The Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) is an endemic aquatic bird of South America. In Chile, it is found in both highland lagoons as well as in marine wetlands. Nevertheless, dietary studies in marine environments are scarce. This work characterized the interannual variation in the winter diet of flamingos found in the marine wetland of Bahía Caulín, southern Chile. To this end, we determined the size of prey items consumed between June and September of the 2011, 2014 and 2015. A total of 157 feces were analyzed (77 feces in 2011 and 80 feces between 2014 and 2015). The diet of Chilean flamingo during 2011 was carnivorous and was formed by only three preys, the foraminifera Ammonia beccarii, the copepod Harpacticus sp. as well as polychaetes. During 2014-2015 its diet was omnivorous, and consisted of 15 categories of prey items, among which the consumption of algae and plant fibers was stressed. Regarding the sizes of prey consumed by flamingo, the diameter of the foraminifera oscillated between 100 and 900 µm with predominance of organisms between 400 and 600 µm. The width of Harpacticus sp. consumed ranged from 160 to 260 µm with a predominance of organisms between 200 and 220 µm. The width of consumed Parawaldeckia kidderi ranged between 140 and 800 µm with predominance for organisms between 140 and 400 µm. The width of Monocorophium insidiosum consumed oscillated between 80 and 500 µm with predominance for organisms between 80 and 400 µm. The Chilean flamingo would be a partially selective predator whose selection of prey would be given by the morphostructural restrictions of the peak of this bird.

El flamenco chileno (Phoenicopterus chilensis) es un ave acuática endémica de América del Sur. En Chile habita tanto en lagunas altiplánicas como en humedales marinos. Sin embargo, los estudios dietarios en ambientes marinos son escasos. En este trabajo se caracterizó la variación interanual en la dieta invernal del flamenco en el humedal marino de Bahía Caulín, sur de Chile. Para ello, se determinó el tamaño de las presas entre junio a septiembre del 2011, 2014 y 2015. Se analizó un total de 157 heces (77 heces en 2011 y 80 heces entre 2014 y 2015). La dieta del flamenco chileno durante el 2011 fue carnívora y estuvo conformada sólo por tres presas: el foraminífero Ammonia beccarii, el copépodo Harpacticus sp. y poliquetos. Durante 2014-2015 su dieta fue omnívora, incluyendo la presencia de 15 categorías de presas, entre las que destacó el consumo de algas y fibras vegetales. En lo que respecta a los tamaños de las presas consumidas por el flamenco, el diámetro de los foraminíferos osciló entre los 100 y 900 µm con predominio de organismos entre los 400 y 600 µm. El ancho de Harpacticus sp. consumidos osciló entre los 160 y 260 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 200 y 220 µm. El ancho de Parawaldeckia kidderi consumidos osciló entre los 140 y 800 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 140 y 400 µm. El ancho de Monocorophium insidiosum consumidos osciló entre los 80 y 500 µm con predominio para los organismos entre los 80 y 400 µm. El flamenco chileno sería un depredador parcialmente selectivo cuya selección de presas estaría dada por las restricciones morfoestructurales del pico de esta ave.

ABSTRACT Membrane/lipid rafts (MLRs) are plasmalemmal microdomains that are essential for neuronal signaling and synaptic development/stabilization. Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (statins) can disable the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor through disruption of MLRs and, in turn, decrease NMDA-mediated anxiety. This hypothesis will contribute to understanding the critical roles of simvastatin in treating anxiety via the NMDA receptor.

A aplicação de composto orgânico no solo pode incrementar a produção de pêssego, porém parte do N pode ser perdido por lixiviação e volatilização. O trabalho objetivou avaliar o estado nutricional das plantas, a produção de pêssego, a lixiviação de formas de N no solo e a volatilização de N-NH3 em um pomar de pessegueiro com a adição de composto orgânico produzido a partir de resíduos de agroindústrias de suco, resíduos de abatedouro de aves e serragem. O pomar foi implantado em 2009 e, em julho de 2010, 2011 e 2012, foram aplicados 0, 3, 6, 12 e 24L de composto por m2 e avaliaram-se os teores totais de nutrientes nas folhas e a produção. Em 2012, usando lisímetros instalados a 20 e a 40cm de profundidade, avaliaram-se as formas de N lixiviadas na solução percolada nos tratamentos 0 e 24L de composto. Usando câmeras coletoras, foi avaliada a volatilização de N-NH3 em todos os tratamentos até 478h depois da deposição do composto no solo. A aplicação de composto na superfície do solo incrementou o teor de K e N nas folhas completas, aumentando a produção de frutos. A aplicação de composto no florescimento aumentou a concentração de nitrato na solução do solo, somente na profundidade de 20cm. A emissão de amônia aumentou com o incremento da dose de composto aplicado, especialmente e nos períodos de maior temperatura

The application of organic compost to the soil can increase the production of peach, although part of the N may be lost by leaching and volatilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, yield of peaches, leaching of N forms and volatilization of NH3-N in a peach orchard with the addition of compost produced from agroindustrial juice waste, poultry slaughterhouse residues and sawdust. The orchard was established in 2009, and in july 2010, 2011 and 2012 the quantities of 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24L of organic compost per m2 were applied on a peach orchard and the total nutrient content in leaves and production was evaluated. In 2012, using lysimeters installed at 20 and 40cm deep in the soil, it was measured the forms of N in the solution in the treatments of 0 and 24L of compost. The volatilization of NH3-N was assessed in all the treatments up to 478h after compost application on the soil. The application of compost on the soil surface increased the content of K and N in whole leaves, increasing fruit production. The compost application at flowering increased the concentration of nitrate in the soil solution at a depth of only 20cm. The ammonia emission increased especially with the augmenting dose of compost applied, and in periods of higher temperature

