Abstract Introduction Radiotherapy provides excellent outcome in early stage glottic cancer; however, the optimal radiotherapy dose fractionation remains unknown. Objective To investigate the outcome of patients with T2N0M0 treated with either hypofractionated (HypoFxn) or conventionally fractionated radical (ConFxn) radiotherapy. Methods According to our institutional protocol, patients with T2N0M0 glottic cancer can be treated either with ConfFxn or HypoFxn radiotherapy, as per clinician’s and patient’s choice, following shared decision making discussing the advantages and disadvantages of both modalities. A total of 77 patients with T2N0M0 squamous cell carcinoma of glottis treated with either HypoFxn 55Gy in 20 fractions (n = 19) or ConFxn 63 to 65Gy in 30 fractions (n = 58) were included. Results With median follow-up of 3.4 years, there was no significant difference in disease-free survival (median: HypoFxn = 65.2 months, and ConFxn = 75.3 months; p = 0.874), local recurrence free survival rates (median: HypoFxn = 78.8 months vs. ConFxn = 81.2 months; p = 0.274), and overall survival (median: HypoFxn = 65.9 months vs. ConFxn = 67.7 months; p = 0.532). Elective neck irradiation was given to 43 patients, all in the ConFxn group, and this was associated with poorer local control (p = 0.027). The use of radiotherapy modality, three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DRT) versus intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), was not a prognostic factor (p = 0.36). In the HypoFxn group, grade III acute dysphagia requiring nasogastric tube was 16%, compared with 25% in the ConFxn group (p = 0.446). Conclusion HypoFxn radiotherapy provides a comparable treatment outcome with acceptable toxicity. The addition of prophylactic irradiation of the neck lymph nodes has no impact on regional control.

Abstract Different degrees in the biological activities of Canavalia rosea had been previously reported . In this study, our group assessed the cardioprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction (EAcF) of the Canavalia rosea leaves. Firstly, it was confirmed, by in vitro approach, that the EAcF has high antioxidant properties due to the presence of important secondary metabolites, as flavonoids. In order to explore their potential protector against cardiovascular disorders, hearts were previously perfused with EAcF (300 μg.mL-1) and submitted to the global ischemia followed by reperfusion in Langendorff system. The present findings have demonstrated that EAcF restored the left ventricular developed pressure and decreased the arrhythmias severity index. Furthermore, EAcF significantly increased the glutathiones peroxidase activity with decreased malondialdehyde and creatine kinase levels. EAcF was effective upon neither the superoxide dismutase, glutationes reductase nor the catalase activities. In addition, the Western blot analysis revealed that ischemia-reperfusion injury significantly upregulates caspase 3 protein expression, while EAcF abolishes this effect. These results provide evidence that the EAcF reestablishes the cardiac contractility and prevents arrhythmias; it is suggested that EAcF could be used to reduce injury caused by cardiac reperfusion. However more clinical studies should be performed, before applying it in the clinic.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y cuantificar la divergencia genética entre accesiones de fríjol caupí, para identificar los caracteres que más contribuyen a la diversidad y seleccionar padres superiores. Se evaluaron 76 accesiones de fríjol caupí utilizando 19 descriptores, que también fueron usados para estimar la diversidad genética utilizando el índice de Shannon-Weaver. Los datos de fenología y producción se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y se sometieron a la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Los descriptores color de flor, color de vaina y brillo de semilla presentaron mayor variabilidad en la cuantificación de la diversidad genética. Los genotipos Das Almas, Galanjão, seleccionado de CE-13, 7907-Purple Hull y Caupi Branco deben incorporarse a los programas de mejoramiento del frijol caupí ya que presentan características agronómicas deseables. Los cruces que involucran el genotipo 7907-Purple Hull con Das Almas y Galanjão están indicados con el objetivo de obtener genotipos superiores en términos de precocidad y rendimiento de grano.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate and quantify the genetic divergence between accessions of cowpea, aiming to identify the characters that most contribute to diversity and select superior parents. Seventy-six cowpea accessions were evaluated using 19 descriptors that were also utilized to estimate genetic diversity using the Shannon-Weaver index. Phenology and production data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and were subjected to Pearson's correlation test. The descriptors flower color, pod color, and seed brightness showed greater variability in the quantification of genetic diversity. The genotypes Das Almas, Galanjão, selected from CE-13, 7907-Purple Hull and Caupi Branco should be incorporated into cowpea breeding programs as they exhibit desirable agronomic characters. Crossings involving the genotype 7907-Purple Hull with Das Almas and Galanjão are indicated, which could result in obtaining superior genotypes in terms of precocity and grain yield.

