The pathogenicity of two V. penaeicida strains, AM101 and KH-1, with different geographic origin, and V. nigripulchritudo strain AM102, were investigated in juvenile blue shrimp species Litopenaeus stylirostris. Alive bacteria and protein fractions (PFs) obtained from cell-free supernatants (CFS) were used in experimental challenges. Strains AM102, AM101, and KH-1 produced respectively 60, 54 and 12% mortality at 96 h after infection using 10(4) cfu mL-1 of bacterial suspension. Exocellular toxin-like factors were evidenced in CFS from the New Caledonian strains (AM102 and AM101) but not in the Japanese strain (KH-1). At 48 h post injection of each CFS, mortality rates were respectively 96, 98 and 5% when these strains were cultivated at 20°C, whereas only 0, 16 and 5% mortality rates were observed when these strains were cultivated at 30°C. Clear differences in pathogenicity between both V. penaeicida strains of distinct geographic origin (AM101 and KH-1) were thus emphasized. Protein fractions were obtained from CFS of all the strains tested in this study and cultivated at 20°C, by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Whatever the used strain, significantly higher mortalities were produced with PFs obtained with 0-l-0(0)/o of ammonium sulfate saturation, in respect to those produced with PFs60 and PFs80. Shrimp injected with PFs40 from strains AM102, AM101 and KH-1, and at a 20-µg org-1 dose produced respectively 100, 90 and 60% mortality 46 h after the challenge. The strain AM101 showed a median lethal dose of approximately 5 µg protein org-1 (1-1.25 µg protein g-1 body weight) 59 h after injection. The PFs40 from New Caledonian strains were found sensitive to heating and proteinase K treatments, reinforcing thus the hypothesis of their proteinaceous nature. Surprisingly, PFs40 from each bacterial strain displayed similar protein bands by SDS-PAGE suggesting that the tested strains share a common exotoxic compound regardless their distinct geographic origin or species.

La patogenicidad de dos cepas de V. penaeicida, AM101 y KH-1, con diferente origen geográfico, y de la cepa AM102 de V. nigripulchritudo fue investigada en camarones azules juveniles de la especie Litopenaeus stylirostris. Las bacterias vivas y las fracciones proteicas (FPs) obtenidas del sobrenadante libre de células (SLC) fueron usadas en un ensayo experimental. Las cepas AM102, AM101 y KH-1 produjeron respectivamente una mortalidad de 60, 54 y 12%, 96 h después de la infección al usar una suspensión bacteriana de 10(4) ufc mL-1. Factores tipo toxina exocelular fueron evidenciados en los SLC de las cepas de Nueva Caledonia (AM102 y AM101) pero no en la cepa japonesa (KH-1). A 48 h post-inyección de cada SLC, el porcentaje de mortalidad fue respectivamente de 96, 98 y 5% cuando estas cepas fueron cultivadas a 20°C, mientras que sólo 0, 16, y 5% de mortalidad fue observado cuando las cepas fueron cultivadas a 30°C. Se observó una clara diferencia en la patogenicidad entre las dos cepas de V. penaeicida provenientes de diferentes orígenes geográficos (AM101 y KH-1). Las FPs fueron obtenidas a partir del SLC de todas las cepas cultivadas a 20°C, por medio de precipitación con sulfato de amonio. Se obtuvo una mortalidad significativa con las FPs precipitadas con 40% de sulfato de amonio, en comparación con las precipitadas con 60 y 80%. Los camarones inyectados con FPs40 de AM102, AM101 y KH-1 a una dosis de 20 µg de proteína org-1 tuvieron una mortalidad de 100, 90 y 60%, respectivamente, 46 h después del ensayo. La cepa AM101 mostró una dosis letal media de aproximadamente 5 µg proteína org-1 (1-1.25 µg de proteína g-1 de peso del cuerpo), 59 h después de ser inyectada. Las FPs40 de las cepas de Nueva Caledonia fueron sensibles al tratamiento con calor y proteinasa K, reforzando la hipótesis de su naturaleza proteica. Sorpresivamente, las FPs40 de cada cepa bacteriana mostraron bandas proteicas similares cuando se analizaron por SDS-PAGE, sugiriendo que las cepas ensayadas comparten un elemento exotóxico en común, independientemente de su diferente origen geográfico.

