Abstract Introduction There is evidence that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic impacted students on health care courses, including evidence of associations between anxiety or depression and inadequate coping mechanisms or unhealthy habits. However, little is known about possible predictors of mental health or psychiatric symptoms in Brazilian health care students during this period. Objective To evaluate possible factors associated with anxiety and depressive symptoms, used to measure psychiatric outcomes, and quality of life, used as a parameter of overall functionality, in Brazilian students on health care courses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with Brazilian students on health care courses from May to December 2020. Participants were recruited through social media and answered a 71-item open online questionnaire exploring demographic characteristics and personal behavior during the pandemic, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. We searched for variables potentially associated with psychiatric symptoms and mental health in these individuals using Poisson regression models. Results Multivariate models showed depression and anxiety were associated with poor quality of life and medication abuse was associated with greater anxiety and poor quality of life. Psychotherapy was an effective coping strategy for anxiety and meditation or mindfulness practice and physical activity improved the students’ quality of life. Conclusions Our study presents important information about the factors associated with psychological impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and strategies for coping with them that should be helpful to reflect on and for designing appropriate interventions.

Abstract Introduction Metacognitive beliefs about worry may trigger anxiety. However, the effect of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) treatment on metacognition has not yet been investigated. Objectives To validate the Metacognitions Questionnaire (MCQ-30) in a Brazilian GAD sample and verify whether different interventions reduce metacognitive beliefs. Method We recruited 180 GAD individuals and randomized them to Body in Mind Training (BMT), Fluoxetine (FLX), or an active control group (Quality of Life [QoL]) for 8 weeks. The MCQ-30 was assessed for internal consistency, was evaluated with confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses, and was tested for convergent validity with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were employed to analyze differences after the interventions. Results The MCQ-30 demonstrated good internal consistency and acceptability; the original five-factor model was supported. There was a positive moderate correlation between MCQ-30 scores and worry. GEE showed a significant group x time interaction (p < 0.001). Both BMT (mean difference [MD] = -6.04, standard error [SE] = -2.39, p = 0.034) and FLX (MD = -5.78, SE = 1.91, p = 0.007) reduced MCQ-30 scores. FLX was superior to QoL, but not BMT, at weeks 5 and 8. There were no differences between BMT and QoL. Conclusion The Brazilian-Portuguese version of MCQ-30 showed good psychometric properties. Furthermore, the positive effect of FLX and BMT on metacognition suggests it may represent a potential therapeutic target.

Abstract Introduction Individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) seek pleasurable foods to avoid their negative emotional experiences. Ineffective regulation of negative emotions may be a risk factor for emotional eating (EE), leading to suffering, dysfunctional behaviors, and weight gain. Objectives The aim of this study is to understand the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE, investigating potential mediators such as the intensity of the worry, avoidance of internal experiences, mindfulness, and self-compassion in female patients with anxiety. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants from a randomized clinical trial diagnosed with GAD answered the following instruments at baseline: the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), the Action and Acceptance Questionnaire (AAQ), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), and the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). We estimated Pearson correlation coefficients and performed mediation analyses. Results We evaluated 51 female individuals, 34 of whom completed all the questionnaires. Our data showed that EE was positively correlated with emotional dysregulation (r = 0.593; p < 0.001), worry trait (r = 0.402; p = 0.018), and avoidance of internal experiences (r = 0.565; p < 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with self-compassion (r = -0.590; p < 0.001) and mindful state (r = -0.383; p = 0.026). Moreover, we demonstrated that self-compassion mediates the relationship between emotional dysregulation and EE (ab product estimate = 0.043, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.003-0.084). Conclusion Our findings contribute to the literature by identifying psychological factors that could mediate the association between emotional dysregulation and EE, enabling identification of more effective eating behavior intervention targets for patients with GAD.

Objective: Skin picking disorder (SPD) affects up to 5.4% of the population. Less than half of patients are correctly diagnosed and treated. Developing tools to recognize SPD can help professionals and patients alike. This trial aimed to validate the Skin Picking Scale-Revised (SPS-R) for the Brazilian population and assess the psychiatric and dermatological comorbidities of patients with SPD. Methods: Brazilians with a primary diagnosis of SPD, 18 years or older, were recruited from a community sample by media advertising and evaluated by a dermatologist and a psychiatrist. Self-report instruments were used: SPS-R, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to evaluate the SPS-R, and Pearson correlation (r) was used to assess the relationship between instruments. Results: Overall, 124 patients were included. The SPS-R demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach’s coefficient = 0.84). CFA found a good fit to the model according to all indices (χ2 = 29.67; degrees of freedom [df] = 19; p = 0.056; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.067; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.969; non-normed fit index [NNFI] = 0.954). SPS-R correlated with DLQI (r = 0.73), GAD-7 (r = 0.51), and PHQ-9 (r = 0.43). The sample had a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, mainly generalized anxiety disorder (62.1%) and current (32.3%) and past (37.1%) depressive episodes. Conclusion: The Brazilian version of the SPS-R presents good psychometric properties. The severity of SPD is related to severity of depression, anxiety, and impairment in quality of life. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04731389

