ABSTRACT High blood pressure (BP) is not restricted to adults; children and adolescents may also be affected, albeit less frequently. Aside from unfavorable environmental factors, such as obesity and sedentary life leading to early-onset essential hypertension (HT), several secondary causes must be investigated in the occasional hypertensive child/adolescent. Endocrine causes are relevant and multiple, related to the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, gonads, insulin, and others, but generally are associated with adrenal disease. This common scenario has several vital components, such as aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone (DOC), cortisol, or catecholamines, but there are also monogenic disorders involving the kidney tubule that cause inappropriate salt retention and HT that simulate adrenal disease. Finally, a blood vessel disease was recently described that may also participate in this vast spectrum of pediatric hypertensive disease. This review will shed some light on the diagnosis and management of conditions, focusing on the most prevalent adrenal (or adrenal-like) disturbances causing HT.

ABSTRACT Adrenal steroid biosynthesis and its related pathology are constant evolving disciplines. In this paper, we review classic and current concepts of adrenal steroidogenesis, plus control mechanisms of steroid pathways, distribution of unique enzymes and cofactors, and major steroid families. We highlight the presence of a “mineralocorticoid (MC) pathway of zona fasciculata (ZF)”, where most circulating corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone (DOC) originate together with 18OHDOC, under ACTH control, a claim based on functional studies in normal subjects and in patients with 11β-, and 17α-hydroxylase deficiencies. We emphasize key differences between CYP11B1 (11β-hydroxylase) and CYP11B2 (aldosterone synthase) and the onset of a hybrid enzyme – CYP11B1/CYP11B2 –, responsible for aldosterone formation in ZF under ACTH control, in “type I familial hyperaldosteronism” (dexamethasone suppressible). In “apparent MC excess syndrome”, peripheral conversion of cortisol to cortisone is impaired by lack of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, permitting free cortisol access to MC receptors resulting in severe hypertension. We discuss two novel conditions involving the synthesis of adrenal androgens: the “backdoor pathway”, through which dihydrotestosterone is formed directly from androsterone, being relevant for the fetoplacental setting and sexual differentiation of male fetuses, and the rediscovery of C19 11-oxygenated steroids (11-hydroxyandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone), active androgens and important markers of virilization in 21-hydroxylase deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome. Finally, we underline two enzyme cofactor deficiencies: cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase which partially affects 21- and 17α-hydroxylation, producing a combined clinical/hormonal picture and causing typical skeletal malformations (Antley-Bixler syndrome), and PAPSS2, coupled to SULT2A1, that promotes sulfation of DHEA to DHEAS, preventing active androgens to accumulate. Its deficiency results in reduced DHEAS and elevated DHEA and androgens with virilization. Future and necessary studies will shed light on remaining issues and questions on adrenal steroidogenesis.

SUMMARY Cushing’s syndrome (CS) is an uncommon condition that leads to high morbidity and mortality. The majority of endogenous CS is caused by excessive ACTH secretion, mainly due to a pituitary tumor – the so-called Cushing’s disease (CD) – followed by ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS), an extra-pituitary tumor that produces ACTH; adrenal causes of CS are even rarer. Several methods are used to differentiate the two main etiologies: specific laboratory tests and imaging procedures, and bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling (BIPSS) for ACTH determination; however, identification of the source of ACTH overproduction is often a challenge. We report the case of a 28-year-old woman with clinical and laboratory findings consistent with ACTH-dependent CS. All tests were mostly definite, but several confounding factors provoked an extended delay in identifying the origin of ACTH secretion, prompting a worsening of her clinical condition, with difficulty controlling hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, and hypertension. During this period, clinical treatment was decisive, and measurement of morning salivary cortisol was a differential for monitoring cortisol levels. This report shows that clinical reasoning, experience and use of recent methods of nuclear medicine were decisive for the elucidation of the case.