RESUMO: Realizou-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar planos sequenciais de energia metabolizável (EM), mantendo a relação lisina: caloria, para leitões dos 7 ao 30 kg. Foram utilizados 48 leitões, fêmeas, com peso inicial de 6,9 ± 1,2 kg e final de 30,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três planos nutricionais, sendo: 1- 3.300-3.250-3.200-3.150 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração; 2- 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração; e 3- 3.500-3.450-3.400-3.350 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração, dos 7 aos 10 kg, dos 10 aos 15 kg, dos 15 aos 20 kg e dos 20 aos 30 kg, respectivamente, com oito repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Dos 7 aos 10 kg, não houve efeito (P>0,05) dos planos nutricionais nas variáveis avaliadas. Observou-se, dos 7 aos 15 kg, maiores (P<0,05) consumos de energia e ganho de peso e melhor (P < 0,05) conversão alimentar nos animais alimentados com os planos nutricionais 2 e 3. Os leitões alimentados com os planos nutricionais 2 e 3 apresentaram maior (P<0,05) peso final, consumos de ração, de energia, de lisina digestível, ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar nos períodos dos 7 aos 20 kg, dos 7 aos 25 kg e dos 7 aos 30 kg. Recomenda-se o plano sequencial contendo 3.400-3.350-3.300-3.250 Kcal de EM kg-1 de ração dos 7 aos 10 kg, dos 10 aos 15 kg, 15 aos 20 kg e dos 20 aos 30 kg, respectivamente, equivalentes aos níveis de 2.546-2.513-2.501-2.475 Kcal de energia líquida kg-1 de ração.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate sequential metabolizable energy (ME) plans, maintaining the lysine: calorie ratio for piglets from 7 to 30 kg. Forty eight female piglets with initial weight of 6.9 ± 1.2 kg and final weight of 30.5 ± 3.8 kg were randomly allocated in a randomized complete blocks design to three nutritional plans with eight replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Sequential plans provided four ME levels: plan 1: 3,300-3,250-3,200-3,150 kcal ME kg-1, plan 2: 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1, and plan 3: 3,500-3,450-3,400-3,350 kcal ME kg-1 of feed, from 7 to 10 kg, 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg and 20 to 30 kg, respectively. From 7 to 10 kg, there was no effect (P>0.05) of the nutritional plans in the evaluated variables. From 7 to 15 kg, a higher (P<0.05) energy intake and weight gain and a better (P < 0.05) feed conversion was observed in animals fed with nutritional plans 2 and 3. Nutritional plans 2 and 3 resulted in higher (P<0.05) final weight, feed intake, energy intake, digestible lysine intake, weight gain, and better feed conversion in the 7 to 20 kg, 7 to 25 kg and 7 to 30 kg. It is recommended the sequential plan containing 3,400-3,350-3,300-3,250 kcal ME kg-1 of feed from 7 to 10 kg, from 10 to 15 kg, 15 to 20 kg, and from 20 to 30 kg; respectively, equivalent to levels of 2,546-2,513-2,501-2,475 kcal net energy (NE) kg-1 of feed for piglets.