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: A ingestão adequada de nutrientes é importante para que os indivíduos atinjam seu potencial de crescimento e desenvolvimento, principalmente durante a adolescência. Embora a maioria dos estudos anteriores tenha avaliado a adequação da ingestão de alimentos com base no recordatório 24h, poucos usaram um questionário de frequência alimentar validado para uma população específica. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a adequação da ingestão de macro e micronutrients em adolescentes, de acordo com as DRIs usando um questionário de frequência alimentar validado. METODOLOGIA: Este estudo transversal foi realizado como parte do Programa de Transtornos de Ansiedade na Infância e Adolescência. Em 2013/2014, foram realizadas análises de consumo alimentar por meio do questionário de frequência alimentar, composição corporal e análises bioquímicas. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 38 adolescentes (18 meninos, 20 meninas; idade média [± DP], 16,66 ± 1,55 anos e 16,39 ± 1,62 anos; índice de massa corporal médio, 21,23 ± 3,7 e 22,61 ± 4,09 kg/m2, respetivamente). Encontramos alta prevalência de ingestão inadequada de folato (em 50% dos meninos e 65% das meninas, de acordo com as necessidades diárias médias estimadas (EAR) e ingestão de sódio superior ao nível de ingestão superior tolerável (UL) em 88,89% dos meninos e 85%. As meninas apresentaram alta prevalência de ingestão inadequada de cálcio (55%), mas a ingestão de macronutrientes estava dentro dos limites aceitáveis de ingestão CONCLUSÕES: Ingestão inadequada de folato e maior ingestão de sódio foram observados em ambos os sexos, enquanto ingestão inadequada de cálcio foi observada apenas em meninas. A ocorrência dessas inadequações durante a adolescência pode levar a problemas de saúde ao longo da vida.Isso é especialmente preocupante nas meninas porque essas inadequações podem causar sérias consequências durante a gravidez e, por sua vez, para a saúde dos filhos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Adequate nutrient intake is important for individuals to reach their growth and development potential, especially during adolescence. While most previous studies have assessed the adequacy of food intake based on subject recall, a few have used a food frequency questionnaire validated for a specific population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the adequacy of macro and micronutrient intake, according to the DRIs in adolescents using a validated food frequency questionnaire. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Program of Anxiety Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. In 2013/2014, an analysis of food consumption through the food frequency questionnaire, body composition and biochemical analysis were performed. RESULTS: 38 adolescents (18 boys, 20 girls; mean age, 16.66±1.55 years and 16.39±1.62 years; mean body mass index, 21.23±3.7 and 22.61±4.09 kg/m2, respectively) were analyzed. A high prevalence of inadequate intake of folate (in 50% of boys and 65% of girls according to Estimated Average daily requirements (EAR), and sodium intake higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) in 88.89% of boys and 85% of girls were verified. Girls exhibited a high prevalence of inadequate calcium intake (55%). Macronutrient intake, however, was within acceptable distribution ranges. CONCLUSIONS: Inadequate intake of folate and higher sodium intake were observed in both sexes, whereas inadequate calcium intake was observed only in girls. The occurrence of these inadequacies during adolescence can lead to lifelong health problems. It is especially concerning in girls because these inadequacies can cause serious consequences during pregnancy and, in turn, to the health of offspring.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo objetivou avaliar crianças e adolescentes com transtornos de ansiedade leve e moderada nas funções neuropsicológicas de atenção, memória episódica verbal, memória de trabalho, habilidades visuoconstrutivas, funções executivas e cognição global, comparando o seu desempenho ao de crianças com desenvolvimento típico. Métodos: Participaram do estudo 68 crianças e adolescentes com idade de 10 a 17 anos (41 com diagnósticos clínicos atuais de transtornos de ansiedade e 27 controles), selecionados de uma amostra transversal mais ampla de adolescentes da comunidade. Os adolescentes com diagnóstico foram divididos ainda em dois grupos com base na gravidade dos transtornos (leve ou moderado). Todos os participantes realizaram uma avaliação neuropsicológica individual das funções de atenção, memória episódica verbal, memória de trabalho, habilidades visuoconstrutivas, funções executivas e cognição global. Resultados: Nenhum dos testes neuropsicológicas demonstrou diferenças significativas, sendo a única exceção a tarefa de span de dígitos ordem inversa, na qual o grupo com ansiedade leve apresentou desempenho superior ao do grupo com ansiedade moderada e também ao dos controles (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.11). Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que não só os transtornos de ansiedade podem preservar as principais funções cognitivas durante a adolescência, mas que podem até melhorar certos processos de memória de trabalho.