Until 2005, questions regarding medical treatment and diagnostic information on Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) were not systematically discussed with both the patients and their families; however, the way these patients are currently treated have been changing with time. Interventional changes in the clinical-psychotherapeutic-surgical areas of DSD determine not only different medical recommendations but also help to place the patient and the family into the decisional process of therapy. We must consider two paradigmatic periods that have influenced and transformed the clinical management framework of patients with DSD: a) The "Money era" (1955), which emphasized the role of the gonads as the diagnostic criterion, having the environment as determinant of the sex identity; and b) The Chicago Consensus (2005) phase, in which the role of genetics and molecular biology was critical for an early identification, as well as in building a proper sex identity, emphasizing ethical questions and the "stigma culture". In addition, recent data have focused on the importance of interdisciplinarity and statements on questions concerning Human Rights as key factors in treatment decision making. Despite each of these management models being able to determine specific directions and recommendations regarding the clinical handling of these patients, we verify that a composite of these several models is the clinical routine nowadays. In the present paper, we discuss these several paradigms, and pinpoint clinical differences and their unfolding regarding management of DSD patients and their families.

Objetivo: Avaliar um protocolo de espectroscopia por ressonância magnética (ERM) do próton de hidrogênio (1H) bidimensional (2D) disponível comercialmente (Siemens Medical Systems; Erlangen, Alemanha), aplicado para nódulos adrenais e diferenciação das massas (adenomas, feocromocitomas, carcinomas e metástases). Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 118 pacientes (36 homens e 82 mulheres), apresentando-se com 138 nódulos/massas adrenais, foi avaliado prospectivamente (média de idade: 57,3 ± 13,3 anos). Uma sequência de ERM-1H-PRESS-CSI (espectroscopia por resolução de ponto-imagem por desvio químico) multivoxel foi utilizada. Análise espectroscópica foi realizada da esquerda-direita, sentido crânio-caudal, usando três sequências sagitais, além de sequências axiais e coronais T2-HASTE. Os seguintes índices foram calculados: colina (Cho)/creatina (Cr), 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr, lipídio (Lip)/Cr, Cho/Lip e lactato (Lac)/Cr. Resultados: ERM-1H-2D foi bem sucedida em 123 (89,13%) lesões. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados para as proporções e pontos de corte avaliados foram: Cho/Cr ≥ 1,2, sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 98,2% (diferenciação de adenomas e carcinomas de feocromocitomas e metástases); 4,0–4,3 ppm/Cr ≥ 1,5, 92,3% de sensibilidade, especificidade de 96,9% (diferenciação de carcinomas e feocromocitomas de adenomas e metástases); Lac/Cr ≤ –7,449, sensibilidade de 90,9% e especificidade de 77,8% (diferenciação de feocromocitomas contra carcinomas e adenomas). Conclusão: Os dados da ERM-1H-2D foram eficazes e permitiram a diferenciação entre massas adrenais e nódulos na maioria das lesões com diâmetro > 1,0 cm.

Objective: To evaluate a protocol for two-dimensional (2D) hydrogen proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (Siemens Medical Systems; Erlangen, Germany) in the detection of adrenal nodules and differentiation between benign and malignant masses (adenomas, pheochromocytomas, carcinomas and metastases). Materials and Methods: A total of 118 patients (36 men; 82 women) (mean age: 57.3 ± 13.3 years) presenting with 138 adrenal nodules/masses were prospectively assessed. A multivoxel system was utilized with a 2D point-resolved spectroscopy/chemical shift imaging sequence. The following ratios were calculated: choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr), 4.0–4.3/Cr, lipid (Lip)/Cr, Cho/Lip and lactate (Lac)/Cr. Results: 2D-1H-MRS was successful in 123 (89.13%) lesions. Sensitivity and specificity values observed for the ratios and cutoff points were the following: Cho/Cr ≥ 1.2, 100% sensitivity, 98.2% specificity (differences between adenomas/pheochromocytomas and carcinomas/ metastases); 4.0–4.3 ppm/Cr ≥ 1.5, 92.3% sensitivity, 96.9% specificity (differences between carcinomas/pheochromocytomas and adenomas/metastases); Lac/Cr ≤ –7.449, 90.9% sensitivity and 77.8% specificity (differences between pheochromocytomas and carcinomas/adenomas). Conclusion: Information provided by 2D-1H-MRS were effective and allowed for the differentiation between adrenal masses and nodules in most cases of lesions with > 1.0 cm in diameter.

