Abstract Aerosols have implications to climate and biogeochemical cycles in the global oceans. At sites under indirect influence of dust emitted by the Patagonian semi-desert, a debate exists on the potential fertilization effects of iron enriched aerossol. Considering this subject we conducted measurements of aerosols optical properties using a Microtops II sun photometer to access aerosol size distributions and other intrinsic properties oversea from Atlantic Southern mid-latitudes to Antarctica. Oceanographic cruises were developed between December 2010 to April 2011 and October 2011 to April 2012, in the context of the Brazilian Antarctic Program, and between November 2011 to December 2011. This survey was taken as part of the Global Maritime Aerosol Network (MAN/NASA). Our data of AOD (500 nm) along the South American coast depicts a steady decrease southwards following the decreased latitudinal continental extent. However, the influence of the aerosols blown from Patagonia semi-desert region was clear from latitude 53⁰S to 64⁰S. The predominance of aerosol fine mode was observed in Central Atlantic and close to the Drake Passage. An unexpected aerosol coarse mode predominance was found close to the Antarctic Peninsula. We attribute that to a possible weathering of rock outcrops due to the strong westerly winds in that region.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as propriedades biológicas do solo em área de Cerrado sensu stricto preservadas e não preservadas do Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades, Nordeste do Brasil. Os seguintes sites sob Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) foram avaliados: preservado (UND) e não preservado (DIS). O C orgânico total e da biomassa microbiana foram maiores na área preservada do que na não preservada em ambas estações seca e chuvosa. Entretanto, o C da biomassa microbiana foi maior na estação chuvosa do que na seca. A respiração do solo não variou entre as áreas, mas foi maior na estação chuvosa. As densidades de Araneae, Coleoptera e Ortoptera foram maiores na área preservada, enquanto as densidades de Formicidae foram maiores na área não preservada. A analise de escalonamento não-métrico separou a área preservada da não-preservada de acordo com as propriedades biológicas. Os distúrbios no solo pelas atividades agrícolas, como corte-e-queima, resultaram na deterioração das propriedades biológicas do Cerrado nativo no Parque Nacional de Sete Cidades.

Abstract The aim of this study was to measure soil microbial biomass and soil surface fauna in undisturbed and disturbed Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) from Sete Cidades National Park, Northeast Brazil. The following sites were sampled under Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) at the park: undisturbed and disturbed Css (slash-and-burn agricultural practices). Total organic and microbial biomass C were higher in undisturbed than in disturbed sites in both seasons. However, microbial biomass C was higher in the wet than in the dry season. Soil respiration did not vary among sites but was higher in the wet than in the dry season. The densities of Araneae, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were higher in the undisturbed site, whereas the densities of Formicidae were higher in the disturbed site. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis separated undisturbed from disturbed sites according to soil biological properties. Disturbance by agricultural practices, such as slash-and-burn, probably resulted in the deterioration of the biological properties of soil under native Cerrado sensu stricto in the Sete Cidades National Park.

RESUMO A determinação do estoque de carbono do solo pode subsidiar discussões sobre manejos agropecuários. Objetivou-se determinar os estoques de carbono orgânico total (ECOT) e lábil (ECL) além dos índices de labilidade (IL), de compartimento (ICC) e de manejo do carbono (IMC) e correlacioná-los com atributos químicos e físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo manejado por 38 anos em diferentes sistemas de cultivo em bioma Cerrado. Coletaram-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo nas camadas de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. Verificou-se que: o IMC (IL x ICC) acusou maior ECOT à medida que diminuiu possivelmente a profundidade de revolvimento do solo pois nas camadas de 0-0,05 e 0,05-0,10 m nenhum sistema de cultivo conservou os ECOT e ECL comparado ao Cerrado nativo, isto é, apenas de 0,10-0,20 m ocorreu conservação do carbono no solo; embora a porcentagem do ECL sobre o ECOT fosse menor, apenas o ECL se correlacionou com atributos químicos e físicos do solo e, com base na análise de regressão linear múltipla, o ECL foi explicado em 54% (R2) pela capacidade de troca de cátions e os microporos do solo. Portanto, para fins de monitoramento a ECL estimada pode ser útil para avaliar a estocagem de carbono no solo.