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess children and adolescents with mild and severe anxiety disorders for their performance in attention, verbal episodic memory, working memory, visuoconstructive skills, executive functions, and cognitive global functioning and conduct comparative analyses with the performance of children free from anxiety disorders. Methods: Our sample comprised 68 children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years (41 with current diagnoses of anxiety disorders and 27 controls) selected from a larger cross-sectional community sample of adolescents. Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders were categorized into two groups on the basis of anxiety severity (mild or severe). All participants underwent a neuropsychological assessment battery to evaluate attention, verbal episodic memory, working memory, visuoconstructive skills, and executive and cognitive functions. Results: No differences were found in any neuropsychological tests, with the single exception that the group with mild anxiety had better performance on the Digit Span backward test compared to subjects with severe anxiety and to controls (p = 0.041; η2 = 0.11). Conclusions: Not only might anxiety disorders spare main cognitive functions during adolescence, they may even enhance certain working memory processes.

Resumo Introdução: Estudos prévios sugerem que déficits na fluência verbal estariam associados a transtornos de ansiedade em adolescentes. Objetivo: Replicar e estender os resultados prévios investigando se o desempenho em uma tarefa de fluência verbal fonêmica está relacionado com a gravidade dos sintomas de ansiedade em crianças com transtorno de ansiedade. Pretendemos, também, investigar se essa associação é independente da coocorrência de sintomas de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH). Métodos: Participaram desse estudo 60 crianças (6-12 anos) com diagnóstico primário de transtorno de ansiedade. A gravidade dos sintomas foi medida utilizando escalas validadas baseadas para avaliação clínica, resposta dos pais ou responsáveis e resposta da criança. A fluência verbal foi avaliada utilizando uma tarefa simples que mede o número de palavras evocadas em 1 minuto com a letra F, a partir da qual foram quantificados o número de palavras isoladas, o número de clusters (agrupamentos de palavras semelhantes) e o número de switches (transições entre os agrupamentos e/ou entre palavras isoladas). Resultados: Encontramos uma associação significativa entre o número de clusters e os escores de ansiedade. Uma análise posterior revelou que essas associações foram independentes dos sintomas coocorrentes de TDAH. Conclusões: Replicamos e estendemos os resultados anteriores mostrando que a fluência verbal está consistentemente associada com a gravidade dos transtornos de ansiedade em crianças. Novos estudos são incentivados com o objetivo de investigar potenciais efeitos de treinamentos cognitivos sobre os sintomas ansiosos em indivíduos com transtornos de ansiedade.

Abstract Introduction: Previous studies have implicated impaired verbal fluency as being associated with anxiety disorders in adolescents. Objectives: To replicate and extend previously reported evidence by investigating whether performance in phonemic verbal fluency tasks is related to severity of anxiety symptoms in young children with anxiety disorders. We also aim to investigate whether putative associations are independent from co-occurring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Methods: Sixty children (6-12 years old) with primary diagnoses of anxiety disorders participated in this study. Severity of symptoms was measured using clinician-based, parent-rated and self-rated validated scales. Verbal fluency was assessed using a simple task that measures the number of words evoked in 1-minute with the letter F, from which we quantified the number of isolated words, number of clusters (groups of similar words) and number of switches (transitions between clusters and/or between isolated words). Results: There was a significant association between the number of clusters and anxiety scores. Further analysis revealed associations were independent from co-occurring ADHD symptoms. Conclusion: We replicate and extend previous findings showing that verbal fluency is consistently associated with severity in anxiety disorders in children. Further studies should explore the potential effect of cognitive training on symptoms of anxiety disorders.