Graças ao significativo avanço na conduta e no tratamento de pacientes com as diversas formas de hiperplasia adrenal congênita por deficiência de 21-hidroxilase (D21OH) durante a infância e a adolescência, essas mulheres puderam atingir a idade adulta. Dessa maneira, o manejo nessa fase tornou-se ainda mais complexo, originando novos desafios. Tanto a exposição continuada à corticoterapia (pelo uso de doses muitas vezes suprafisiológicas), quanto ao hiperandrogenismo (pelo tratamento irregular ou uso de doses insuficientes), pode causar resultados pouco favoráveis à saúde e à qualidade de vida dessas mulheres, como: osteoporose, complicações metabólicas com risco cardiovascular, prejuízos cosméticos, infertilidade e alterações psicossociais e psicossexuais. No entanto, há poucos estudos de seguimento de longo prazo nas pacientes adultas. Nessa revisão procuramos abordar alguns aspectos importantes e mesmo controversos no seguimento de mulheres adultas com D21OH, recomendando a adoção de terapia individualizada e de caráter multidisciplinar, enquanto novos estudos não proponham atitudes mais bem definidas e consensuais visando à melhora da qualidade de vida dessas mulheres.

Due to major improvements in the management and therapy of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia owing to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) along childhood and adolescence, affected women are able to reach adulthood. Therefore, management throughout adult life became even more complex, leading to new challenges. Both the protracted use of corticosteroids (sometimes in supraphysiologic doses), and excess androgen (due to irregular treatment and/or inadequate dosage) may impair the quality of life and health outcomes in affected adult women, causing osteoporosis, metabolic disturbances with high cardiovascular risk, cosmetic damage, infertility, and psychosocial and psychosexual changes. However, long-term follow-up studies with 21OHD adult women are still required. In this review, we discuss some important and controversial aspects of the follow-up of adult women with 21OHD, and recommend the use of a customized multi-disciplinary therapeutic approach while further studies with these patients do not provide distinct understanding and well-defined attitudes towards better quality of life.

O diabetes mitocondrial (MIDD) é uma forma rara de diabetes monogênico resultante, na maioria dos casos, da mutação mitocondrial A3243G. Essa condição é caracterizada por diabetes de transmissão materna e disacusia neurossensorial. Uma característica das mitocondriopatias é o envolvimento progressivo de outros órgãos ou sistemas, levando ao aparecimento de diversos sintomas durante o curso da doença. Este relato descreve o caso de um paciente com MIDD que, durante o período de acompanhamento, apresentou hipoaldosteronismo hiporreninêmico. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):574-7

Maternally-inherited diabetes with deafness (MIDD) is a rare form of monogenic diabetes that results, in most cases, from an A-to-G transition at position 3243 of mitochondrial DNA (m.3243A>G) in the mitochondrial-encoded tRNA leucine (UUA/G) gene. As the name suggests, this condition is characterized by maternally-inherited diabetes and bilateral neurosensory hearing impairment. A characteristic of mitochondrial cytopathies is the progressive multisystemic involvement with the development of more symptoms during the course of the disease. We report here the case of a patient with MIDD who developed hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(8):574-7

