Abstract (Objective) The purpose of this study is to analyze whether the questions related to the concept of variability that are presented in secondary school textbooks in Chile, contribute to the development of statistics literacy and thinking among students in the school system. (Methodology) To achieve this objective, a qualitative approach was used based on a content analysis of the secondary education textbooks published in the years 2016, 2018, 2020 and 2021. Units of analysis were selected using non-probabilistic subjective sampling. (Results) Among the most relevant findings, it was determined that a large part of the questions in the textbooks consulted made use of the interrogative pronouns ''what''and ''which.''In these cases, the questions were associated with simple tasks aimed essentially at the calculation of descriptive summaries of variability without the use of technological tools. On the other hand, questions related to more complex tasks such as reading, analyzing and making decisions, were poorly represented in the textbooks analyzed. The concept of variability in the textbooks consulted is fundamentally related to the notion of dispersion, an approach that has been questioned by English-speaking researchers. (Conclusions) In brief, based on the results obtained it is recommended that teachers in the school system guide, reformulate and design questions related to the concept of variability based in more complex activities such as analysis, argumentation and evaluation to better assist students in developing statistical literacy and thinking.

Resumen (Objetivo) El presente estudio tiene como propósito analizar si las preguntas relacionadas con el concepto de variabilidad que se presentan en los textos escolares de enseñanza secundaria en Chile permiten alfabetizar y pensar estadísticamente a los estudiantes del sistema escolar. (Metodología) Para tal efecto se hizo uso de un enfoque cualitativo mediante un análisis de contenido de los libros de textos de enseñanza secundaria publicados en los años 2016-2018-2020 y 2021. Las unidades de análisis fueron seleccionadas mediante un muestreo no probabilístico del tipo intencionado. (Resultados) Entre los hallazgos más relevantes se puede señalar que gran parte de las preguntas de los libros de texto analizados hacen uso de pronombres interrogativos qué y cuál. En estos casos, la interrogante se asocia a interpelaciones de bajo nivel cognitivo destinadas esencialmente al cálculo de estadígrafos de variabilidad, sin hacer uso de herramientas tecnología. Por el contrario, las preguntas afines a niveles cognitivos superiores como leer, analizar y tomar decisiones evidencian baja representatividad dentro de los casos observados. El concepto variabilidad se relaciona de manera fundamental con la noción de dispersión, lo cual ha sido cuestionado por investigadores de habla inglesa. (Conclusiones) En síntesis, los resultados sugieren que es recomendable que los profesores del sistema escolar orienten, reformulen y diseñen preguntas afines al concepto de variabilidad tomando como base las preguntas clasificadas en categorías superiores tales como análisis, argumentación y evaluación de manera que el estudiantado desarrolle una alfabetización y pensamiento estadístico.

Resumo (Objetivo) O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se as perguntas relacionadas ao conceito de variabilidade apresentada nos livros didáticos do ensino médio no Chile permitem que os alunos do sistema escolar aprendam alfabetização e pensem estatisticamente. (Metodologia) Para isso, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de análise de conteúdo de livros didáticos do ensino médio publicados nos anos 2016-2018-2020 e 2021. As unidades de análise foram selecionadas por amostragem não probabilística do tipo intencional. (Resultados) Entre as descobertas mais relevantes, pode-se notar que grande parte das perguntas nos livros didáticos analisados fazem uso de pronomes interrogativos: o que e qual. Nesses casos, a questão está associada a interpelações de baixo nível cognitivo voltadas essencialmente para o cálculo das estatísticas de variabilidade, sem fazer uso de ferramentas tecnológicas. Pelo contrário, as perguntas relacionadas a níveis cognitivos mais elevados, como leitura, análise e tomada de decisões, apresentam baixa representatividade dentro dos casos observados. O conceito de variabilidade está fundamentalmente relacionado à noção de dispersão, que tem sido questionada por pesquisadores de língua inglesa. (Conclusões) Em resumo, os resultados sugerem que é recomendável os professores do sistema escolar guiarem, reformularem e projetarem perguntas relacionadas ao conceito de variabilidade com base em perguntas classificadas em categorias superiores, como análise, argumentação e avaliação para que os alunos desenvolvam alfabetização e pensamento estatístico.

