Abstract Lower lip squamous cell carcinomas (LLSCC) could be associated with a previous history of potentially malignant oral diseases (PMOD), especially actinic cheilitis (AC), with high sun exposure being a well-described risk factor. Immune evasion mechanisms, such as the PD-1/PD-L1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1) pathway has been gaining prominence since immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors showed a positive effect on the survival of patients with different types of neoplasms. Concomitant with the characterization of the tumor microenvironment, the expression of either or both PD-1 and PD-L1 molecules may estimate mutual relations of progression or regression of the carcinoma and prognostic values of the patient. Objective: Considering the importance of tumor microenvironment characterization, this study aims to determine the immunoexpression of PD-L1 and correlate with the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in AC and LLSCC lesions and with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in LLSCC and its relationship with histopathological characteristics. Methodology: This sample includes 33 cases of AC and 17 cases of LLSCC. The cases were submitted to histopathological analysis and to CD4+, CD8+, and PD-L1+ cell determination by immunohistochemistry. Results: There was a significant difference among the frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, and PD-L1+ cells between AC and LSCC cases, higher in the last group. Moreover, histopathological and atypical changes in AC and LLSCC were correlated with the frequencies of PD-L1+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. In AC, PD-L1+ cases had a low frequency of CD4+ cells, but on the other hand, PD-L1+ cases of LLSCC had a higher frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Conclusion: Therefore, the PD-L1 molecule may be a potential escape route for the immune response in oral lesions, but the mechanisms differ between AC and LLSCC. Future studies related to immune evasion and immunotherapy in oral lesions should consider the analysis of inflammatory infiltrate and TILs.

RESUMO Atualmente um dos impactos ambientais de maior preocupação, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) influenciam as tomadas de decisão provenientes tanto do setor privado como do governamental. Nessa preocupação, encontra-se o processo de crescimento da produção de biodiesel de soja que ocorre no Brasil, e no Rio Grande do Sul, um dos principais produtores dessa matéria-prima. Baseado nisso, a quantificação das emissões de GEE da cultura da soja e seus prováveis impactos passam pela realização de um inventário que contemple a aproximação maior para a realidade dessa região. Assim, neste trabalho, as emissões de GEE provenientes da mudança do uso da terra (MUT) para produção de soja foram investigadas considerando dados históricos de 20 anos da produção da cultura no Rio Grande do Sul (entre 1992 e 2013). Nesta pesquisa, verificou-se o crescimento da cultura predominantemente sobre lavouras temporárias, o que repercute em uma quantificação diferente do que é apresentada nos inventários atuais, em que é apresentado um avanço da soja sobre florestas. Neste caso, o trabalho em questão verificou que, conforme metodologia do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC), a MUT ocorreu somente em 15,4% da área em que a soja avançou. Não menos importante, o trabalho sugere discussões futuras para metodologias que contemplem o avanço da soja sobre áreas de várzea, conforme evidenciado neste estudo.

ABSTRACT One of the environmental impacts that presents great concern nowadays, the green-house gases (GHG) emissions affect decision-making from both government and private sector. Within this concern is the soybean biodiesel production growing that takes place in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul State, this last one of main producers of soybean. Based on this, GHG emissions accounting from soybean cultivation and their potential environmental impacts depend on an inventory performing that presents a reality as close as possible in relation to Rio Grande do Sul State. Thus, this work aimed to trace how the soybean cultivation has developed for 20 years at Rio Grande do Sul State (between 1992 and 2013). During this research, a soybean growing, mainly on temporary croplands, that results in a different accounting in relation to current inventories that show soybean cultivation moving forward on forests areas was found. In this case, it was verified that this work, following The Intergovernmntal Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology, the land use change (LUC) occurred in only 15.4% of the area, where soybean cultivation moved forward for 20 years. Finally, this work suggests future discussion for methodologies that encompass soybean cultivation advanced over wetland areas according to what is pointed out in this study.

Objetivou-se investigar o efeito neuroprotetor da aplicação intralesional da MVIIA em ratos submetidos ao trauma medular. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos, com peso entre 300g±23.4, distribuídos em cinco grupos: controle negativo (SHAM), placebo (PLA), 5µM MVIIA, 10µM MVIIA e 20µM MVIIA. Após a laminectomia da vértebra torácica 12 (SHAM), os grupos PLA, 5µM MVIIA, 10µM MVIIA e 20µM MVIIA foram submetidos ao trauma medular agudo compressivo por cinco minutos e, cinco minutos após o trauma, receberam o tratamento específico em volume total padrão de 2µL, pela via intralesional, sendo utilizado como placebo o PBS estéril. A atividade locomotora foi avaliada pela escala proposta por Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB), com intuito de mostrar a padronização do trauma medular. Com 48 horas do trauma, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia, coletou-se amostra do líquor no espaço atlantooccipital e um segmento medular, incluindo o epicentro e região caudal à lesão. Foram realizados ensaios de viabilidade mitocondrial, dosagem de glutamato, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) e peroxidação lipídica (PL). O delineamento do estudo foi inteiramente casualizado e os dados submetidos ao ANOVA, com comparação de médias pelo teste de SNK e os dados do teste BBB foram comparados utilizando o teste Kruskal-Wallis (P<0.05). Em relação aos escores do BBB, não houve diferença entre os grupos. A MVIIA não promoveu a diminuição dos níveis do glutamato, ERO, PL e não preservou a mitocôndria na aplicação intralesional, cinco minutos após o trauma medular em ratos.

This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of ω-conotoxin MVIIA (MVIIA) intralesional application in rats submitted to spinal cord injury. Male Wistar rats, weighing 300g±23.4, were distributed in five groups: negative control (SHAM), placebo (PLA), 5μM MVIIA, 10μM MVIIA and 20μM MVIIA MVIIA. After laminectomy of the 12th thoracic vertebra (SHAM), the PLA, 5μM MVIIA, 10μM MVIIA and 20μM MVIIA groups were subjected to acute compressive spinal cord trauma for five minutes, and then five minutes later, the animals received specific treatment in a standard total volume of 2µL, by intralesional route, using sterile PBS as placebo. Locomotor activity was assayed using Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) scale to show the patterning of SCI. With 48 hours of injury, the animals were euthanized, the liquor sample was collected in atlantooccipital space, and also the spinal segment, including the epicenter and caudal region to injury. Assays were performed for mitochondrial viability, serum glutamate, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LP) were performed. The study design was randomized and the data submitted to ANOVA and comparison of means by SNK test, and data from BBB scale were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in BBB scores. The MVIIA did not promote decrease in the levels of glutamate, ROS, LP, and did not preserve the mitochondria in the intralesional application five minutes after spinal cord injury in rats.