RESUMO A salinidade é prejudicial ao desenvolvimento vegetal, causando diferentes danos às espécies, ou até mesmo entre genótipos da mesma espécie, com os efeitos sendo agravados quando combinado a outro estresse, como o térmico. Objetivou-se avaliar a tolerância ao estresse salino de genótipos de feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) em diferentes temperaturas. As sementes dos genótipos Pujante, Epace 10 e Marataoã foram semeadas em rolos de papel (Germitest®), umedecidos com diferentes concentrações salinas de 0,0 (controle); 1,5; 3,0, 4,5 e 6,0 dS m-1, acondicionados em câmara de germinação (B.O.D.) nas temperaturas de 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em parcela subdividida no esquema de 3×4×5, com quatro repetições por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz e massa seca total da plântula. Nas condições de temperaturas de 30 e 35 °C, o aumento da concentração salina foi mais prejudicial à germinação dos genótipos Epace 10 e Pujante, enquanto para o Marataoã isto ocorreu na temperatura de 20 °C. Na temperatura de 25 °C a germinação e o vigor dos genótipos foram maiores, sendo que, o genótipo Pujante mostrou-se mais tolerante ao estresse salino, enquanto Epace 10 e Marataoã a temperaturas elevadas. A germinação dos genótipos de feijão-caupi foi mais sensível ao estresse salino quando submetidas ao estresse térmico, causado por temperatura baixa de 20 °C ou elevada de 35 °C.

ABSTRACT Salinity is prejudicial to plant development, causing different types of damage to species, or even between genotypes of the same species, with the effects being aggravated when combined with other types of stress, such as heat stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) to salt stress at different temperatures. Seeds of the Pujante, Epace 10 and Marataoã genotypes were placed on paper rolls (Germitest®) moistened with different salt concentrations of 0.0 (control), 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, and placed in a germination chamber (BOD) at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomised design, in a 3 × 4 × 5 scheme of subdivided plots, with four replications per treatment. The variables under analysis were germination percentage, first germination count, shoot and root length, and total seedling dry weight. At temperatures of 30 and 35°C, increases in the salt concentration were more damaging to germination in the Epace 10 and Pujante genotypes, while for the Marataoã genotype, damage occurred at the temperature of 20°C. At 25°C, germination and vigour in the genotypes were higher, with the Pujante genotype proving to be more tolerant to salt stress, whereas Epace 10 and Marataoã were more tolerant to high temperatures. Germination in the cowpea genotypes was more sensitive to salt stress when subjected to heat stress caused by the low temperature of 20°C or high temperature of 35°C.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate sequential digestible phosphorus levels for gilts from 30 to 100 kg. Sixty gilts were used, with an initial weight of 29.98±3.37 kg and final weight of 100.66±8.82 kg, distributed in a randomized block design, with five nutritional digestible phosphorus levels: 2.19-1.88-1.68, 2.69-2.38-2.18, 3.19-2.88-2.68, 3.69-3.38-3.18, and 4.19-3.88-3.68 g kg−1, respectively, for the growth phases 30 to 50 kg, 50 to 70 kg, and 70 to 100 kg, with six replicates and two animals per pen. The nutritional plans did not influence the final weight, days to reach 100 kg, total and daily weight gain, total and daily feed intake, crude protein intake, digestible lysine intake, or metabolizable energy intake. An increase in digestible phosphorus and calcium intake was observed according to the increase in the digestible phosphorus level in the diet. There was a significant effect on feed conversion. No effect of nutritional plans was observed for backfat thickness, muscle depth, loin eye area, lean meat percentage, or carcass bonus index. There was no difference in the production of dry and natural matter or the residue coefficient. The effect of the nutritional digestible phosphorus levels in the contents of total solids and volatile solids was verified. There was a difference in the concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the manure. The nutritional plan with 3.19-2.88-2.68 and 3.69-3.38-3.18 g kg−1 of digestible phosphorus results in better feed conversion than the basal diet. For a lower excretion of phosphorus in the manure, the recommended nutritional plan is 2.19-1.88-1.68 g kg−1 of digestible phosphorus.