Resumen Antecedentes: La obesidad es un trastorno multifactorial caracterizado por un aumento en la adiposidad corporal, de amplia prevalencia en nuestro país, a cualquier edad y ligada a grandes consecuencias adversas, incluyendo el desarrollo de cardiopatías. Los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca (RC) son intervenciones interdisciplinarias encaminadas no solo a restaurar la funcionalidad perdida de los pacientes que han sufrido un desenlace cardiovascular, sino también a corregir aquellos factores de riesgo que lo propiciaron y que interfieren en los resultados adaptativos del mismo. La obesidad contribuye a perpetuar el riesgo de cardiopatía y suele ser resistente a las modificaciones del estilo de vida de manera convencional. Objetivo: Establecer pautas en el reconocimiento de la obesidad con directrices de atención al paciente con cardiopatía dentro de los programas de RC y su abordaje interdisciplinario. Método: A través de una extensiva revisión bibliográfica y después de una discusión interdisciplinaria, se elaboró el presente documento para fijar una postura sobre el abordaje de la obesidad en el contexto de los programas de RC en pacientes con cardiopatía. Resultados y conclusiones: Nuestra Sociedad reconoce el abordaje interdisciplinario de los pacientes con obesidad y cardiopatía en su prevención primaria y secundaria, insta a la precisión en su diagnóstico y valoración, y recomienda que su eje primario debe estar basado en primera instancia en las modificaciones del estilo de vida (entrenamiento físico, atención nutricional e intervención psicoemocional), en tanto que la terapia farmacológica y la cirugía bariátrica pudieran ser coadyuvantes en la optimización de los resultados en pacientes selectos.

Abstract Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disorder characterized by increased body adiposity with a wide prevalence in our country, at any age, and linked to major adverse consequences, including the development of heart disease. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs are interdisciplinary interventions aimed not only at restoring the lost functionality of patients who have suffered a cardiovascular outcome, but also at correcting those risk factors that led to it and that interfere with its adaptive results. Obesity contributes to perpetuating heart disease risk and is often resistant to conventional lifestyle modifications. Objective: Establish guidelines in the recognition of obesity with care guidelines for patients with heart disease within CR programs and their interdisciplinary approach. Method: Through an extensive bibliographical review and after an interdisciplinary discussion, this document was prepared to establish a position on the approach to obesity in the context of CR programs in patients with heart disease. Results and conclusions: Our Society recognizes the interdisciplinary approach of our patients with obesity and heart disease in its primary and secondary prevention, urges precision in its diagnosis and assessment, recommends that its primary axis must be based in the first instance on lifestyle modifications (physical training, nutritional care and psycho-emotional intervention), while pharmacological therapy and bariatric surgery could be coadjuvants in optimizing the results in selected patients.

Abstract In Ecuador there is uncertainty as to the effects of the payment of a tax obligation even though the prescription has been declared. There are two different opinions on this matter. The tax law understands the prescription to disappear the obligation. If this is the case, a subsequent payment opens the possibility of requesting an improper payment. It is also determined as the extinction of the recovery action of the taxpayer. The article analyzes, by means of an analysis of the most relevant norms and doctrine, the effects of the prescription. In the results of the study, it is concluded that, together with the prescription, the action of the active subject is eliminated. Therefore, by means of the supplementary nature of the norm, the prescribed tax obligation becomes natural since there is no right to demand the obligation and granting it a right of retention.

