ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to compare the hormonal difference (cortisol) between the sexes, swimming specialities and performance of adolescent swimmers to verify the existence of the relationship between cortisol and cognitive aspects among 35 swimmers with an average age of 15.41± 0.51 years, evaluated during the Brazilian Youth Swimming Championship. In addition, questionnaires, Competitive State Anxiety (CSAI-2) and sociodemographic characterisation were used. Together, salivary collections were performed. Female swimmers had higher cognitive anxiety (22.28± 5.16) vs male (16.84± 6.15, p= 0.012). female (19.14± 5.43) vs male (15.15± 2.40, p= 0.008) somatic anxiety. Sprinters had higher somatic anxiety (18.43± 4.80) than middle and long-distance swimmers vs middle and long-distance swimmers (15.35± 3.46, p= 0.042). Low-performance swimmers had greater cognitive anxiety (21.80± 6.42) than high-performance swimmers (17.55± 5.07, p= 0.049). Sprinters exhibited higher pre-competition cortisol levels (0.41± 0.12). Male swimmers showed negative relationships between cognitive anxiety and self-confidence (r= −0.56; p= 0.001), somatic anxiety (r= −0.45; p= 0.001), as well as middle and long-distance swimmers (r= −0.52, p= 0.001) and high-performance swimmers (r= −0.78, p= 0.001). Likewise, a psychophysiological relationship was found in low-performance athletes between somatic anxiety and pre-competition cortisol. (r= −0.50; p= 0.002). Therefore, coaches and others involved in the preparation of these athletes can use the biological measurement of salivary cortisol as an anxiety marker and sports performance in young swimmers.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a diferença hormonal (cortisol) entre os sexos, especialidades do nado e desempenho dos nadadores adolescentes, verificar a existência das relações entre cortisol e aspectos cognitivos, entre 35 nadadores média de idade 15,41± 0,51 anos, avaliados durante o Campeonato Brasileiro Juvenil de Natação. Além disso, foram utilizados questionários, Ansiedade do Estado Competitivo (CSAI-2) e caracterização sociodemográfica. Também foram efetuadas coletas salivares. As nadadoras apresentaram maior ansiedade cognitiva (22,28± 5,16) vs masculino (16,84± 6,15, p= 0,012), ansiedade somática feminino (19,14± 5,43) vs masculino (15,15± 2,40, p= 0,008). Os velocistas apresentaram maior ansiedade somática (18,43± 4,80) do que nadadores de meia e longa distância vs meio fundo e fundo (15,35± 3,46, p= 0,042). Nadadores com baixo desempenho mostraram maior ansiedade cognitiva (21,80± 6,42) quando comparado a atletas de alto desempenho (17,55± 5,07, p= 0,049). Os velocistas exibiram maiores níveis de cortisol pré-competição (0,41± 0,12). Nadadores do sexo masculino apresentaram relações negativas entre ansiedade cognitiva e autoconfiança (r= −0,56; p= 0,001), ansiedade somática (r= −0,45; p= 0,001), bem como nadadores de média e longa distância (r= −0,52, p= 0,001) e nadadores de alto desempenho (r= −0,78, p= 0,001). Do mesmo modo, foi encontrado uma relação psicofisiológica nos atletas de baixo desempenho entre ansiedade somática e cortisol pré-competição (r= −0,50; p= 0,002). Portanto, treinadores e demais envolvidos na preparação destes atletas podem utilizar a medida biológica do cortisol salivar como marcador de ansiedade e desempenho esportivo em nadadores jovens.