OBJETIVOS: (1) Caracterizar os esteroides séricos (S) e urinários (U) na deficiência completa da CYP17 (DcCYP17); (2) analisar as atividades da 17α-hidroxilase (17OH) e 17,20-liase (17, 20 L) in vivo; e (3) comparar as duas mutações mais prevalentes no Brasil. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: 20 pacientes genotipados para a DcCYP17, de uma coorte anterior, eram homozigotos para W406R ou R362C (8 cada); 11 controles eram CYP17 wild types (WT). Amostras de S e U foram colhidas dos WT e pacientes para dosagem de: cortisol (F), corticosterona (B), deoxicorticosterona (DOC), 18-OH-B, 18OH-DOC e 17OHP; e tetraidro(TH)-B, THA, TH-DOC, THF+5α-THF, THE, androsterona, etiocolanolona, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolona e pregnanetriol. RESULTADOS: Comparados aos WT, os pacientes com DcCYP17 revelaram elevações acentuadas de B, DOC, 18OHB e 18OHDOC, enquanto 17OHP, F e andrógenos adrenais (AA) estavam reduzidos. Os esteroides na U acompanham os achados no S. As relações de metabólitos mostraram que as atividades de 17OH e 17,20L estavam reduzidas em pacientes com DcCYP17. Não houve diferenças entre pacientes com as mutações W406R e R362C. CONCLUSÕES: Na DcCYP17, a produção e a excreção dos 17-deoxiesteroides estão aumentadas em paralelo, em contraste com a reduzida produção/excreção de F e AA. As atividades da 17OH e 17,20-L estão diminuídas na DcCYP17. As mutações W406 e R362C apresentam achados semelhantes em S e U.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Characterize serum (S) and urinary (U) steroid metabolites in complete CYP17 deficiency (cCYP17D); (2) analyze the relative 17α-hydroxylase (17OH) and 17,20-lyase (17,20L) activities in vivo; and (3) comparedata from the two most prevalent mutations in Brazil. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 20 genotyped cCYP17D patients from a previously reported cohort were homozygous for W406R or R362C; 11 controls were CYP17 wild types (WT). WT and cCYP17D patients had S and U samples drawn to measure: cortisol (F), corticosterone (B), deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18OH-B, 18OH-DOC, and 17OHP; and tetrahydro (TH)-B, THA, THDOC, THF+5α-THF, TH-cortisone, androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5-pregnenediol, 17OH-pregnenolone and pregnanetriol. RESULTS: Compared to WT, cCYP17D patients had marked elevations of B, DOC, 18OH-B and 18OH-DOC, whereas 17OHP, F and adrenal androgens (AA) were reduced; U steroids parallel S findings. Metabolite ratios revealed that both 17OH and 17,20L activities were impaired in cCYP17D. There were nodifferences between W406R andR362C mutations. CONCLUSIONS: cCYP17D patients show parallel overproduction/overexcretion of 17-deoxysteroids, and marked reduction of F and AA. In addition to 17OH, 17,20-L activity was also impaired in cCYP17D. W406 and R362C mutations disclose similar Sand U patterns.

A hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC), em razão da deficiência de 17α-hidroxilase/17,20-liase, é uma doença autossômica recessiva rara e a segunda causa mais comum de HAC no Brasil. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente brasileiro portador da deficiência 17α-hidroxilase/17,20- liase (CYP17) em homozigose para a mutação p.R96W no éxon 1 do gene da CYP17A1, uma mutação incomum entre os casos brasileiros descritos com essa forma de HAC. Esse paciente, criado como um indivíduo normal do sexo feminino, procurou atendimento por ausência de sinais puberais e amenorreia primária aos 16 anos de idade. Durante a avaliação, constataram-se um cariótipo 46,XY e a presença de hipertensão e hipocalemia. Enfatizamos o reconhecimento da deficiência da CYP17 dentre os possíveis diagnósticos em um paciente jovem com hipogonadismo hipergonadotrófico e hipertensão, os quais necessitam de tratamento particularizado para ambas as situações.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) resulting from 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease and the second most common form of CAH in Brazil. We describe the case of a Brazilian patient with CYP17 deficiency (17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency) caused by a homozygous p.R96W mutation on exon 1 of the CYP17 gene, an unusual genotype in Brazilian patients with this form of CAH. The patient, raised as a normal female, sought medical care for lack of pubertal signs and primary amenorrhea at the age of 16 years. At evaluation, the presence of a 46,XY karyotype, hypertension and hypokalemia were observed. We emphasize the recognition of CYP17 deficiency in the differential diagnosis of cases of hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and hypertension in young patients who need specific treatment for both situations.