Resumen En Ecuador existe incertidumbre sobre los efectos del pago de una obligación tributaria a pesar de haberse declarado la prescripción. Al respecto, se enuncian dos criterios distintos. El primero, se basa en que la norma tributaria entiende la prescripción como una forma de desaparecer la obligación. Si fuera así, un pago posterior abre la posibilidad de solicitar un pago indebido. Por otro lado, se la determina como la extinción de la acción de cobro del sujeto activo. En ese sentido, el artículo analiza los efectos de la prescripción, concluyendo que junto a la prescripción se elimina la acción del sujeto activo. Por tanto, mediante la supletoriedad de la norma, la obligación tributaria prescrita deviene en natural al no existir un derecho para exigir la obligación, otorgándole un derecho de retención.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de la procalcitonina (PCT) y la proteína C reactiva (PCR) séricas en el diagnóstico de fuga anastomótica (FA) en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal. Método: Prueba diagnóstica en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se excluyeron los pacientes que no tuvieron mediciones preoperatorias de PCT y PCR. Se eliminaron los que cursaron con infección posoperatoria no relacionada con FA. Las medidas de eficacia diagnóstica fueron sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN), razones de verosimilitud positiva (RV+) y negativa (RV−), y área bajo la curva característica operativa del receptor (AUROC). Resultados: Se analizaron 39 pacientes, de los cuales 6 (15.4%) tuvieron FA. La PCT y la PCR aumentaron al segundo día posoperatorio solo en los pacientes con FA. Los puntos de corte al día 2 fueron 1.55 ng/ml para PCT y 11.25 mg/l para PCR. La prueba más eficaz fue la PCR al día 2 (AUROC: 1.00; S: 100%; E: 96.7%; VPP: 85.7%; VPN: 100%; RV+: 33.0). Conclusiones: La PCR en el segundo día posoperatorio fue la prueba más eficaz en el diagnóstico temprano de FA en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal, con un punto de corte inferior a lo reportado en la literatura internacional.

Abstract Objective: To determine the efficacy of serum procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the early diagnosis of anastomotic leak (AL) in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Method: Diagnostic test in a tertiary care hospital. Patients who did not have preoperative measurements of PCT and CRP were excluded. Those with postoperative infection not related to AL were eliminated. The diagnostic efficacy measures were sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) likelihood ratios, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: Thirty-nine patients were analyzed; six had AL (15.4%). PCT and CRP increased on the second postoperative day, only in patients with AL. The cut-off points at the second postoperative day were 1.55 ng/mL for PCT and 11.25 mg/L for CRP. The most efficacious test was PCR at second postoperative day (AUROC: 1.00; Sn: 100%; Sp: 96.7%; PPV: 85.7%; NPV: 100%; LR+: 33.0). Conclusions: CRP at second postoperative day was the most effective test in the early diagnosis of AL in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, with a cut-off point lower than that reported in the international literature.

SUMMARY: Restrictions due to COVID-19 pandemic meant an abrupt transition to online teaching. This change affected teaching, practical sessions and assessments of the subjects taught by the department in various degrees. In anticipation that the following academic year 2020-21 would be totally affected, a series of didactic materials were therefor developed. These materials included the preparation of theory and practice scripts that incorporated images of anatomical models, pro-sections, radiological anatomy, and ultrasound anatomy. Perceptions by the students of these innovations were recorded through an online survey and their responses evaluated through a Likert-type scale. 346 students from Physiotherapy (n= 66), Medicine (n= 169), Podiatry (n= 44) and Occupational Therapy (n= 67) degrees participated. The highest average scores corresponded to the students of Podiatry and Occupational Therapy, both presented significant differences with the other three subgroups of students (p<.0001). The lowest average score corresponded to medical students in their second academic year, which presented significance with the other four subgroups of students (p<.0001). The shortcomings of the educational system of the Complutense University of Madrid that were highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic were analyzed. This crisis underscored the need for medical educators in general, and anatomists in particular, to be trained in the use of available technology and to produce their own multimedia teaching materials.