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed the effect of artificial perches in the supply of vegetal propagules and in the avifauna attraction in degraded area due to mining, in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. The seed rain was sampled monthly from December, 2014 to April, 2015, in four collector tables arranged under artificial perches and in four control collector tables (without perches). We compared the seeds number by the Mann-Whitney U test (5% probability level) and used the Spearman correlation to calculate the association degree among the visitor birds on perches and the seeds number sampled in the collectors under perches. The avifauna monitoring was performed during the same period by fixed point method, totalizing 40 hours of sampled effort. The treatments differed statistically, with registration of 1588 seeds in the tables under perches and 237 seeds in the tables without perches. The sampling of seed rain in the perches followed the pattern of avifauna visitation, presenting high value to coefficient of association degree (0.975). We observed nine species of birds in the study area, and the Tyrannidae family was predominant. The species observed visiting the artificial perches were Knipolegus lophotes and Tyrannus melancholicus, both from Tyrannidae family. The number of sampled seeds demonstrates that artificial perches were efficient to return seed rain in the mined areas. The Tyrannidae family demonstrates to be the most effective group of birds to dispersion of seeds in the local of study.

RESUMO O presente estudo analisou o efeito de poleiros artificiais no aporte de propágulos vegetais e na atração da avifauna em área degradada pela mineração, no Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil. A chuva de sementes foi amostrada mensalmente de dezembro de 2014 a abril de 2015, em quatro mesas coletoras dispostas sob poleiros artificiais e em quatro mesas coletoras testemunhas (sem poleiros). Comparamos o número de sementes pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney (nível de probabilidade de 5%) e usamos a correlação de Spearman para calcular o grau de associação entre as aves visitantes nos poleiros e o número de sementes amostradas nos coletores sob poleiros. O monitoramento da avifauna foi realizado no mesmo período pelo método de ponto fixo, totalizando 40 horas de esforço amostral. Os tratamentos diferiram estatisticamente, com registro de 1588 sementes nas mesas sob poleiros e 237 sementes nas mesas testemunhas. A amostragem da chuva de sementes nos poleiros seguiu o padrão de visitação da avifauna, apresentando alto valor para o coeficiente de grau de associação (0,975). Observamos nove espécies de aves na área de estudo, sendo a família Tyrannidae predominante. As espécies observadas visitando os poleiros artificiais foram Knipolegus lophotes e Tyrannus melancholicus, ambos da família Tyrannidae. O número de sementes amostradas demonstra que os poleiros artificiais foram eficientes para o retorno da chuva de sementes nas áreas mineradas. A família Tyrannidae demonstra ser o grupo de aves mais eficaz para dispersão de sementes no local de estudo.

Humankind has experienced a remarkable development since it began to design and optimize chemical reactions to achieve valuable compounds. The key to accomplish these tasks is the proper understanding of how chemical transformations occur at a molecular level, that is, their reaction mechanisms. Based on a suitable mechanistic proposal, experimentalists choose a given chemical protocol to optimize experimental conditions, design new synthetic routes, and circumvent competing reactions. In this context, computational chemistry has become a valuable ally for mechanistic elucidation. We present herein a review of complementary collaborations between experimentalists and theoretical chemists to rationalize processes at the molecular level, focusing mainly on the fields of organic synthesis, natural product chemistry, and systems with environmental interest. Throughout this review, we highlight the ability of computational evaluations to provide answers to questions raised from experiments in a clear and direct way, indicating to experimentalists alternative paths to help them solve their problems. compounds level mechanisms proposal conditions routes context elucidation synthesis interest way problems

RESUMO Este artigo revela os resultados de uma investigação realizada de 2020 a 2021 sobre educação a distância em sua modalidade de aprendizagem híbrida, no segundo ano da formação de professores de inglês na Universidade de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". A educação a distância é essencial para a etapa de relativa normalidade com as aulas presenciais, devido às amplas oportunidades que oferece por meio da modalidade de aprendizagem híbrida. Nessa situação social, surge o problema científico de quais transformações devem ser realizadas no ensino de inglês para sua adequação e adaptação à modalidade híbrida. O objetivo foi elaborar as transformações para a aprendizagem híbrida e aulas invertidas da Prática Compreensiva de Inglês para o segundo ano. Foram utilizados os métodos de revisão documental, observação, experimentação, entrevista e discussão em grupo. Foram criados produtos científicos digitais agrupados em um material didático que constituem propostas de conteúdos, estratégias, textos e tarefas digitalizadas para ensino a distância. Concluiu-se que a educação a distância, em sua modalidade de aprendizagem híbrida, torna o ensino de inglês no segundo ano um processo motivador, flexível, essencial, interativo, reflexivo e cultural que contribui para o desenvolvimento eficiente de competências comunicativas e interativas e interculturais.