OBJETIVO: Compreender significados e pensamentos de um grupo de pais, pacientes e médicos sobre a hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e analisar angústias, dúvidas e ansiedades. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindo padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, apresentaram-se três categorias: "doença e tratamento", "dúvidas e angústias" e "relacionamentos." RESULTADOS: As principais angústias dos pais relacionam-se à indefinição sexual ao nascimento. Para pacientes, a angústia maior relaciona-se ao sentimento de solidão ao lidar com a doença e seu tratamento, enquanto médicos mostram-se inconformados com a passividade dos pais/pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: A passividade de pacientes/familiares nas consultas deve ser avaliada com cautela, pois a dinâmica do ambulatório dos hospitais-escola tem efeito neste comportamento: os médicos não conversam abertamente com os pais, enquanto estes não conversam com seus filhos, que, por sua vez, poupam os pais de mais sofrimento. Constatou-se dificuldade de comunicação entre esses vários sujeitos. Essas observações permitem sugerir que uma medida especial de atenção a esses pacientes deva ser construída.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the meanings/thoughts of a group of parents, patients and physicians regarding congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to evaluate their anguishes, doubts and anxieties. METHODS: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from five Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to the qualitative research model. Three of the studied categories are presented: "disease and treatment", "doubts and anguishes" and "relationships." RESULTS: Parents' main anguishes relate to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease is the major anguish among patients, whereas physicians show hopelessness with the passivity parents and patients. CONCLUSIONS: The apparent submissiveness of patients/parents during consultations must be evaluated cautiously. University Hospitals outpatient clinic dynamics have a direct effect on this behavior: physicians do not talk openly with parents who in turn do not talk with their children, whereas patients chose to protect their parents from additional suffering. Thus, some miscommunication is noticeable among these subjects. These observations suggest that a special mindful measure should be built for these patients.

OBJETIVO: Identificar questões relacionadas à definição e redesignação sexual e à cirurgia corretiva em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) e compreender a inserção do psicólogo no seu atendimento. MÉTODOS: Selecionaram-se 21 sujeitos: 7 especialistas de cinco instituições do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), 9 familiares e 6 pacientes com HAC, seguindo-se padrões da pesquisa qualitativa. Neste artigo, analisaram-se três das categorias estudadas: "definição e redesignação sexual", "cirurgia e dilatação" e "psicologia". RESULTADOS: A situação de indefinição sexual é a que mais angustia os pais, enquanto a redesignação inquieta mais os médicos. A sensação de isolamento para lidar com a doença e tratamento foi comum nas pacientes; os procedimentos de dilatação foram sua principal queixa. Os médicos acham que a cirurgia deve ser feita com brevidade para evitar traumas posteriores. CONCLUSÕES: Diante de questões psicológicas complexas, chama a atenção o fato de que nem todo serviço de atendimento especializado conta com a presença de um psicólogo. Os exames de dilatação causam traumas nas pacientes. No grupo estudado, constataram-se dificuldades para lidar com as questões relacionadas à sexualidade.