ABSTRACT Soil carbon (C) stock determination can subsidize discussions on the continuity of an agricultural management. This study aimed to evaluate the stocks of total organic C (STOC) and labile C (SLC), and the indices of C lability (CLI), C compartment (CCI) and C management (CMI), and correlate them with chemical and physical attributes of a Red Yellow Latosol (Oxisol) managed for 38 years with different tillage systems in a Cerrado region of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were collected in three layers (0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m). The CMI (CLI x CCI) showed higher STOC possibly as the tillage depth decreased, because none of the tillage systems conserved STOC and SLC in the layers of 0-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m, compared with the Native Cerrado, i.e., soil C conservation only occurred in the layer of 0.10-0.20 m. Although the percentage of SLC in STOC was lower, only SLC was correlated with soil chemical and physical attributes and, based on the multiple linear regression analysis, SLC was explained in 54% (R2) by the cation exchange capacity and soil micropores. Therefore, for monitoring purposes, the SLCestimated can be useful to evaluate soil C storage.

Este estudo in vitro avaliou o potencial de pastas experimentais contendo nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita a 10% e 20% (Nano-HAP), com ou sem fluoreto, na prevenção da desmineralização dentária. Espécimes de esmalte (n=15) e de dentina radicular (n=15) bovinos foram divididos em nove grupos de acordo com o valor de dureza superficial: controle (sem tratamento), pasta Nanop 20 (HAP 20%), pasta Nanop 20 plus (HAP 20% + NaF 0,2%), pasta Nanop 10 (HAP 10%), pasta Nanop 10 plus (HAP 10% + NaF 0,2%), pasta placebo (sem F e HAP), pasta fluoretada (NaF 0,2%), pasta MI (CPP-ACP, fosfopeptídio da caseína-fosfato de cálcio amorfo), e pasta MI plus (CPP-ACP + NaF 0,2%). As duas pastas MI foram inclusas como grupos controles comerciais contendo fosfato de cálcio. Os espécimes foram tratados com as pastas duas vezes ao dia (1 min), antes e após a desmineralização. Os espécimes foram submetidos a um modelo de ciclagem de pH (desmineralização 6-8 h/ remineralização 16-18 h por dia) durante sete dias. A desmineralização dentária de subsuperfície foi avaliada através da dureza longitudinal (kgf/mm 2 , profundidade de 10-220 µm). Os dados foram analisados utilizando ANOVA a dois critérios e teste de Bonferroni (p<0,05). O único tratamento capaz de reduzir a perda da dureza de subsuperfície do esmalte e da dentina foi a pasta fluoretada (NaF 0,2%), a qual diferiu significativamente do controle nas profundidades de 30 e 50 µm da superfície (p<0,0001). Os outros tratamentos não foram diferentes entre si ou quando comparados ao controle. As pastas experimentais Nanop, independentemente da presença de fluoreto, não foram capazes de reduzir a desmineralização dentária in vitro.

This in vitro study evaluated the preventive potential of experimental pastes containing 10% and 20% hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (Nano-HAP), with or without fluoride, on dental demineralization. Bovine enamel (n=15) and root dentin (n=15) specimens were divided into 9 groups according to their surface hardness: control (without treatment), 20 Nanop paste (20% HAP), 20 Nanop paste plus (20% HAP + 0.2% NaF), 10 Nanop paste (10% HAP), 10 Nanop paste plus (10% HAP + 0.2% NaF), placebo paste (without fluoride and HAP), fluoride paste (0.2% NaF), MI paste (CPP-ACP, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate), and MI paste plus (CPP-ACP + 0.2% NaF). Both MI pastes were included as commercial control products containing calcium phosphate. The specimens were treated with the pastes twice a day (1 min), before and after demineralization. The specimens were subjected to a pH-cycling model (demineralization–6-8 h/ remineralization-16-18 h a day) for 7 days. The dental subsurface demineralization was analyzed using cross-sectional hardness (kgf/mm 2 , depth 10-220 µm). Data were tested using repeated-measures two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's test (p<0.05). The only treatment able to reduce the loss of enamel and dentin subsurface hardness was fluoride paste (0.2% NaF), which differed significantly from the control at 30- and 50-µm depth (p<0.0001). The other treatments were not different from each other or compared with the control. The experimental Nanop pastes, regardless of the addition of fluoride, were unable to reduce dental demineralization in vitro.

Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common autosomal recessive hereditary diseases in the Caucasian population, with an incidence of 1:2000 to 1:3500 liveborns. More than 1000 mutations have been described with the most common being F508del. It has a prevalence of 23-55% within the Brazilian population. The lack of population-based studies evaluating the incidence of cystic fibrosis in São Paulo State, Brazil, and an analysis concerning the costs of implantation of a screening program motivated the present study. A total of 60,000 dried blood samples from Guthrie cards obtained from April 2005 to January 2006 for neonatal screening at 4 reference centers in São Paulo State were analyzed. The immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)/IRT protocol was used with the cut-off value being 70 ng/mL. A total of 532 children (0.9%) showed IRT >70 ng/mL and a 2nd sample was collected from 418 (80.3%) of these patients. Four affected children were detected at two centers, corresponding to an incidence of 1:8403. The average age at diagnosis was 69 days, and 3 of the children already showed severe symptoms of the disease. The rate of false-positive results was 95.2% and the positive predictive value for the test was 8%. The cost of detecting an affected subject was approximately US$8,000.00 when this cystic fibrosis program was added to an existing neonatal screening program. The present study clearly shows the difficulties involved in cystic fibrosis screening using the IRT/IRT protocol, particularly in a population with no long-term tradition of neonatal screening.

Sinopse Timol é o principal componente dos óleos essenciais destilados das folhas de Conobea scoparioides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), com rendimento 0,6% e das partes aéreas do arbusto Lippia origanoides H.B.K. (Verbenaceae). Ambos os óleos contem, também, para-cimeno.

Summary Thymol is the principal component of the essential oils distilled from the leaves of Conobea scoparioides Benth. (Scrophulariaceae), yield 0.6%, and from the aerial parts of the shrub Lippia origanoides H.B.K. (Verbenaceae). Both oils also contain para cymene.

Sinopse A maior parte das espécies de Aniba (Lauraceae) se encontra na Amazônia. São representadas por árvores que contêm óleo essencial em todos os seus órgãos. Os óleos dos diferentes órgãos de qualquer espécie mostram somente uma pequena variação em sua composição. Em contrapartida, pode ser notada uma variação tão surpreendentemente drástica entre espécies diferentes que podem ser classificadas em grupos. O grupo linalol compreende A. duckei Kosterm. e A. rosaeodora Ducke. O grupo benzoato de benzilo compreende A. burchellii Kosterm., A. firmula (Nees & Mart.) Mez., A. fragrans Ducke, A. gardneri (Meissn.) Mez, A. guianensis Aubl., A. parviflora (Meissn.) Mez. e A. permollis (Nees) Mez. O grupo alilbenzeno compreende A. canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez., A. hostmanniana (Nees) Mez e A. pseudocoto (Rusby) Kosterm. A análise detalhada revelou a presença, em alguns destes óleos ,de produtos raros de plantas como l-nitro-2feniletano, benzoato de feniletilo O-metilisoeugenol e 2, 4, 5-trimetoxialilbenzeno.

Summary Most Aniba (Lauraceae) species occur in Amazonia. They are represented by trees which contain essential oil in all of their organs. Oils from different organs of any species show little variation in composition. In contradistinction, such surprisingly drastic variation may be noted among different species, that they can be classified into groups. The linalool — group comprises A. duckei Kosterm. and A. rosaeodora Ducke. The benzyl benzoate — group comprises A. burchellii Kosterm., A. firmula (Nees et Mart.) Mez., A. fragrans Ducke, A. gardneri (Meissn.) Mez, A. guianensis Aubl., A. parviflora (Meissn.) Mez and A. permollis (Nees) Mez. The allylbenzene — group comprises A. canelilla (H.B.K.) Mez. A. hostmanniana (Nees) Mez and A. pseudocoto (Rusby) Kosterm. Detailed analysis revealed the presence in some of these oils of such rare plant products as l-nitro-2-phenylethane, phenylathyl benzoate, O-methylisoeugenol and 2, 4, 5-trimethoxyallylbenzene.