação do capim Tifton 85 com 100 kg ha-1 de N, manejado a cada 35 dias melhora a produção de matéria seca, características estruturais e valor nutricional da forragem para corte e/ou pastejo.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural, productive and nutritional value of Tifton 85 grass fertilized with two nitrogen doses at four regrowth ages. The experimental design was a randomized block in a factorial 4 x 2, with four regrowth ages (28, 35, 42 and 49 days) and two levels of nitrogen (100 and 300 kg ha-1) in six replicates, totaling 48 experimental units, of 25 m² (5x5m) each. The blocking criterion was the variation in the experimental area. Dry matter production increased linearly, on average 56.4%, as the regrowth age increased from 28 to 49 days (P<0.01). Among the N rates, there was a 17.2% increase in dry matter yield when fertilized with 300 kg / ha of nitrogen. The height of the plants (P <0.01), as well as the number of live leaves (P <0.01), number of expanded leaves (P <0.01) and the final leaf length (P <0.01) increased linearly with the advancement of cut age. Fertilization of Tifton 85 grass with 100 kg ha-1 of N, managed every 35 days improves the dry matter production, structural characteristics and nutritional value of forage for cutting and / or grazing.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os critérios para formação de grupos de contemporâneos (GCs) na avaliação genética de peso ao desmame em bovinos Nelore. Foram utilizados 713.474 registros de 3.066 rebanhos localizados no Centro-Oeste e no Norte do Brasil. Os dados foram provenientes do Serviço de Registro Genealógico das Raças Zebuínas da Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Zebu. As estruturas de dados foram definidas com base no número de desvios-padrão (DPs) para remoção de outliers (±2,0, ±2,5, ±3,0 e ±3,5) e no número mínimo de animais por GC (3, 7 e 15). A avaliação genética foi realizada por meio de modelo animal via inferência bayesiana. As estruturas de dados com ±3,5 DPs e GC com mínimo de 15 animais apresentaram a maior variância genética aditiva (82,65±2,93), e aquelas com ±2,0 DPs e GC com mínimo de 3 animais, a menor (60,23±1,96). A formação correta de GCs resulta em arquivos de dados mais consistentes, o que permite obter estimativas mais confiáveis dos parâmetros genéticos. As melhores respostas à seleção são obtidas ao se adotar os seguintes critérios para remoção de outliers: 2,5, 3,0 e 3,5 desvios-padrão e mínimo de 15 animais por grupo de contemporâneos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the criteria for the formation of contemporary groups (CGs) in the genetic evaluation of body weight at weaning in Nellore cattle. A total of 713,474 records from 3,066 herds located in Midwestern and Northern Brazil were used. Data were obtained from the genealogical registry of zebu breeds of the Brazilian association of zebu breeders. Data structures were defined based on the number of standard deviations (SDs) for outlier removal (±2.0, ±2.5, ±3.0, and ±3.5) and on the minimal number of animals per CG (3, 7, and 15). Genetic evaluation was performed with an animal model using Bayesian inference. Data structures with ±3.5 SDs and CG with at least 15 animals presented the highest additive genetic variance (82.65±2.93), and those with ±2.0 SDs and CG with at least 3 animals showed the lowest one (60.23±1.96). The proper formation of CGs results in better-quality data archives, allowing to obtain more trustable estimates for the genetic parameters. Better selection responses are obtained when the following criteria are adopted for the removal of outliers: 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 standard deviations and a minimum of 15 animals per contemporary group.

ABSTRACT Retaining the mineral N in the form of NH4+ in the soil for a lengthy period is desirable for reducing losses. Furthermore, there is evidence that sugarcane prefers NH4+-N in place of NO3−-N. This study aimed firstly, to evaluate the potential of root extracts of Bracchiaria humidicola andSaccharum spontaneum, in contrast with the DCD (Dicyandiamide) inhibitor, to increase absorption of N by plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate, and secondly, to quantify the emission of N2O fluxes with the use of this inhibitor. The experiment was developed in a glasshouse in an entirely randomized design where four treatments were applied: AS) ammonium sulfate (control); AS+DCD) ammonium sulfate associated with dicyandiamide; AS+BCH) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts ofBrachiaria humidicola; and AS+SCS) ammonium sulfate associated with root extracts of Saccharum spontaneum. Differences were observed in biomass production in plants 45 and 60 days after fertilization (DAF) and 15 and 60 days in biomass accumulation of roots. The application of AS associated with DCD synthetic inhibitor kept NO3−-N values low throughout the evaluation period, while in other treatments the concentration increased right up to the second evaluation 15 DAF. Sugarcane plants did not benefit from the increased presence of ammoniacal N promoted by DCD. The use of DCD reduced the average flux of N2O during the evaluation period compared to plants receiving AS treatments only, which was not observed when root extracts of B. humidicola and S. spontaneum were used.