OBJECTIVE: To identify relevant questions related to sex definition and re-designation and reconstructive surgery in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), and to understand the role of the psychologist in providing care for these patients. METHODS: We selected 21 subjects: 7 pediatric endocrinologists from 5 Brazilian Public Health System institutions, 9 parents and 6 patients with CAH, according to a qualitative research model. In this paper, 3 of the studied categories are analyzed: "sex definition and re-designation", "reconstructive surgery/vaginal dilation", and "psychology". RESULTS: Parents' main anguish relates to the situation of an unnamed sex at birth, whereas sex re-designation was distressful to physicians. A sense of loneliness when dealing with the disease and treatment was a common anguish among patients; dilation procedures were the major complaint. In general, physicians recommend that genital reconstructive surgery be performed early on to avoid future trauma. CONCLUSIONS: In such a complex scenario, it is remarkable that not all the reference service staff have a psychologist on duty. Difficulties to deal with questions involving sexuality were evident and dilation procedures are an additional source of trauma for these patients.

A ocorrência de síndrome de Cushing (SC) durante a gravidez é rara, com menos de 150 casos reportados na literatura. Os adenomas adrenais parecem ser a causa mais comum seguidos da doença de Cushing. A gestação afeta de maneira dramática o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal materno resultando em aumento da produção hepática da globulina ligadora de corticosteróides (CBG), aumento dos níveis séricos, salivares e livres urinários de cortisol, falta de supressão do cortisol após administração de dexametasona e produção placentária de CRH e ACTH. Além disso, pode também ocorrer bloqueio da resposta do ACTH e do cortisol ao CRH exógeno. Assim, o diagnóstico de SC durante a gravidez torna-se muito mais difícil. A falha em diagnosticar SC é também comum, já que a síndrome pode ser facilmente confundida com pré-eclampsia ou diabetes gestacional. Uma vez que a SC de ocorrência na gravidez é usualmente associada com graves complicações materno-fetais, seu diagnóstico e tratamento precoces tornam-se críticos. A cirurgia é o tratamento de escolha para a SC na gravidez, exceto, talvez, no final do 3º trimestre, sendo o tratamento medicamentoso a segunda escolha. Não parece haver nenhum arrazoado para o tratamento de suporte isoladamente.

Cushing's syndrome (CS) during pregnancy is a rare condition with fewer than 150 cases reported in the literature. Adrenal adenomas were found to be the commonest cause, followed by Cushing's disease. The gestation dramatically affects the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, resulting in increased hepatic production of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), increased levels of serum, salivary and urinary free cortisol, lack of suppression of cortisol levels after dexamethasone administration and placental production of CRH and ACTH. Moreover, a blunted response of ACTH and cortisol to exogenous CRH may also occur. Therefore, the diagnosis of CS during pregnancy is much more difficult. Misdiagnosis of CS is also common, as the syndrome may be easily confused with preeclampsia or gestational diabetes. Because CS during pregnancy is usually associated with severe maternal and fetal complications, its early diagnosis and treatment are critical. Surgery is the treatment of choice for CS in pregnancy, except perhaps in the late third trimester, with medical therapy being a second choice. There does not seem to be a rationale for supportive treatment alone.

Os glicocorticóides (GC) têm papel importante na determinação do metabolismo e da distribuição do tecido adiposo. A 11beta-hidroxisteróide desidrogenase tipo 1 (11betaHSD1) é uma enzima dependente de NADPH, altamente expressa nos tecidos hepático e adiposo. Em muitas células e tecidos intactos, ela funciona como redutase (convertendo cortisona em cortisol). Postula-se que uma desregulação tecido-específica do cortisol estaria envolvida na complexa fisiopatologia da síndrome metabólica (SM) e obesidade. Ratos que super-expressam 11betaHSD1 no tecido adiposo desenvolvem obesidade e todas as características da SM, enquanto ratos knockout para 11betaHSD1 são protegidos. Evidências apontam para uma super-expressão e aumento da atividade 11betaHSD1 também no tecido adiposo humano. Entretanto, a 11betaHSD1 parece ajustar a concentração local de cortisol independente da sua concentração sérica. Na síndrome de Cushing, a expressão da 11betaHSD1 é regulada para baixo, não devendo ser a causa dos depósitos de gordura visceral; em obesos, há também regulação para baixo em resposta à perda de peso. A carbenoxolona, um inibidor não seletivo da 11betaHSD1, melhora a sensibilidade insulínica em humanos e inibidores seletivos aumentam a sensibilidade insulínica hepática e melhoram o controle glicêmico em ratos diabéticos. Assim, a 11betaHSD1 está emergindo como um modulador da compartimentalização de energia e um alvo farmacológico promissor para o tratamento da SM e do diabetes.