ABSTRACT This article reveals the results of an investigation carried out from 2020 to 2021, about distance education on its blended learning modality, in second year of English teacher training at the University of Pinar del Río. Distance education is essential for the new normality stage with face-to-face lessons due to the wide range of opportunities this offers through the modality of blended learning. In this social situation appears the scientific problem of what transformations would have to be done to the teaching of English to its adjustment and adaptation to the blended modality. As object, it was proposed to elaborate the transformations for the second year's integrated English practice blended and flipped classroom learning. Document revision, observation, experimentation, interview and group debate were the methods used. Digital scientific products were created, grown in a didactic material that constitute proposals of contents, strategies, texts and digitalized tasks for the distance learning. It was concluded that the distance education, in its modality of blended learning, turns the teaching of English in second year in a motivating, flexible, essential, interactive, reflective and cultural process that responds to the efficiency of the development of communicative, interactive and intercultural competences. It was proposed, as objective, to elaborate the transformations for the second year's integrated English practice blended and flipped classroom learning. Document revision, observation, experimentation, interview and group debate were the methods used. Digital scientific products were created, grown in a didactic material that constitute proposals of contents, strategies, texts and digitalized tasks for the distance learning. It was concluded that the distance education, in its modality of blended learning, turns the teaching of English in second year in a motivating, flexible, essential, interactive, reflective and cultural process that responds to the efficiency of the development of communicative, interactive and intercultural competences.

RESUMEN Este artículo revela los resultados de una investigación realizada de 2020 a 2021 sobre la educación a distancia en su modalidad de aprendizajes híbridos, en segundo año de la formación de profesores de inglés en la Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca". La educación a distancia es esencial para la etapa de relativa normalidad con clases presenciales, debido a las amplias oportunidades que ofrece mediante la modalidad de aprendizajes híbridos. En esta situación social aparece el problema científico de qué transformaciones habría que realizar en la enseñanza del inglés para su ajuste y adaptación a la modalidad híbrida. Se planteó como objetivo elaborar las transformaciones para los aprendizajes híbridos y las clases invertidas de la Práctica Integral del Inglés de segundo año. Se utilizaron los métodos de revisión de la documentación, observación, experimentación, entrevista y debate grupal. Se crearon productos científicos digitales agrupados en un material didáctico que constituyen propuestas de contenidos, estrategias, textos y tareas digitalizadas para el aprendizaje a distancia. Se concluyó que la educación a distancia, en su modalidad de aprendizaje híbrido, convierte la enseñanza del inglés en segundo año en un proceso motivador, flexible, esencial, interactivo, reflexivo y cultural que tributa a la eficiencia del desarrollo de las competencias comunicativa, interactiva e intercultural.

Abstract Health diplomacy has played a vital role worldwide during the coronavirus outbreak. One crucial mechanism in this regard has been “vaccine diplomacy,” which describes country efforts to share COVID-19 vaccines. China and India are ahead of other countries in bilateral vaccine donations due to their South-South Cooperation policies. Looking forward, how and why are these two countries employing their vaccine diplomacy strategies? We compare the engagement of both in this field using a Comparative Foreign Policy Analysis framework. Our results suggest that neither is acting only for altruistic reasons, because economic and political interests are the main drivers behind their strategies.

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic brought with it many challenges for humanity. In the case of higher education, it provided a challenge that reconfigured the teaching-learning scenario for teachers, students and institutions. Each of the actors involved tested, reviewed and evaluated multiple tools to meet the new difficulties, limits and academic achievements. The teachers had to appropriate digital tools to give continuity to the contents of their subjects. For their part, the students, in response to the new learning environments mediated by technology, their capacities and competencies were linked to autonomous and networked learning. For the institutions, the challenge led them to create new scenarios and contain the needs that arose every day. For this reason, this article aims to design the Cold Climate Agroecosystems course through the ASSURE instructional model, as a response to the learning needs identified in a group of students from the Agroecological Engineering program in a higher education institution in Zipaquirá, Colombia.