ABSTRACTThe low effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer (N) is a substantial concern that threatens global sugarcane production. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to assess the residual effect of N-fertilizer applied at sugarcane planting over four crop seasons in relation to sugarcane crop yield. Toward this end three field experiments were established in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during February of 2005 and July of 2009, in a randomized block design with four treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha−1 of N applied as urea during sugarcane planting. Within each plot, a microplot was established to which 15N-labeled urea was applied. The application of N at planting increased plant cane yield in two of the three sites and sucrose content at the other, whereas the only residual effect was higher sucrose content in one of the following ratoons. The combined effect was an increase in sugar yield for three of the 11 crop seasons evaluated. Over the crop cycle of a plant cane and three ratoon crops, only 35 % of the applied N was recovered, split 75, 13, 7 and 5 % in the plant cane, first, second and third ratoons, respectively. These findings document the low efficiency of N recovery by sugarcane, which increases the risk that excessive N fertilization will reduce profitability and have an adverse effect on the environment.

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) harvested without burning provides a substantial amount of remains (trash) on soil profiles which can be decomposed and release nutrients contributing to reduce fertilizer needs. The contribution of nitrogen (N) from sugarcane plant residues and fertilizer in sugarcane nutrition was assessed. Plant cane treatments were micro plots of 15N-labeled urea, sugarcane trash and root system; the last two to simulate the previous crop residues incorporated into the soil after crop renewal. For ratoons, N-ammonium nitrate (N-AN) micro plots, 150 kg ha-1 of N-AN and control (0 kg ha-1) were set up to evaluate the contribution of trash in N supply and quantify the effects of N-fertilizer on N-trash mineralization. The N balances derived from each 15N source were calculated after four crops and resulted in: 15N-urea applied at planting, 31 % was recovered by plant cane, 12 % by the following ratoons, 20 % remained in the soil and 37 % was not found in the soil-system (NOC). For crop residues 15N-trash + roots 26 % was recovered by sugarcane, 51 % remained in soil, and 23 % was NOC. N-fertilizer applied to ratoons nearly doubled the amount of N from green harvest residues recovered by sugarcane; 17 vs. 31 %. Water balances and crop evapotranspiration were correlated with 15N-sources recoveries and cumulative N recovery presented a positive correlation with evapotranspiration (2005 to 2009). The 15N balances indicated that crop residues are supplementary sources of N for sugarcane and may contribute to reduce N fertilizer needs since trash is annually added to the soil.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation patterns and aerobic stability of sugarcane silages with addition of amino acid production (monosodium glutamate) by-product (APB) and microbial inoculants. Mature sugarcane was chopped and ensiled in laboratory silos (n = 4/treatment) without additives (control) and with APB (10 g/kg), Pioneer 1174® (PIO, 1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Pioneer), Lalsil Cana (2.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri, Lallemand) or Mercosil Maís 11C33® (1.0 mg/kg, Lactobacillus buchineri + Lactobacillus plantarum + Streptoccoccus faecium, Timac Agro). Fresh silage and silage liquor samples were obtained to assess pH, chemical composition and organic acid concentrations. Silage temperature was recorded throughout seven days to evaluate aerobic stability. The addition of APB decreased lactic acid levels, increased pH and N-NH3 and did not alter ethanol, acetic and butyric acids concentrations or dry matter (DM) losses. Microbial inoculants enhanced acetic acid levels, although only Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® lowered ethanol, butyric acid and DM losses. The addition of APB increased CP content and did not modify DM, soluble carbohydrates contents or in vitro dry matter digestibility. Additives did not alter silage maximum temperature or temperature increasing rate; however, Pioneer 1174® and Mercosil Maís 11C33® increased the time elapsed to reach maximum temperature. Monosodium glutamate production by-product does not alter fermentation patterns or aerobic stability of sugarcane silages, whereas homofermentative bacteria can provide silages of good quality.

Las áreas verdes de las ciudades, como parques ecológicos, plazas, la forestación de carreteras y incluso jardines domésticos, además de componer el paisaje urbano, también ofrecen recursos para la alimentación y nidificación de muchas especies de abejas, como las del género Xylocopa. En este sentido, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivos identificar los sustratos naturales de nidificación y la disponibilidad de los recursos alimenticios utilizados por Xylocopa spp. en una área urbana, con el fin de verificar el potencial de manejo de estas abejas. Además, se observó el porcentaje de ocupación de estas abejas en substratos utilizados como nidos-trampas. Tres especies de plantas se utilizaron como sustratos, por las abejas Xylocopa, para construir sus nidos: Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae), Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) y Ficus sp. (Moraceae). Los nidos se distribuyeron en agregado. Spathodea campanulata, Ficus sp. y tallos de bambú (nidos-trampas) fueron los sustratos de nidificación más eficientes para Xylocopa spp. y por consiguiente, son adecuados para la conservación y manejo de estas abejas. Las fores de las pocas especies de árboles visitadas por Xylocopa en el área urbana pertenecen a grupos asociados a menudo con las abejas y las fuentes de recursos alimenticios se mostraron diferentes de las especies utilizadas para la nidificación. Las áreas urbanas en condiciones adecuadas, como cuando hay sustratos adecuados para nidificación y recursos alimenticios, pueden servir como sitio de estudio, conservación y manejo de las abejas carpinteras.