Resumo Introdução: A qualificação docente sobre metodologias ativas de aprendizagem é potencial para a transformação de práticas. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de docentes na discussão de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem como estratégia pedagógica problematizadora para o ensino superior em saúde. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizado com a participação de docentes de uma universidade pública da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil. Foram implementadas junto aos docentes dos cursos de enfermagem, nutrição e biologia seis oficinas pedagógicas com base no Arco de Charles e Maguerez. Problematizou-se o uso de metodologias ativas no ensino em saúde e teorizaram-se os temas "avaliação, portfólio reflexivo e mapa conceitual". Resultado: A problematização com o Arco de Charles e Maguerez facilitou a compreensão e a aplicabilidade das metodologias ativas. Conclusão: Há perspectivas de inclusão de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem na prática dos docentes, podendo tornar-se estratégia pedagógica e atender às DCNs nesse cenário.

Abstract Introduction: Teaching qualification about active learning methodologies is a potential for the transformation of practices. Aim: To report the experience of teachers in the discussion of active learning methodologies as a problematizing pedagogical strategy for higher education in health. Method: This is an experience report with teachers from a public university in the northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Six teaching workshops based on the Arch of Charles and Maguerez were implemented alongside the teachers of the nursing, nutrition and biology courses. The use of active methodologies in health teaching was problematic and the themes "evaluation, reflective portfolio and conceptual map" were theorized. Result: The problematization with the Arch of Charles and Maguerez facilitated the understanding and the applicability of the active methodologies. Conclusion: There are prospects for the inclusion of active learning methodologies in teachers' practice, which may become a pedagogical strategy and attend to DCNs in this scenario.

Resumen Introducción: La cualificación docente sobre metodologías activas de aprendizaje es potencial para la transformación de prácticas. Objeto: Relatar la experiencia de docentes en la discusión de metodologías activas de aprendizaje como estrategia pedagógica problematizadora para la enseñanza superior en salud. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia realizado con docentes de una universidad pública de la región noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Se implementaron junto a los docentes de los cursos de enfermería, nutrición y biología seis talleres pedagógicos basados en el Arco de Carlos y Maguerez. Se planteó el uso de metodologías activas en la enseñanza en salud y se teorizó los temas "evaluación, cartera reflexiva y mapa conceptual". Resultado: La problematización con el Arco de Charles y Maguerez facilitó la comprensión y la aplicabilidad de las metodologías activas. Conclusión: Hay perspectivas de inclusión de metodologías activas de aprendizaje en la práctica de los docentes, pudiendo convertirse en estrategia pedagógica y atender a las DCNs en este escenario.

Abstract Introduction: Teaching qualification about active learning methodologies is a potential for the transformation of practices. Aim: To report the experience of teachers in the discussion of active learning methodologies as a problematizing pedagogical strategy for higher education in health. Method: This is an experience report with teachers from a public university in the northwestern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul/Brazil. Six teaching workshops based on the Arch of Charles and Maguerez were implemented alongside the teachers of the nursing, nutrition and biology courses. The use of active methodologies in health teaching was problematic and the themes "evaluation, reflective portfolio and conceptual map" were theorized. Result: The problematization with the Arch of Charles and Maguerez facilitated the understanding and the applicability of the active methodologies. Conclusion: There are prospects for the inclusion of active learning methodologies in teachers' practice, which may become a pedagogical strategy and attend to DCNs in this scenario.

Resumen Introducción: La cualificación docente sobre metodologías activas de aprendizaje es potencial para la transformación de prácticas. Objeto: Relatar la experiencia de docentes en la discusión de metodologías activas de aprendizaje como estrategia pedagógica problematizadora para la enseñanza superior en salud. Método: Se trata de un relato de experiencia realizado con docentes de una universidad pública de la región noroeste del estado de Rio Grande do Sul/Brasil. Se implementaron junto a los docentes de los cursos de enfermería, nutrición y biología seis talleres pedagógicos basados en el Arco de Carlos y Maguerez. Se planteó el uso de metodologías activas en la enseñanza en salud y se teorizó los temas "evaluación, cartera reflexiva y mapa conceptual". Resultado: La problematización con el Arco de Charles y Maguerez facilitó la comprensión y la aplicabilidad de las metodologías activas. Conclusión: Hay perspectivas de inclusión de metodologías activas de aprendizaje en la práctica de los docentes, pudiendo convertirse en estrategia pedagógica y atender a las DCNs en este escenario.