RESUMEN La pandemia del Covid-19 trajo consigo muchos retos para la humanidad. En el caso de la educación superior, proporcionó un reto que reconfiguró el escenario de enseñanza- aprendizaje de profesores, estudiantes e instituciones. Cada uno de los actores implicados, probó, revisó y evaluó múltiples herramientas para dar alcance a las nuevas dificultades, límites y logros académicos. Los profesores, debieron apropiarse de herramientas digitales para darle continuidad a los contenidos de sus asignaturas. Por su parte los estudiantes, como respuesta a los nuevos ambientes de aprendizaje mediados por la tecnología, sus capacidades y competencias se enlazaron con el aprendizaje autónomo y en red. Para las instituciones, el reto las condujo a crear nuevos escenarios y a contener las necesidades que irrumpieron día a día. Es por esto que, este artículo tiene como propósito diseñar el curso de Agroecosistemas de Clima Frío mediante el modelo instruccional ASSURE, como una respuesta a las necesidades de aprendizaje identificadas en un grupo de estudiantes del programa de Ingeniería Agroecológica en una institución de educación superior en Zipaquirá, Colombia.

Abstract Introduction: Use of bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) as graft in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is controversial because it is related to higher in-hospital mortality, incidence of sternal wound-related infection, and an increase in surgical time. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate in-hospital mortality and mortality within 30 days from discharge. The secondary objective is to evaluate the occurrence of deep sternal wound infection in a 90-day follow-up. Methods: This is a retrospective review of the medical records of 152 patients undergoing elective CABG with the use of BITA and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). These patients were divided into two groups, diabetics and non-diabetics. Patients with acute myocardial infarction and concomitant valvular disease were not included in the sample. Results: Preoperative characteristics did not show significant differences between the groups, which allowed a comparative analysis. The variables electrocardiography time and aortic clamping time were higher in the diabetic group, with a significant statistical difference (P<0.0001). In-hospital mortality occurred in three patients, and there was no mortality up to 30 days in both groups. There was no significant difference in the primary end point between groups (P=0.56). Deep sternal wound infection was present in only one patient and showed no significant difference in the secondary outcome between groups (P=0.40). Conclusion: We did not observe a higher mortality and occurrence of deep sternal wound infection with the use of BITA in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetics, even with greater CPB and aortic clamping times in diabetics.

Abstract The Amazon region has high lightning occurrence rates, with many lightning hot spots. Different rivers cross the Amazon rainforests and the people that live there use these rivers as roads to go from one place to another. Every year, lightning deaths are reported in the Brazilian Amazon region. In 2018, a lightning discharge struck a small riverboat, which killed 4 people and injured 5 in the North region of Brazil. In this study, we investigate lightning fatalities in Amazon rivers and compute electric field distribution in a small riverboat due to a lightning strike using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The results show that the electric field produced inside the boat is large enough to cause air breakdown. Additionally, we propose a cost-effective method to improve lightning safety for people that use small boats in the Amazon region.

Parece que esquemos que o mundo já enfrentara outras pandemias e, commaior ênfase, necessita combater outra pandemia, de natura diferente, representada pela inatividade física e hábito sedentário. De acordo com a OMS, somente no Brasil, doenças relacionadas ao sedentarismo matam 300 mil pessoas por ano e, no mundo, são aproximadamente 3,2 milhões de mortes anuais em decorrência desse comportamento prejudicial à saúde e qualidade de vida da população. Nesse sentido, questiona-se o porquê que, em alguns países do mundo, os centros de atividades físicas continuam fechados? Quando a própria OMS incentiva a manutenção da prática regular de atividades físicas como estratégia de promoção de saúde. Dessa forma, o referido ponto de vista tem como objetivo principal elucidar, através de evidências científicas, a importância e possibilidades de reabertura de centros de atividades físicas outdoor e indoor, visando à melhoria e manutenção da saúde e da qualidade de vida da população.

ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths. In Brazil, it is likewise the second most common cancer among men, second only to non-melanoma skin cancers. The aim of this consensus is to align different opinions and interpretations of the medical literature in a practical and patient-oriented approach. The first Brazilian Consensus on the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer was published in 2017, with the goal of reducing the heterogeneity of therapeutic conduct in Brazilian patients with metastatic prostate cancer. We acknowledge that in Brazil the incorporation of different technologies is a big challenge, especially in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), which allows for the disparity in the options available to patients treated in different institutions. In order to update the recommendations and to make them objective and easily accessible, once more a panel of specialists was formed in order to discuss and elaborate a new Brazilian Consensus on Advanced Prostate Cancer. This Consensus was written through a joint initiative of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology (SBOC) and the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU) to support the clinical decisions of physicians and other health professionals involved in the care of patients with prostate cancer.

RESUMO O descarte do rejeito dos dessanilizadores é um problema crescente sobretudo nas regiões semiáridas, sendo necessário o estudo de plantas halófitas como a Atriplex nummularia para o reuso dessas águas salinas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da interação entre níveis de teor de água solo e de salinidade da água de irrigação, nas trocas gasosas e no crescimento de Atriplex nummularia Lindl. As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos com solos sob dois níveis de umidade (50 e 100% da capacidade de campo) e irrigadas com águas salinas provenientes de diluição de rejeito de dessalinizador obtendo as seguintes condutividades elétricas (EC) de 0,39; 1,54; 2,15; 2,79; e 3,63 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação durante 160 dias, com o arranjo fatorial triplo de 2x5x3, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros fotossintéticos, biométricos e a biomassa das plantas. A irrigação com água salina reduziu a taxa fotossintética líquida (A), a condutância estomática (gs), o rendimento quântico efetivo do fotossistema II (ΔF/Fm’), o quenching fotoquímico (qP) e a taxa de transporte de elétrons (ETR) das plantas para as duas condições de umidade do solo. Contudo, não prejudicou a eficiência do uso de água (WUE) e de carboxilação (EIC) das plantas. A taxa de crescimento das plantas e a biomassa foliar foi estimulada sob irrigação com água salina (EC ≤ 3,63 dS m-1), e quando associada a umidade de solo de 100% FC obteve ganhos de biomassa foliar > 100%.

ABSTRACT The disposal of the tailings (wastes) from desalinators is a growing problem, especially in semi-arid regions, and it is necessary to study halophytes such as Atriplex nummularia for the reuse of these saline waters. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the interaction between levels of soil water content and salinity of irrigation water, gas exchange and growth of Atriplex nummularia Lindl. The plants were cultivated in vases with soils under two moisture levels (50 and 100% of the field capacity) and irrigated with saline waters from dilution of the desalinator waste, to obtain the following electrical conductivities (EC) of 0.39; 1.54; 2.15; 2.79; and 3.63 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 160 days, with a triple factorial arrangement of 2x5x3, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The photosynthetic, biometric and plant biomass parameters were evaluated. Irrigation with saline water reduced the net photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΔF/Fm’), photochemical quenching (qP) and the electron transport rate (ETR) of the plants for the two conditions of soil moisture. However, it did not impair the efficiencies of water use (WUE) and carboxylation (EIC) of plants. Plant growth rate and leaf biomass were stimulated under irrigation with saline water (EC ≤ 3.63 dS m-1), and when associated with soil moisture of 100% FC leaf biomass gains > 100% were obtained.