Objetivo Investigar a validade e confiabilidade de uma abordagem de múltiplos informantes para a mensuração de maus-tratos na infância, composta por sete questões avaliando maus-tratos na infância respondidas pelas crianças e seus pais em uma ampla amostra comunitária. Métodos A amostra foi composta por 2.512 crianças com idades entre 6 e 12 anos e seus pais. Maus-tratos na infância foram avaliados com três questões respondidas pelas crianças e quatro respondidas pelos seus pais, investigando violência física, negligência física, violência emocional e violência sexual. Análises fatoriais confirmatórias foram utilizadas para comparar os índices de ajuste de diferentes modelos. Validade convergente e divergente foi testada utilizando escores de relato parental e de relato dos professores no Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Validade discriminante foi investigada utilizando a entrevista Development and Well-Being Assessment para dividir os participantes em cinco grupos diagnósticos: controles com desenvolvimento típico (n = 1.880), transtornos do medo (n = 108), transtornos do estresse (n = 76), transtorno de déficit de atenção-hiperatividade (n = 143) e transtorno opositivo-desafiador/conduta (n = 56). Resultados Um modelo de segunda ordem com um fator de segunda ordem (maus-tratos na infância) englobando dois fatores de primeira ordem (relato da criança e relato parental) demonstrou o melhor ajuste aos dados, e os resultados de confiabilidade desse modelo foram aceitáveis. Como esperado, maus-tratos na infância estiveram positivamente associados a medidas de psicopatologia e negativamente associados a medidas pró-sociais. Todos os grupos de categorias diagnósticas tiveram níveis mais altos de maus-tratos na infância do que as crianças com desenvolvimento típico. Conclusões Foram encontradas evidências de validade e confiabilidade dessa medida breve de maus-tratos na infância utilizando dados de um grande levantamento combinando o relato de pais e seus filhos.

Objective To investigate the validity and reliability of a multi-informant approach to measuring child maltreatment (CM) comprising seven questions assessing CM administered to children and their parents in a large community sample. Methods Our sample comprised 2,512 children aged 6 to 12 years and their parents. Child maltreatment (CM) was assessed with three questions answered by the children and four answered by their parents, covering physical abuse, physical neglect, emotional abuse and sexual abuse. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to compare the fit indices of different models. Convergent and divergent validity were tested using parent-report and teacher-report scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Discriminant validity was investigated using the Development and Well-Being Assessment to divide subjects into five diagnostic groups: typically developing controls (n = 1,880), fear disorders (n = 108), distress disorders (n = 76), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (n = 143) and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (n = 56). Results A higher-order model with one higher-order factor (child maltreatment) encompassing two lower-order factors (child report and parent report) exhibited the best fit to the data and this model's reliability results were acceptable. As expected, child maltreatment was positively associated with measures of psychopathology and negatively associated with prosocial measures. All diagnostic category groups had higher levels of overall child maltreatment than typically developing children. Conclusions We found evidence for the validity and reliability of this brief measure of child maltreatment using data from a large survey combining information from parents and their children.

Introdução: Os transtornos de ansiedade (TA) compartilham características tanto de ansiedade quanto de medo, ambos associados à resposta ao estresse. O eixo hipotálamo-pituitária-adrenal (HPA) é considerado a principal via biológica do sistema do estresse, e sabe-se que respostas inadequadas aos estímulos ambientais podem estar relacionadas à vulnerabilidade genética individual em genes do eixo HPA. Apesar da plausibilidade biológica de uma relação entre o eixo HPA e os TA, poucos estudos avaliaram a associação entre os polimorfismos genéticos de genes do eixo HPA e esse transtorno psiquiátrico complexo. Objetivo: Investigar, em adolescentes, se os TA estão associados com polimorfismos em genes do eixo HPA. Métodos: Nosso estudo é uma avaliação transversal realizada em uma amostra comunitária de 228 adolescentes (131 casos de TA). Foi extraído DNA de saliva e foram genotipados os polimorfismos do eixo HPA (FKBP5: rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, rs9470080 e rs4713916; NR3C1: rs6198; CRHR1: rs878886; e SERPINA6: rs746530), por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. O diagnóstico e a gravidade dos TA foram avaliados pelo instrumentos The Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) e Screen for Child and Anxiety related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Resultados: Não foram encontradas associações entre os TA e os polimorfismos genéticos do eixo HPA (p > 0.05). Conclusão: Segundo nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo que avaliou, em adolescentes, esses polimorfismos genéticos específicos do eixo HPA e sua relação com os TA, o que nos encoraja a delinear novas pesquisas sobre o assunto.