Resumo Introdução: A qualificação docente sobre metodologias ativas de aprendizagem é potencial para a transformação de práticas. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência de docentes na discussão de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem como estratégia pedagógica problematizadora para o ensino superior em saúde. Método: Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizado com a participação de docentes de uma universidade pública da região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil. Foram implementadas junto aos docentes dos cursos de enfermagem, nutrição e biologia seis oficinas pedagógicas com base no Arco de Charles e Maguerez. Problematizou-se o uso de metodologias ativas no ensino em saúde e teorizaram-se os temas "avaliação, portfólio reflexivo e mapa conceitual". Resultado: A problematização com o Arco de Charles e Maguerez facilitou a compreensão e a aplicabilidade das metodologias ativas. Conclusão: Há perspectivas de inclusão de metodologias ativas de aprendizagem na prática dos docentes, podendo tornar-se estratégia pedagógica e atender às DCNs nesse cenário.

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de investigar a utilização de extrato etanóico de própolis como alternativa aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho para leitões. Foram avaliados 70 leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, com pesos iniciais de 7,3±0,4kg e final de 24,9±1,2kg. Estes foram distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco dietas: controle positivo - dieta com 200ppm de antibiótico; controle negativo - dieta sem promotor de crescimento; dietas com 100, 500 e 1.000ppm de extrato etanóico de própolis marrom, com sete repetições de dois leitões cada. A duração do período experimental foi de 35 dias. As dietas não influenciaram (P>0,05) no consumo de ração diária, ganho de peso diário, peso final e a conversão alimentar dos animais. O perfil bacteriológico da swab nasal apresentou predomínio de bactérias Gram positivas comumente associadas às membranas das mucosas em todas as coletas realizadas. As swabs retais não apresentaram isolamento atípico. A utilização do extrato etanóico de própolis nas dietas não altera o desempenho de leitões desmamados, bem como não afeta o perfil bacteriológico, escore fecal e a ocorrência de diarreia dos leitões.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess the use of propolis ethanolic extract as an alternative to performance-enhancing antibiotics for piglets. Seventy piglets weaned at 21 days of age, with initial weights of 7.3±0.4kg and final weights of 24.9±1.2kg, were randomly assigned to five diets: positive control (diet with 200ppm antibiotic); negative control (diet without growth promoter); and diets with 100, 500, and 1,000ppm of brown propolis ethanolic extract, with seven replicates of two piglets each. The duration of the experimental period was 35 days. The diets did not influence (P>0.05) daily feed intake, daily weight gain, final weight, and feed conversion of animals. The bacteriological profile of the nasal swab presented a predominance of gram-positive bacteria commonly associated with the mucous membranes in all samples. Rectal swabs did not present atypical bacterial isolates. The use of ethanolic propolis extract in diets did not alter the performance of weaned piglets, nor did it affect the bacteriological profile, fecal score, or the occurrence of diarrhea in piglets.

