The procedure to carry out the energy balance for ethanol production by bagasse's hydrolysis is presented. The loss of potentialities for electric power generation when bagasse is used to produce ethanol instead of electricity directly is calculated. Potential losses are 45-64% according to the efficiency of the lignocellulosic ethanol production. The relationship that exists between the volume of ethanol and the efficiency of Otto and Rankine cycles is analyzed. Those cycles are used to produce electricity from ethanol and bagasse, respectively.

Se presenta el procedimiento de cálculo aplicado para realizar el balance de energía en la producción de etanol a partir de la hidrólisis del bagazo. Se calcula la pérdida de potencialidades de generación de energía eléctrica que ocasiona utilizar el bagazo para producir etanol en lugar de usarlo para generar electricidad. Con el nivel de eficiencia del proceso de producción de etanol lignocelulósico esta pérdida es de 45-64%. Se analiza la relación que existe entre el volumen de etanol producido y los rendimientos de los ciclos Otto y Rankine mediante los que se utilizarían para producir electricidad a partir de etanol y de bagazo, respectivamente.

It is shown that the generation of cavities in a liquid can produce usable work, which is illustrated by the stretching of a string. This work is done during the expansion of the cavity, and not with its collapse. Basic equations are presented for the movement of a device moved by the so called cavity events. A theoretical solution is also proposed, which uses polynomial functions relating the so called "excess of pressure" in the cavity and time. Evaluations of the force generated during the expansion of the cavity showed a mean peak value of about 58 N for the moving container, while measurements with the container fixed to a support showed a peak value of 476 N, considered somewhat overestimated, because high frequency oscillations seem to superpose the mean behavior. Simultaneous phenomena occurring during the cavity events are also described. Series of pictures of the experiments are presented.

Extratos etanólicos de dezoito espécies vegetais pertencentes à família Bignoniaceae, das quais sete são descritas como de uso medicinal, foram avaliados, pelo ensaio colorimétrico do MTT, para atividades citotóxica, em células Vero, e antiviral, frente aos vírus herpes simplex-tipo 1, vaccinia e encefalomiocardite murina. A maior parte dos extratos não apresentou citotoxicidade até a concentração de 500 μg/mL. Dos 28 extratos testados quatorze (50%) apresentaram atividade antiviral com valores de CE50 na faixa de 4,6+03 a 377,2+17,7 μg/mL. Somente duas espécies, Arrabidaea samydoides e Callichlamys latifolia, foram ativas frente aos três vírus. Os extratos foram caracterizados pelos seus perfís cromatográficos em CCD e CLAE-FR. Análises por CLAE-FR mostraram que a mangiferina é o constituinte majoritário em A. samydoides mas a substância isolada foi menos ativa do que o extrato bruto. Esta é a primeira vez que se relata a atividade antiviral de extratos das dezoito espécies avaliadas.

Ethanol extracts of eighteen Bignoniaceae species have been evaluated by the MTT assay for cytotoxicity in Vero cells and for antiviral activity against Human herpes virus type 1, Vaccinia virus and murine Encephalomyocarditis virus. Among such species, seven are reported to be of traditional medicinal use No cytotoxicity was observed for most of the extracts up to the concentration of 500 μg/mL. Fourteen (50%) of the 28 extracts assayed have disclosed antiviral activity with EC50 values in the range of 4.6+0.3 to 377.2+17.7 μg/mL. Only two species, Arrabidaea samydoides and Callichlamys latifolia, have shown activity against all the three viruses. The extracts were chemically characterized by their TLC and HPLC-DAD profiles. Mangiferin is the major constituent of A. samydoides but the isolated compound has been less active than the crude extract. This is the first report on the antiviral evaluation of the eighteen Bignoniaceae species assayed.

La generación de energía renovable integrada a la producción de alimentos desarrollada en el Proyecto Geripa (PG) es una opción beneficiosa para la producción de etanol y electricidad. Las potencialidades del etanol son económicas, sociales y ambientales. Considerando sólo la primera potencialidad, el aspecto económico, Brasil consume 39 billones de litros de diesel LD/año, el 18% importado. El Gobierno federal tiene un programa de recuperación en la agroindustria de la soya para la producción de biodiesel de soya (SBD) adicionando el 10% al diesel. Este 10% corresponde a 10,7 millones L SBD/d. El biodiesel de soya no es sustentable por sí mismo y una propuesta como esa pudiera demandar un subsidio anual de 1,33 billones de dólares. Las plantaciones de soya para producir la misma energía térmica equivalente (ETE) requieren de 10 a 12 veces más tierra que la que se necesitaría para una plantación de caña de azúcar. Con el fin de verificar esta afirmación, con los 1,33 billones de dólares pudieran construirse 67 PG produciendo 80 000 litros de etanol por día (PG80), que sustituiría el actual biodiesel brasileño demandado en 4,28%, adicionándose el mismo valor para cada nueva subsidiaria. Considerando la ETE, el costo del etanol de la PG es 37-50% menor que el de un litro de SBD, en dependencia de su materia prima (RM) y región. La eficiencia térmica del ciclo diesel ηt es aproximadamente 50% y la del ciclo Otto 37%. Por tanto, para vehículos, el costo por km recorrido (CKD) sustituyendo SBD por etanol-PG80 indica un a reducción mínima del costo del 18% y máxima del 59%.