RESUMEN: Las restricciones por la pandemia del COVID-19 supusieron la transición abrupta a una enseñanza online tanto del contenido teórico como práctico y de la evaluación final de las asignaturas que imparte el departamento en varias titulaciones. En previsión de que el siguiente curso académico 2020-21 se vería totalmente afectado, se desarrollaron una serie de materiales didácticos propios, como la elaboración de guiones de teoría y práctica que incorporaron imágenes de modelos anatómicos, prosecciones, anatomía radiológica y anatomía ecográfica. La percepción de esta innovación fue evaluada por los estudiantes a través de una encuesta en línea y sus respuestas mediante una escala tipo Likert. Participaron 346 estudiantes de las titulaciones de Fisioterapia (n= 66), Medicina (n= 169), Podología (n= 44) y Terapia Ocupacional (n= 67). Las puntuaciones medias más altas correspondieron a los estudiantes de Podología y Terapia Ocupacional, ambas presentaron diferencias significativas con los otros tres subgrupos de alumnos (p<.0001). El puntaje promedio más bajo correspondió a los estudiantes de Medicina de segundo año académico que presentó significancia con los otros cuatro subgrupos de estudiantes (p<.0001). Se analizaron las carencias del sistema educativo en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid reveladas por la pandemia del Covid19. Esta crisis ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de que los educadores médicos en general y los anatomistas en particular estén capacitados en el uso de la tecnología disponible y en la creación de sus propios materiales didácticos multimedia.

Resumen. Se ha estimado que cada año mueren 42 a 365 millones de aves en Norteamérica a causa de las colisiones con ventanas. Sin embargo, se desconoce la magnitud de las especies que se pueden ver afectadas con las cristalerías para los países latinoamericanos que tienen una alta diversidad de aves. Por lo que, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la riqueza de especies afectadas y conocer las características (tipo de cristal y vegetación cercana) que influyen sobre la mortalidad de aves en Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, México. Realizamos monitoreos que consistían en búsqueda de aves muertas o lesionadas en los edificios con fachadas o ventanales en diferentes zonas de la ciudad. Además, compilamos la información ciudadana con la intención de complementar la lista de las especies afectadas en los edificios de la ciudad. Obtuvimos 474 registros de accidentes, que correspondieron a 82 especies de aves. Las especies de mayor frecuencia fueron Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi y Columbina passerina. La cristalería reflectante generó la mayor mortalidad de aves, al igual que la presencia de la vegetación cercana. El número de especies afectadas fue alto a comparación con los estudios realizados en otras regiones del país (Jalisco y Tamaulipas). Además, varias de las especies afectadas se encuentran amenazadas al nivel nacional e internacional y otras son especies endémicas de México. Por lo que, es importante evitar la cristalería reflectante al igual que la combinación árbol-ventana, pues éstos atraen a las aves y corren el riesgo de colisionar.

Abstract. It has been estimated that 42 to 365 million birds die each year in North America due to collisions with windows. However, the magnitude of species affected by collision with windows is unknown for Latin American countries that have high avian diversity. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to analyze the richness of species affected by windows, and determine the characteristics (type of glass and nearby vegetation) that influence bird mortality in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico. We conducted surveys that consisted of searching for dead or injured birds in buildings with facades or windows in different areas of the city. In addition, we compiled citizen information to complement the list of species affected by buildings in the city. We obtained 474 records of accidents, which corresponded to 82 species of birds. The most frequent species were Zenaida asiatica, Turdus grayi, and Columbina passerina. Reflective glass generated the highest bird mortality, as did the presence of nearby vegetation. The number of species affected was high in comparison with studies carried out in the other regions of the country (Jalisco and Tamaulipas). In addition, several of the affected species are threatened nationally and internationally, and others are endemic to Mexico. Therefore, it is important to avoid reflective glass, as well as a tree-window combination, as these attract birds and run the highest risk of collisions.

Resumen Antecedentes: En el mundo, el carcinoma de próstata constituye la segunda causa de cáncer y la quinta causa de muerte por cáncer en hombres. Objetivo: Conocer el perfil inmunohistoquímico de la neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado y del adenocarcinoma acinar de próstata. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, transversal y retrospectivo de especímenes obtenidos por biopsia con aguja cortante y resección de próstata debido a diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma acinar de próstata y neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado, entre enero de 2015 y diciembre de 2020. Se realizaron microarreglos tisulares y, posteriormente, estudios de inmunohistoquímica para BCL2, EGFR, p53, Her2/neu y Ki67. Se realizó estadística descriptiva para analizar los factores clinicopatológicos; las variables cualitativas se compararon con prueba exacta de Fisher. Resultados: Se estudiaron 23 pacientes, ocho (34 %) con invasión angiolinfática, 14 (60.8 %) con invasión perineural, cinco (21.2 %) con prostatitis y cuatro (17.3 %) con hiperplasia fibroadenomatosa. Se observó expresión de HER2/neu (p = 0.1023), p53 (p = 1) y BCL2 (p = 0.4136). Conclusión: Se identificó mayor expresión de HER2/neu en la neoplasia intraepitelial prostática de alto grado y el adenocarcinoma acinar de próstata.