O artigo propõe apresentar, explicar e analisar como a cultura escolar se manifestou em ambientes de instrução eclesiástica, utilizando o contexto histórico dos seminários de tradição tridentina. Sabemos que no Brasil, até meados do século XIX, não existiam seminários tridentinos para a formação do clero. Somente com a ação dos bispos ultramontanos, d. Romualdo Seixas, prelado da diocese de Salvador, d. Antônio Ferreira Viçoso, da diocese de Mariana e d. Antônio Joaquim de Melo, da diocese de São Paulo, todos eles, especialmente os dois últimos, perceberam que era quase impossível reformar o clero sem criar seminários tridentinos. Para eles, os seminários fechados, onde os internos entravam antes da puberdade, para não conhecer a maldade do mundo, sendo isolados do convívio social, era um procedimento eficaz na formação de um clero moralizado, ilustrado e ultramontano. Seguindo a compreensão de Dominique Julia (La culture scolaire comme objet historique), o principal objetivo deste artigo é entender e explicar a cultura escolar como definidora de saberes e condutas que permitiram a transmissão e a incorporação de valores no comportamento dos internos do Seminário Diocesano de Santa Maria, entre os anos de 1915 e 1919.

The article aims to present, to explain and to analyse how the school culture is manifested in ecclesiastic instruction environment utilising the historical context of the "tridentina" tradition seminaries. It is known that in Brazil up to the half of XIX century there weren't "tridentinos" seminaries to the clergymen education. With the power of the "ultramontanos" bishops, Don Romualdo Seixas, prelate from Salvador diocese, Don Antônio Ferreira Viçoso from Mariana diocese and Don Antônio Joaquim de Melo from São Paulo diocese, all of them, especially the last two ones noticed that it was almost impossible to reform the clergy without creating "tridentinos" seminaries. In their opinion the closed seminaries, where the interns arrived before puberty in order to not know the evil world and were isolated from the social relationship, were efficient procedure to a moral, illustrated and "ultramontano" clergy. Following the comprehension of Dominque Julia (La culture scolaire comme objet historique), the main objective of this paper is to understand and to explain the school culture as a definition of knowledge and behaviour that permitted the transmission and incorporation of values to the behaviour of the interns from the Diocesan Seminary of Santa Maria, from 1915 to 1919.

Cet article se propose à présenter, expliquer et analyser comme la culture scolaire s'est manifestée aux milieux d'instruction ecclésiastique, en employant le contexte historique des Séminaires de tradition tridentine. Nous savons que, au Brésil, jusqu'au milieu du XIXéme siècle il n'y avait pas de séminaires tridents pour la formation du clergé. Seulement avec l'action des évêques ultramontains, D. Romualdo Seixas, prélat de la diocèse de Salvador (Bahia), D. Antônio Ferreira Viçoso, de la diocèse de Mariana (Minas Gerais) et D. Antônio Joaquim de Melo, de la diocèse de São Paulo (São Paulo), tous eux, particulièrement les deux derniers, ils ont aperçu qu'il était presque impossible réformer le clergé sans créer de séminaires tridents. Pour eux, les séminaires fermés, où les internes entraient avant la puberté, pour ne pas connaître la malignité du monde et où ils restaient isolés de la convivialité social, c'était une manière eficace dans la formation d'un clergé moralisé, ilustré et romanisant. Selon la compréhension de Dominique Julia (La culture scolaire comme objet historique) le principal but de cet article est de comprendre et expliquer la culture scolaire qui définit de savoirs et conduites qui ont permis la transmission et incorporation de valeurs dans le comportement des internes du Séminaire Diocésain de Santa Maria (Campinas - São Paulo), parmi les ans de 1915 et 1919.