The GERIPA project aimed at generating renewable energy integrated with food production has led to a beneficial option for producing ethanol and electricity. Ethanol has economic, social and environmental potential. Considering just the first one, Brazil consumes 39 billion litres per year-L D/yr of diesel oil, 18% of it being imported. The Federal Government has a recovery programme for the soybean agribusiness aimed at soybean biodiesel (SBD) production in which a 10% addition to diesel has been proposed. This 10% involves producing 10.7 million L SBD/d. Soybean biodiesel production is not self-sustainable and such proposal could require an annual subsidy of up to US$1.33 billion. Soybean plantations would need about 10 to 12 times more land than is necessary for sugarcane plantations to produce the same equivalent thermal energy (ETE). Sixtyseven GERIPA projects (GP) producing 80,000 litres of ethanol per day (GP80) could be set up with the sum of US$1.33 billion; this would substitute current Brazilian biodiesel demand by 4.28%, adding the same value for each new subsidiary. Considering ETE, ethanol-GP cost would be 37% to 50% below that for a litre of SBD on account of its raw material (RM) and region. The diesel cycle's thermal efficiency (ηt) yield is around 50% and that of the Otto cycle engine ηt is around 37%. The cost per km driven (CKD) by substituting SBD for ethanol-GP80 would thus indicate an 18% minimum and 59% maximum cost reduction for vehicle engines.

São descritos os caracteres epidemiológicos de 708 casos de gonorréia aguda, em pacientes de ambos os sexos, atendidos num período de 5 anos no Centro de Saúde "Geraldo H. de Paula Souza" da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. São relatadas as distribuições por: sexo, idade, cor, estado civil, ocupação, presença ou não de antecedentes venéreos e de tratamento prévio, além do período de incubação, do tempo decorrido entre o início da sintomatologia e a procura do serviço e das características da fonte de contágio. Sob um ponto de vista operacional, são descritos ainda os métodos de diagnóstico e o esquema terapêutico utilizados, com especial referência à proporção de casos que apresentaram associação com tricomoníase, ao exame direto a fresco da secreção.

The epidemiologic aspects of 708 cases of acute gonorrhea in patients of both sexes attended at the Health Center of the School of Public Health, University of S. Paulo, S. Paulo, Brazil, from 1974-1978 were described. Statistics were calculated for the following: sex, age, race, marital status, occupation, venereal antecedents, and prior treatment, if any. The incubation period, the time between the initial symptomatology and the patient's procuring medical help, and the characteristics of the source of infection are also given. The methods of diagnosis and therapeutic schedules applied are described, with special attention being given to the proportion of cases associated with trichomoniasis, this detected through examination of fresh discharge material.

São descritos os caracteres epidemiológicos de 708 casos de gonorréia aguda, em pacientes de ambos os sexos, atendidos num período de 5 anos no Centro de Saúde "Geraldo H. de Paula Souza" da Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. São relatadas as distribuições por: sexo, idade, cor, estado civil, ocupação, presença ou não de antecedentes venéreos e de tratamento prévio, além do período de incubação, do tempo decorrido entre o início da sintomatologia e a procura do serviço e das características da fonte de contágio. Sob um ponto de vista operacional, são descritos ainda os métodos de diagnóstico e o esquema terapêutico utilizados, com especial referência à proporção de casos que apresentaram associação com tricomoníase, ao exame direto a fresco da secreção.

The epidemiologic aspects of 708 cases of acute gonorrhea in patients of both sexes attended at the Health Center of the School of Public Health, University of S. Paulo, S. Paulo, Brazil, from 1974-1978 were described. Statistics were calculated for the following: sex, age, race, marital status, occupation, venereal antecedents, and prior treatment, if any. The incubation period, the time between the initial symptomatology and the patient's procuring medical help, and the characteristics of the source of infection are also given. The methods of diagnosis and therapeutic schedules applied are described, with special attention being given to the proportion of cases associated with trichomoniasis, this detected through examination of fresh discharge material.