Abstract Background: Prostate carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer and the fifth cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Objective: To know high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate acinar adenocarcinoma immunohistochemical profiles. Material and methods: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional, retrospective study of specimens obtained by cutting needle biopsy and prostate resection from subjects diagnosed with acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate and high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia between January 2015 and December 2020. Tissue microarrays were performed and, subsequently, immunohistochemical studies for BCL2, EGFR, p53, Her2/neu and Ki67. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze clinicopathological factors. Qualitative variables were compared with Fisher's exact test. Results: Twenty-three patients were studied; eight (34%) with angiolymphatic invasion, 14 (60.8%) with perineural invasion, five (21.2%) with prostatitis, and four (17.3%) with fibroadenomatous hyperplasia. HER2/neu (p = 0.1023), p53 (p = 1) and BCL2 expression (p = 0.4136) was observed. Conclusion: HER2/neu increased expression was identified in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

ABSTRACT The effect of two surgical field antisepsis protocols on the reduction of the number of skin bacteria in bovines subjected to field reproductive surgeries was determined. Samples were taken before (M1), and after antisepsis (M2) and at the end of the surgical procedure (M3) in 12 crossbred bovines aged 18 to 24 months. Trichotomy of the operating field was performed prior to the two antisepsis protocols: 7.5% povidone-iodine and 2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate (both with 3-min contact time and 2-min contact clearance with isopropyl alcohol) and later embrocation with 1% povidone-iodine solution and 0.5% chlorhexidine solution, respectively. The skin swabs were processed by the count technique of colony forming units (CFU/ml). The bacterial load of the two protocols was analysed with the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for independent samples, without finding significant differences between protocols by evaluation time (p>0.05). The Friedman test indicated a significant reduction between M1 with M2 and M3 (p<0.05), but not between M2 and M3 (p>0.05).

RESUMEN Se determinó el efecto de dos protocolos de antisepsia del campo operatorio sobre la reducción del número de bacterias de la piel en bovinos sometidos a cirugías reproductivas a campo. Se tomaron muestras antes (M1), luego de la antisepsia (M2) y al finalizar el procedimiento quirúrgico (M3) en 12 bovinos mestizos de 18 a 24 meses de edad. Se realizó la tricotomía del campo operatorio previo a los dos protocolos de antisepsia: Iodopovidona al 7.5% y Gluconato de Clorhexidina al 2% (ambos con 3 min de contacto y aclaramiento con alcohol isopropílico de 2 min de contacto) y posterior embrocado con iodopovidona solución al 1% y clorhexidina solución al 0.5%, respectivamente. Los hisopados de piel fueron procesadas por la técnica de recuento de unidades formadoras de colonias (UFC/ml). La carga bacteriana de los dos protocolos fue analizada con el test de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para muestras independientes, sin encontrar diferencias significativas entre protocolos por momento de evaluación (p>0.05). El test de Friedman indicó una reducción significativa entre M1 con M2 y M3 (p<0.05), pero no entre M2 y M3 (p>0.05).

Abstract The cloud forest (CF) is one of the ecosystems with a great variety of biodiversity, however, it is also one of the most reduced in territorial surface with fragmentation among its distribution, which increases the probability of human disturbances and biodiversity loss. Our objective was to estimate alpha diversity and relative abundance of medium and large mammals present in the CF of El Cielo biosphere reserve (ECBR), Tamaulipas, Mexico. The study was carried out from January 2018 to December 2020. In this period, 20 sampling stations with one camera-trap were placed. We used the Hill series numbers method to estimate mammalian diversity during the rainy and dry seasons, and rarefaction curves to compare diversity between seasons. We estimated abundance with the relative abundance index (RAI). A total of 18 species of mammals were identified, corresponding to six orders and 12 families. The best represented order was Carnivora. The richness was 16 and 18 species, for the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. However, there were no significant differences between seasons. The species with the highest relative abundance in the rainy season was Mazama temama and the lowest Odocoileus virginianus. In the dry season, Didelphis sp. showed the highest IAR, and the lowest O. virginianus. Five species in danger of extinction were registered and and one threatened. The number of species described shows that it is one of the sites with the greatest richness of medium and large mammals in CF of Mexico and high abundances of M. temama, Ursus americanus and Leopardus wiedii stand out. In addition, the presence of species such as Panthera onca and Puma concolor shows that this type of vegetation is in a good state of conservation.