Green areas of cities such as ecological parks, squares, road forestation and even domestic gardens, besides being part of the urban landscape, also serve as ecological resources for many bee species, as those belonging to Xylocopa genus. In this sense, the present study aimed to identify the natural nesting substrates and food resources available for Xylocopa spp. in order to verify the management potential of these bees in an urban area. Additionally, we observed the percentage of occupancy for these bees on previously available substrates (trap-nests). Three plants were used as nesting substrates: Spathodea campanulata (Bignoniaceae), Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) and Ficus sp. (Moraceae). The nests presented an aggregated distribution. Spathodea campanulata, Ficus sp. and bamboo canes (trap-nests) were considered efficient substrates for Xylocopa spp. nesting and, for this reason, they can be used in management and conservation of these bees. The fowers of the few trees species visited by Xylocopa in urban areas belong to groups often associated with bees and the food sources were different from those species used for nesting. The urban environment under appropriate conditions, when appropriate nest substrates and food sources are presented, can serve as a place for study, conservation and management of carpenter bees.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a recuperação, pela cana-planta, do nitrogênio (15N) proveniente da ureia e de resíduos culturais da palhada e do sistema radicular da cultura da cana (Saccharum spp.) incorporados ao solo. O experimento foi instalado na safra de 2005/2006, com a cultivar SP81-3250. No plantio, foram instaladas microparcelas de 1,5x2 m, em que aplicaram-se doses equivalentes a 80 kg ha-1 de N (ureia com 5,05% de 15N) e 14 Mg ha-1 de resíduos culturais, dos quais 9 Mg ha-1 de palhada (PA) e 5 Mg ha-1 de sistema radicular (SR), marcados com 15N (1,07 e 0,81% de 15N, respectivamente). Durante o ciclo da cultura, determinou-se o acúmulo total de N da planta. Embora o aproveitamento do N oriundo da mineralização dos resíduos culturais (PA e SR) pela parte aérea tenha aumentado expressivamente com o tempo, esta fonte pouco contribuiu para a nutrição da cultura. A recuperação pela cana-planta de 15N-ureia, 15N-PA e 15N-SR foi de 30,3±3,7%, 13,9±4,5% e 6,4±0,9% respectivamente, o que representa 15,9, 4,7 e 1,4% do nitrogênio total acumulado pela parte aérea da cultura.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the recovery, by plant cane, of the nitrogen (15N) from urea and from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) crop residues - straw and root system - incorporated into the soil. The experiment was settled in 2005/2006 with the sugarcane cultivar SP81 3250. At planting, microplots of 2 m length and 1.5 m width were installed, and N applications were done with 80 kg ha-1 N (urea with 5.05% in 15N atoms) and 14 Mg ha-1 crop residues - 9 Mg ha-1 of sugarcane straw (SS) and 5 Mg ha-1 of root system (RS), labeled with 15N (1.07 and 0.81% in 15N atoms, respectively). The total N accumulation by plants was determined during the crop cycle. Although the N use by shoot from crop residue mineralization (PA and SR) increased significantly over time, this source hardly contributed to crop nutrition. The recovery of the 15N-urea, 15N-SS and 15N-RS by plant cane was 30.3±3.7%, 13.9±4.5% and 6.4±0.9%, respectively, representing 15.9, 4.7 and 1.4% of total nitrogen uptake by shoot.

Apresentamos o estudo clínico-epidemiológico de dois pacientes e metanálise (período 1977-2000) sobre a comorbidade entre síndrome de Down (SD) e síndrome de "moyamoya" (SMM). Entre os 42 pacientes catalogados no presente estudo, a metanálise permitiu verificar: maior número de publicações de pesquisadores do Japão e Estados Unidos, seguidos pelo Brasil e Itália; predomínio do acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em lactentes e pré-escolares; sintomatologia inaugural, hemiparesia (78,6%), distúrbio da fala (26,2%); predomínio de infarto isquêmico (76,2%); episódios isquêmicos recorrentes (62%); comprometimento bilateral (83,3%). Esta análise permitiu concluir que, na investigação clínico-neurológica de pacientes com SD e episódios de hemiparesia aguda, a SMM deve ser incluída como diagnóstico mais provável .

We present a clinic-epidemiological study of two patients and meta-analysis (period 1977-2000 ) of the co-morbidity of the Down syndrome (DS) and moyamoya syndrome (MMS). Among the 42 patients listed in this survey, meta-analysis permitted to find the highest number of publications by researchers from Japan and United States, followed by Brazil and Italy; prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in suckling and pre school children; first symptomatology was hemiparesis (78.6%), speech disorders (26.2%); ischemic infarction (76.2%); recurring ischemic episodes (62%); bilateral impairment (83.3%). This analysis led to the conclusion that in the clinic-neurological investigation of DS patients with acute hemiparesis episodes, MMS should be included as the most probable diagnosis.