Resumo A cultura do eucalipto tem crescido nos últimos anos na Mesorregião da Zona da Mata Mineira. Entretanto, apesar dos fatores favoráveis para o estabelecimento de plantios de eucalipto nessa região, a ocorrência de besouros desfolhadores da família Chrysomelidae pode inviabilizar tais projetos florestais. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi registrar e caracterizar a ocorrência desses besouros em plantios de eucalipto localizados na Zona da Mata Mineira. Foi avaliado apenas um plantio por localidade com base no primeiro relato de ocorrência desses insetos. Em cada plantio, 100 árvores foram amostradas para obtenção do percentual de árvores atacadas. Verificou-se a presença de Costalimaita ferruginea, Agrianes validicornis e Metaxyonycha angusta injuriando árvores de eucalipto em Astolfo Dutra, Coimbra, Viçosa e Visconde do Rio Branco. Apenas Costalimaita ferruginea ocorreu em nível de surto nos quatro plantios vistoriados. Constatou-se que, em Visconde do Rio Branco, todas as árvores estavam atacadas por Costalimaita ferruginea e em Viçosa, Coimbra e Astolfo Dutra o percentual de ataque foi de 15%, 46% e 64%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho servem de alerta para os produtores que já possuem plantios localizados na região da Zona da Mata Mineira e para aqueles que pretendem estabelecer novos plantios, assim como para o poder público que fornece assistência técnica aos pequenos produtores.

Abstract Eucalyptus plantations have been growing in the last years in the Mesoregion of Zona da Mata Mineira, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. However, in spite of the favorable factors for the establishment of eucalypt plantations in this region, the occurrence of leaf-eating beetles of the family Chrysomelidae can make such forest projects unfeasible. Therefore, this work aimed to record and characterize the occurrence of leaf-eating beetles in eucalypt plantations located in Zona da Mata Mineira. One plantation by location was evaluated based in the first record of occurrence of the insects in the year 2008. In each plantation, 100 trees were sampled to obtain the frequency of damaged trees. The following beetles were observed: Costalimaita ferruginea; Agrianes validicornis and Metaxyonycha angusta, damaging eucalypt trees in Astolfo Dutra, Coimbra, Viçosa and Visconde do Rio Branco counties. Only outbreaks of Costalimaita ferruginea happened in the four plantations evaluated. In Visconde do Rio Branco, all the trees were damaged by Costalimaita ferruginea and in Viçosa, Coimbra and Astolfo Dutra 15%, 46% and 64% were damaged, respectively. The results obtained in this work serve as an alert for authorities and forest growers acting in the Zona da Mata Mineira, Minas Gerais state.

Abstract Integrating the management of the southern cattail into cattle feeding practices provides, from a management perspective, keeping water mirrors for birds, and, for producers, a food source for ruminant animals when low rains reduce forage growth. We determined the suitability of the plant as hay or silage after four months of re-growth. For hay, we dried the forage in sunlight from 10AM to 2PM for 4 days. In the case of silage, we added 3% w/w molasses, and tried three levels of urea (0.5, 1 and 1.5% w/w) at a constant level of molasses (3% w/w). This hay has a better crude protein and IVDMD profile than previously reported values for Transvala hay, cattail hay is an acceptable alternative source of forage near the wetland. Silage has a suitable behavior when exposed to an anaerobic fermentation, which together with the addition of urea and molasses, preserves and increases nitrogen.

Resumen Integrar la gestión de la tifa en prácticas de alimentación de ganado proporciona, desde una perspectiva de gestión, mantenimiento de espejos de agua para aves y, para productores, la fuente de alimento para animales rumiantes cuando las lluvias bajas reducen el crecimiento de forraje. Determinamos la capacidad de la tifa cosechada a cuatro meses de rebrote de ser henificada y ensilada. Para el heno, hemos secado el forraje bajo la luz del sol de 10am a 2pm durante 4 días. En el caso del ensilado, se añadió melaza melazas al 3% p/p, y se probaron tres niveles de urea (0,5, 1 y 1,5% p/p) a un nivel constante de melaza (3% p/p). Este heno de tifa contiene mejor valor de proteína cruda y perfil DIVMS que el informado anteriormente para Transvala, la tifa es una fuente alternativa aceptable de forraje cerca del humedal. El ensilado tiene un comportamiento adecuado cuando se expone a la fermentación anaeróbica, que, junto con la adición de urea y melaza, conserva y aumenta el nitrógeno.