Glucocorticoids have a major role in determining adipose tissue metabolism and distribution. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) is a NADPH-dependent enzyme highly expressed in the liver and adipose tissue. In most intact cells and tissues it functions as a reductase (to convert inactive cortisone to active cortisol). It has been hypothesized that tissue-specific deregulation of cortisol metabolism may be involved in the complex pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity. Transgenic mice overexpressing 11betaHSD1 in adipose tissue develop obesity with all features of the MS, whereas 11betaHSD1-knockout mice are protected from both. The bulk of evidences points to an overexpression and increased activity of 11betaHSD1 also in human adipose tissue. However, 11betaHSD1 seems to adjust local cortisol concentrations independently of its plasma levels. In Cushing's syndrome, 11betaHSD1 is downregulated and may not be responsible for the abdominal fat depots; it also undergoes downregulation in response to weight loss in human obesity. The nonselective 11betaHSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone improves insulin sensitivity in humans, and selective inhibitors enhance insulin action in diabetic mice liver, thereby lowering blood glucose. Thus, 11betaHSD1 is now emerging as a modulator of energy partitioning and a promising pharmacological target to treat the MS and diabetes.

Os incidentalomas de adrenais (IA) são tumores freqüentes em humanos. A síndrome de Cushing (SC) endógena é rara e os adenomas de adrenais são responsáveis por 10% dos casos de SC. A SC subclínica ocorre em IA com dinâmica do cortisol anormal e ausência de fenótipo característico de hipercortisolismo. A prevalência média de SC subclínica em IA é de 9%. Dados de pequenas séries indicam que 20% dos IA desenvolvem alterações bioquímicas quando acompanhados por 10 anos. A evolução da SC subclínica parece ser benigna, raramente ocorrendo aumento da massa e evolução para a SC clinicamente manifesta. Os incidentalomas e a SC subclínica têm sido correlacionados aos componentes da síndrome metabólica, especialmente ao diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. Embora o número de pacientes avaliados ainda seja pequeno, os estudos disponíveis demonstram que o tratamento do hipercortisolismo resulta em melhor controle metabólico e da pressão arterial. Esses achados levaram alguns autores a pesquisar a presença de SC subclínica em pacientes com diagnóstico prévio de diabetes mellitus. Os estudos realizados utilizando diferentes abordagens diagnósticas mostraram que nesse grupo de pacientes a incidência de SC subclínica é maior do que na população geral.

Based on autopsy studies, adrenal masses are among the most common tumors in humans. Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is unusual and adrenal adenomas account for 10% of all cases of CS. Patients with subclinical CS (SCS) present abnormal cortisol dynamics without obvious manifestations. The prevalence of hypercortisolism in clinically inapparent adrenal masses has been reported as 9%. Data from several small series of patients indicate that fewer than 20% develop hormone overproduction when followed for up to 10 years. Follow-up of patients with subclinical CS suggests that rarely masses increase in size or progress to overt CS. Adrenal incidentalomas and subclinical CS are related to metabolic disorders, in special to type-2 diabetes. The scarce available data suggest that treatment of hypercortisolism correct the metabolic abnormalities and blood pressure. Some studies evaluating the prevalence of subclinical CS in overweight type-2 diabetes patients suggest that it is considerably higher in populations at risk than in the general population.