Resumen El bosque mesófilo de montaña (BMM) es uno de los ecosistemas vegetales con una gran diversidad biológica, sin embargo, también es uno de los más reducidos en superficie territorial y su distribución es fragmentada, lo que incrementa su probabilidad de sufrir perturbaciones humanas y pérdida de la biodiversidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue estimar la diversidad alfa y la abundancia relativa de los mamíferos medianos y grandes presentes en el BMM de la reserva de la biosfera El Cielo (RBEC), Tamaulipas, México. El estudio se realizó de enero del 2018 a diciembre del 2020. En este periodo se colocaron 20 estaciones de muestreo con una cámara-trampa. Se estimó la diversidad de los mamíferos durante la temporada de lluvia y seca con los números de la serie Hill. La diversidad se comparó entre temporadas con las curvas de rarefacción y la abundancia se estimó con el índice de abundancia relativa (IAR) para cada especie. Se lograron identificar 18 especies de mamíferos y el orden mejor representado fue Carnivora. La riqueza fue de 16 y 18 especies, para la temporada de lluvia y seca, respectivamente. La especie con mayor abundancia relativa en la temporada de lluvia fue Mazama temama y la de menor Odocoileus virginianus. En la seca, Didelphis sp. fue la que presentó mayor IAR, y la menor fue O. virginianus. Se registraron cinco especies que se encuentran en peligro de extinción y una considerada como amenazada. El número de especies que se describen muestra que se trata de uno de los sitios con mayor riqueza de mamíferos medianos y grandes en BMM de México y destacan abundancias relativas altas de M. temama, Ursus americanus y Leopardus wiedii. A demás, la presencia de especies como Panthera onca y Puma concolor, muestran que este tipo de vegetación tiene un buen estado de conservación.

ABSTRACT Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 is widely distributed in the Old and New World (26 species), and Histiotus Gervais, 1856 is a South American endemic (11 species). Molecular phylogenies have recovered Eptesicus (sensu lato) as polyphyletic, with New World Eptesicus and the sister genus Histiotus in a paraphyletic American clade sister to Old World Eptesicus. Based on these phylogenetic reconstructions, authors have treated Histiotus as either a subgenus of Eptesicus or restricted Eptesicus to the New World species, treating Histiotus as a full genus, and using the name Cnephaeus Kaup, 1829 at the generic rank to comprise Old World Eptesicus. Based on recently published molecular studies, and on novel qualitative and quantitative morphological comparisons of representatives of Histiotus and New and Old World Eptesicus, we provide evidence for restricting the name Eptesicus to the species E. fuscus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1796) and E. guadeloupensis Genoways & Baker, 1975, allocating the remaining New World species under a new genus, keeping Histiotus as a full genus, and raising Cnephaeus to generic rank to comprise all Old World taxa currently under Eptesicus. This arrangement resolves the paraphyly of New World Eptesicus, and promotes taxonomic stability for Histiotus, which is a well-established genus of easily recognizable Neotropical bats and treated separate from Eptesicus by most authorities.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The aim of this randomized study was to compare the complications and perioperative outcome of three different techniques of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Changes in the liver function test after LC techniques were investigated. Also, we compared the degree of postoperative adhesions and histopathological changes of the liver bed. Methods: Thirty rabbits were divided into three groups: group A) Fundus-first technique by Hook dissecting instrument and Roeder Slipknot applied for cystic duct (CD) ligation; group B) conventional technique by Maryland dissecting forceps and electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing (EBVS) for CD seal; group C) conventional technique by EBVS for gallbladder (GB) dissection and CD seal. Results: Group A presented a longer GB dissection time than groups B and C. GB perforation and bleeding from tissues adjacent to GB were similar among tested groups. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels increased (p ≤ 0.05) on day 3 postoperatively in group A. By the 15th postoperative day, the enzymes returned to the preoperative values. Transient elevation of hepatic transaminases occurred after LC in all groups. Group A had a higher adherence score than groups B and C and was associated with the least predictable technique. Conclusions: LC can be performed using different techniques, although the use of EBVS is highly recommended.