A associação de práticas de manejo, como níveis populacionais e formas de aplicação de adubo nitrogenado, pode potencializar a habilidade competitiva de uma cultura com plantas concorrentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer as contribuições relativas de genótipos de aveia e de práticas de manejo, e seu uso associado, em influenciar a competitividade do cereal sobre plantas concorrentes. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento em campo na Universidade Federal de Pelotas, em Capão do Leão-RS, durante a estação fria de 2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 [condições de competição (ausência de plantas concorrentes e presença de linho + trigo, como competidores); cultivares de aveia (ALBASUL e UPF 16); população de plantas de aveia (230 e 150 plantas m-2); e formas de adubação nitrogenada (10 kg de N ha-1 na semeadura, 15 kg ha-1 no estádio da quarta folha de aveia e 20 kg ha-1 no da sétima folha totalmente expandida; na outra modalidade, o N foi usado a 20 kg ha-1 na semeadura, 15 kg ha-1 no estádio da quarta folha e 10 kg ha-1 no da sétima folha)]. Adicionalmente, foi acrescentada testemunha comparativa, contendo apenas a associação de linho e de trigo. Avaliaram-se diversas características morfológicas em plantas de aveia no início do ciclo de desenvolvimento e outras características agronômicas ao final do ciclo do cereal e de seus competidores. O cultivar UPF 16 demonstrou maior potencial competitivo no início do ciclo de desenvolvimento do que o ALBASUL. Maior população de aveia e maior quantidade de adubo nitrogenado aplicada na semeadura favorecem o aumento da produtividade de grãos e incrementam o potencial competitivo da aveia, estimulando a supressão das espécies competidoras.

The association of management practices, such as population level and forms of nitrogen fertilizer application, may increase the competitive potential of a crop against concurrent plants. The aim of this study was to establish the relative contributions of oat genotypes and management practices and their combined use in modifying the competitivity of the oat plant against concurrent plants. Thus, a field experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, in Capão do Leão-RS, during the winter season of 2006, in a completely randomized block design, with four replicates, in a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial scheme.The competition conditions were (absence of concurrent plants or presence of association of flax + wheat as concurrent plants), oat cultivars (ALBASUL or UPF 16), oat population (230 or 150 plants m-2), and forms of nitrogen splitting were (10 kg of N ha-1 at seeding time, 15 kg of N ha-1 at the four leaf stage, and 20 kg of N ha-1 at the seven leaf stage, or, alternatively, 20, 15, and 10 kg of N ha-1 at those same times) as the factors studied. Additionally, a comparative check was added comprising only the association flax + wheat. The morphological characteristics of the oat plants, as well as of their competitors were evaluated in the beginning of the development period and other traits at oat maturity. The oat cultivar UPF 16 showed a greater competitive potential, compared to ALBASUL, at the initial period of growth. .Larger oat plant population and increase of nitrogen application at seeding time favor oat grain yield increase as well as its competitive potential increase, stimulating the suppression of the concurrent species.

An experiment with 400 one-day-old male chicks (Ross) was conducted to evaluate the effects of different Na levels (0.10, 0.22, 0.34 and 0.46%) and different cation/anion balances (Na+K-Cl) (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 meq/kg) in pre-starter diets on broiler performance. The corn and soybean-based diets had 22% crude protein and 2,900 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and were fed ad libitum. Performance data showed a positive quadratic effect of increasing Na levels on feed and water consumption, weight gain and feed conversion. Na+K-Cl also had a quadratic influence on feed intake and weight gain. None of the effects tested affected the amount of water measured in excreta. Derivatives of obtained regression equations pointed to optimal Na levels of 0.45% for water consumption, 0.40% for feed intake and weight gain and 0.38% for feed conversion. As to the effect of dietary Na+K-Cl balances on performance, regression equation values were 174 meq/kg for feed consumption and 163 meq/kg for weight gain. These results show that both Na level and Na+K-Cl balance interfere on broiler performance.

Foram realizados dois experimentos para avaliar os efeitos da granulometria do milho das rações, expressa pelo diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM), 0,337; 0,574; 0,680; 0,778; 0,868 e 0,936mm, sobre o desempenho, o metabolismo energético e a morfologia intestinal (número e altura de vilosidades do duodeno) de frangos de corte machos, de 21 aos 42 dias de idade. No 1° experimento, partículas de 0,868 mm proporcionaram às aves maior consumo de ração, maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar. A altura das vilosidades intestinais não foi influenciada pelo DGM das dietas, mas aumentou com a idade das aves (21, 35 e 42 dias de idade). Não foi observado efeito da granulometria sobre a deposição de gordura abdominal ou sobre as proporções das partes da carcaça. O peso da moela esteve positivamente relacionado com o aumento da granulometria das dietas. No 2° experimento, as aves alimentadas com milho de 0,337 mm apresentaram menor consumo de energia metabolizável e maior excreção de energia bruta. A granulometria não influenciou na retenção de nitrogênio.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate corn particle size, expressed by the average geometric diameter (AGD), .0.337; 0.574; 0.680; 0.778; 0.868 e 0.936mm on performance, energetic metabolism and intestinal morphology (villi height and crypts depth of duodenum) of 21 to 42 day-old male broilers. In the first experiment, particle size of 0.868 mm showed greater feed intake and weight gain and better feed conversion. Villi height was not affected by the AGD of the diets, but increased with the broilers age (21, 35 and 42 days of age). Abdominal fat deposition was not affected neither the proportion of carcass cuts. Gizzard weight was positively related with particle size. In the second experiment, feed with particle size of 0.337 mm led to a lower energy intake and greater gross energy excretion. Nitrogen retention was not affected by particle size.