Abstract Introduction Concurrent chemoradiation is the standard of care in inoperable locally advanced squamous cell head and neck cancers. The most widely accepted schedule of concomitant cisplatin is 100mg/m2 given on a 3 weekly basis but the optimal regime is unknown. Objective The objective of this study is to assess the tolerability, compliance, and clinical outcomes of weekly cisplatin (40mg/m2). Methods During the period of January 2007-December 2009, we analyzed retrospectively 122 patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, and oral cavity) treated with definitive chemoradiation. All patients received 63 Gy in 30 daily fractions with concomitant weekly cisplatin 40mg/m2. We assessed treatment toxicities and patient compliance. We estimated overall survival using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Sixty-eight percent of patients managed to complete all six cycles of chemotherapy while 87% of patients completed at least 5 cycles of weekly cisplatin. Incidence of grade 3/4 toxicity was as follows: mucositis 33%, dermatitis 41%, dysphagia 15%, mouth/neck pain 17%, neutropenia 2%, and renal impairment 3%. 53% patients required at least one hospital admission for symptom control. The 5-year overall survival rate was 60%. Conclusion Concurrent chemoradiotherapy using weekly cisplatin at 40mg/m2 per week is an effective, well tolerated regimen allowing most patients to receive at least 5 cycles of chemotherapy. However, a phase III randomized control trial comparing the standard dose of 100mg/m2 cisplatin tri-weekly with a weekly regimen is needed to establish the long term clinical outcome.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out to evaluate the levels of digestible phosphorus in diets for barrows with a high potential for lean meat deposition from 50 to 80 kg. Eighty barrows, with an initial weight of 47.93±3.43 kg, were distributed in completely randomized blocks, with each group given five levels of digestible phosphorus (1.86, 2.23, 2.61, 2.99, and 3.36 g kg−1). There were eight replicates, and two animals per experimental unit. Phosphorus levels did not significantly influence feed intake, weight gain, or feed conversion ratio. Daily digestible phosphorus intake increased linearly as levels of phosphorus in the diet were increased. Phosphorus levels did not significantly influence muscle depth, loin eye area, backfat thickness, or the percentage and quantity of lean meat in the carcass. A linear increase was observed for feeding cost as the levels of digestible phosphorus in the diet were increased, and the level of 1.86 g kg−1 cost 29.4% less when compared with the level of 2.61 g kg−1. The dry matter, natural matter, the coefficient of the residue, and volatile solids of the waste were not significantly influenced by phosphorus levels. Conversely, it was possible to observe an increasing linear effect for total solids, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen in the waste of animals receiving diets with increased levels of digestible phosphorus. The level of 1.86 g kg−1, which corresponded to a daily intake of 4.77 g−1 of digestible phosphorus, meets the requirements of barrows weighing 50 to 80 kg.

A redução das áreas verdes urbanas e o consequente aumento das áreas construídas é um dos temas mais discutidos atualmente. Tanto a dinâmica do uso do solo urbano quanto de mudanças climáticas podem comprovar relações entre diversos usos e ocupações do solo e suas consequências para o microclima local. Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação da influência do uso da terra no clima urbano em uma cidade de pequeno porte. Foram selecionados 4 pontos abrangendo o perímetro urbano de Irati, no estado do Paraná, com diferentes ocupações, e obtidas variáveis de temperatura e umidade relativa com uso de higrômetros adaptados em abrigos termométricos em 4 horários distintos durante 4 dias. A utilização de imagens orbitais de alta resolução possibilitou o mapeamento do uso do solo urbano de áreas de abrangência num raio de 350 metros dos pontos pré-selecionados. Os resultados comprovaram, estatisticamente, que o uso e ocupação do solo interferem nas variáveis climáticas obtidas.

The reduction of urban green areas and consequent increase of the built areas is one of the most widely discussed topics nowadays. Both the urban land use dynamics and the climate changes may prove relationships between different uses and land occupations and their consequences for the local microclimate. This paper presents an assessment of the land use influence in the urban climate in a small town. A total of 4 points covering the urban perimeter of Irati, Paraná, with different occupations were selected and temperature and humidity variables obtained with use of adapted hygrometers in thermometric shelter in 4 different times for 4 days. The use of high resolution satellite images enabled the mapping of urban land use in catchment areas within a radius of 350 meters of pre-selected points. The results statistically showed that the use and occupation of land interfere with the climate variables obtained.

In this study the effect of eight DNA topoisomerase inhibitors on the growth Trypanosoma rangeli epimastigotes in cell culture was investigated. Among the eight compounds tested, idarubicin was the only compound that displayed promising trypanocidal activity with a half-maximal growth inhibition (GI50) value in the sub-micromolar range. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis showed a reduction in DNA content in T. rangeli epimastigotes when treated with idarubicin. In contrast to T. rangeli, against Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes idarubicin was much less effective exhibiting a GI50 value in the mid-micromolar range. This result indicates that idarubicin displays differential toxic effects in T. rangeli and T. cruzi. Compared with African trypanosomes, it seems that American trypanosomes are generally less susceptible to DNA topoisomerase inhibitors.