Abstract Some grasslands in ecotones with forests tend to be encroached by woody species, because of changes in climate and land use. Such structural changes in vegetation can be facilitated when the grassland community presents an autochthonous arboreal component, like Butia palms. We aim to identify the responses of taxonomic and functional diversity on grassland community with the occurrence of arborescent/arboreal species (autochthonous and encroaching) to palm density and grazing intensity. The study was conducted in a Butia odorata palm grove under cattle management, in Southern Brazil. To assess the taxonomic and functional composition we performed ordinations analysis with the vegetational data and using path analysis we assessed the causal relationships between variables of interest. Density of Butia odorata and woody plants were strongly positive related, suggesting a facilitation process in the establishment of arborescent plants on the grassland matrix. The abundance of less palatable plants and grazing pressure were inversely related, indicating a selection process induced by higher grazing intensity. We suggest that the grazing intensity management must be based on the autochthonous tree density, applying higher grazing intensity in areas with higher density of encroaching plants, in addition to maintaining other regions conducive to Butia palm regeneration through fallows. use component palms arborescentarboreal Brazil interest related matrix fallows

Resumen Después de varias décadas de conflicto armado en Colombia, el Gobierno colombiano y las Farc-EP firmaron, en 2016, el Acuerdo Final para la terminación del conflicto y la construcción de una paz estable y duradera. No obstante, este acuerdo no fue refrendado por la ciudadanía, en un plebiscito celebrado ese mismo año. En 2018, ganó las elecciones presidenciales un candidato que prometió cambiar las condiciones del Acuerdos Final y modificar uno de sus principales instrumentos: la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz (JEP). En ese contexto esta investigación se pregunta: ¿cuál es la opinión de los colombianos sobre el Acuerdo Final y la JEP? La investigación indaga en las opiniones de los colombianos a través de un análisis estadístico comparativo de tres encuestas de opinión de 2016, 2018 y 2020. Los resultados detallan los cambios actitudinales ocurridos en esos años, como la disminución del rechazo frontal a los Acuerdos de Paz y el leve incremento de las posibilidades de reintegración de los excombatientes a la vida civil. También, expone algunas reticencias al cambio, como la desconfianza persistente, la reafirmación del rechazo al indulto de los excombatientes (punitivismo) y a su participación política (ostracismo).

Abstract After several decades of armed conflict in Colombia, the Colombian Government and the Farc-EP signed, in 2016, the Final Agreement for the termination of the conflict and the construction of a stable and lasting peace. However, this agreement was not endorsed by the citizenry, in a plebiscite held that same year. In 2018, the presidential elections were won by a candidate who promised to change the conditions of the Final Agreement and to modify one of its main instruments: the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP). In this context, this research asks: what is the opinion of Colombians on the Final Agreement and the SJP? The research inquiries into the opinions of Colombians through a comparative statistical analysis of three opinion polls from 2016, 2018 and 2020. The results detail the attitudinal changes that occurred in those years, such as the decrease in the frontal rejection of the Peace Accords and the slight increase in the possibilities of reintegration of excombatants to civilian life. It also exposes some reluctance to change, such as persistent distrust, the reaffirmation of the rejection of pardoning ex-combatants (punitivism) and their political participation (ostracism).

Resumo Após várias décadas de conflito armado na Colômbia, o governo colombiano e as FARC-EP assinaram, em 2016, o Acordo Final para o fim do conflito e a construção de uma paz estável e duradoura. Entretanto, este acordo não foi endossado pelos cidadãos em um plebiscito realizado no mesmo ano. Em 2018, as eleições presidenciais foram ganhas por um candidato que prometeu mudar as condições do Acordo Final e modificar um de seus principais instrumentos: a Jurisdição Especial para a Paz (JEP). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa pergunta: qual é a opinião dos colombianos sobre o Acordo Final e o SJP?. A pesquisa investiga as opiniões dos colombianos através de uma análise estatística comparativa de três pesquisas de opinião de 2016, 2018 e 2020. Os resultados detalham as mudanças de atitude que ocorreram nesses anos, tais como a diminuição da rejeição direta dos Acordos de Paz e o leve aumento das possibilidades de reintegração de ex-combatentes na vida civil. Também expõe alguma relutância em mudar, como a desconfiança persistente, a reafirmação da rejeição do perdão de ex-combatentes (punitivismo) e de sua participação política (ostracismo).

Abstract Introduction and objectives: The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is defined as the presence of at least 1 adenoma in patients ≥ 50 years on a screening colonoscopy. This becomes important due to the association of adenomas and colorectal cancer. It is recommended to have an ADR of 25% in men and women ≥ 50 years. Our goal was to know the ADR of gastroenterology fellows versus attending physicians. Materials and methods: We performed an observational, descriptive, and retrospective study where we reviewed medical records of patients who underwent a colonoscopy in the period of 2 years. Demographic, clinical data and the ADR of fellows and attending physicians were analyzed. Results: We evaluate 363 procedures: Fellows performed 279 and attending physicians performed 84. Polyps were found in 112 patients, and the mean age was 58 years (17-90). The ADR for men and women ≥ 50 years for fellows and attending physicians was 23% versus 31.7% (p = 0.18) respectively. Conclusion: Gastroenterology fellows achieved an ADR slightly below the international standards, with an ADR of 23% among men and women ≥ 50 years, compared to 31.7% of attending physicians.

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: La tasa de detección de adenomas (TDA) es la presencia de al menos 1 adenoma en pacientes ≥ 50 años en colonoscopia de escrutinio. Cobra importancia por la asociación de adenomas con cáncer colorrectal. Se recomienda una TDA de 25% entre hombres y mujeres ≥ 50 años. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la TDA en residentes de gastroenterología vs profesores. Material y métodos: Desarrollamos un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo donde revisamos los expedientes de pacientes con colonoscopia en el periodo de 2 años. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, clínicos y la TDA de residentes vs profesores. Resultados: Evaluamos 363 procedimientos, 279 fueron realizados por residentes y 84 por los profesores. Se encontraron pólipos en 112 pacientes, la media de edad fue 58 años (17-90). La TDA para hombres y mujeres ≥ 50 años para residentes y profesores fue de 23% vs 31.7% (p = 0.18) respectivamente, al dividirlo por género, en hombres fue 27.8% vs 44.8% (p = 0.08) respectivamente, y en mujeres 19.1% vs 20.6% (p = 0.84) respectivamente. Conclusión: Los residentes de gastroenterología mantuvieron una TDA ligeramente menor a los estándares internacionales, con una TDA de 23% entre hombres y mujeres ≥ 50 años, comparado con un 31.7% de los profesores.

Abstract In this paper, we study the liquid-vapor phase diagram and structural properties of discrete potential fluids using integral equations theory and Monte Carlo simulations in Gibbs ensemble. For this purpose, we considered three discrete fluids, namely, square well, square well-barrier, and square well-barrier-well. They represent simple models of fluids with competing interactions that exhibit rich microscopic and macroscopic phase behavior, depending on the strength and range of attractions and repulsions in the potential. Here, we emphasized a structural behavior near the liquid-vapor coexistence. For the square well-barrier fluid, we observed a possible scenario of a microscopic phase separation associated with a cluster-like formation near the critical region, which could be interpreted as a frustration mechanism of the liquid-vapor transition when either the strength or the range of repulsion increases. This microscopic-like separation can be inhibited by suppressing the repulsion or by adding an extra well to the interaction potential. However, for the square well fluid with long-range potential, we found evidence of a microscopic aggregation driven solely by attractions.