Introduction: Anxiety disorders (AD) share features of both anxiety and fear linked to stress response. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is considered the core biological pathway of the stress system and it is known that an inappropriate response to environmental stimuli may be related to individual genetic vulnerability in HPA-linked genes. Despite the biological plausibility of a relationship between the HPA axis and AD, few studies have investigated associations between genetic polymorphisms linked to the HPA axis and this complex disorder. Objective: To investigate whether AD are associated with genetic polymorphisms in HPA-linked genes in adolescents. Methods: Our study consisted of a cross-sectional evaluation of a community sample comprising a total of 228 adolescents (131 cases of AD). We extracted DNA from saliva and genotyped polymorphisms in HPA-linked genes (FKBP5: rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, rs9470080 and rs4713916; NR3C1: rs6198; CRHR1: rs878886; and SERPINA6: rs746530) with real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The instruments used to diagnose and assess the severity of AD were the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) and the Screen for Child and Anxiety related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Results: We failed to detect any associations between AD and genetic polymorphisms in HPA-linked genes (p > 0.05). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating these specific polymorphisms in relation to AD in adolescents, which encourages us to design further research on the subject.

Evidências na literatura indicam que déficits neurocognitivos podem representar endofenótipos nos transtornos psiquiátricos. Objetivo: Esse estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão sistemática das funções executivas como um potencial endofenótipo neurocognitivo nos transtornos de ansiedade de acordo com as classificações diagnósticas do DSM-IV e do DSM-5. Métodos: Uma pesquisa na literatura nas bases de dados LILACS, Cochrane Library, Index Psi Periódicos Técnico-Científicos, PubMed and PsycInfo foi conduzida, sem limite de tempo. Dos 259 estudos encontrados, 14 foram incluídos nessa revisão. Resultados: Somente foram encontrados estudos sobre o transtorno obsessivocompulsivo (TOC). Os componentes das funções executivas como a tomada de decisão, planejamento, inibição de resposta, inversão comportamental/alternância, aprendizagem reversa e mudança de foco/flexibilidade cognitiva foram considerados endofenótipos neurocognitivos no TOC. Conclusão: É necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos sobre funções executivas como um endofenótipo neurocognitivo em outros transtornos de ansiedade, pois eles podem apresentar diferentes endofenótipos neurocognitivos e podem exigir abordagens de prevenção e tratamento distintas.

Evidence in the literature indicates that neurocognitive impairments may represent endophenotypes in psychiatric disorders. Objective: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review on executive functions as a potential neurocognitive endophenotype in anxiety disorder diagnosis according to the DSM-IV and DSM-5 classifications. Methods: A literature search of the LILACS, Cochrane Library, Index Psi Periódicos Técnico-Científicos, PubMed and PsycInfo databases was conducted, with no time limits. Of the 259 studies found, 14 were included in this review. Results: Only studies on obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were found. The executive function components of decision-making, planning, response inhibition, behavioral reversal/alternation, reversal learning and set-shifting/cognitive flexibility were considered to be a neurocognitive endophenotypes in OCD. Conclusion: Further studies on executive functions as a neurocognitive endophenotype in other anxiety disorders are needed since these may have different neurocognitive endophenotypes and require other prevention and treatment approaches.

Introduction: Studies suggest that anxiety is an independent predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. However, few studies have investigated the association between cardiovascular risk factors (RF) and severity of anxiety disorders (AD) in childhood and adolescents. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of cardiovascular RF in children and adolescents with anxiety disorders and their association with disease severity. Method: Cross-sectional study assessing nutritional and anthropometric RF, as well as % body fat (BF), blood pressure (BP), physical activity level, anxiety symptoms and severity of the anxiety disorder of children and adolescents. Results: A total of 65 children and adolescents (8.6) 1.7 years) took part in the study. Excess saturated fatty acid intake (52.3%), high body mass index (50.8%), high BP (50.8%) and physical inactivity (50.0%) were the most prevalent cardiovascular RF. There was a significant association between the severity of the anxiety and the presence of > 6 RF per patient (p=0.026), excess abdominal body fat as assessed by waist circumference (p=0.019) and conicity index (p=0,053), and excess % BF (p=0.035). Generalized anxiety disorder was significantly associated with high BP (p=0.044). Conclusion: A high prevalence of cardiovascular RF was found in the present sample, and individuals with more severe anxiety had greater cardiovascular risk. The characterization of the cardiovascular risk in young populations, especially in individuals with AD who are therefore more susceptible to CVD, is crucial for the development of lifestyle interventions in these patients.

Introducción: Evidencias sugieren que la ansiedad es una prediciente independiente de los eventos cardiovasculares adversos. Entretanto, pocos estudios evaluaron la presencia de factores de riesgo (FR) para estas enfermedades en niños y adolescentes. Objetivos: Identificar la prevalencia de FR cardiovasculares en niños y adolescentes diagnosticados con disturbio de ansiedad y su asociación con la gravedad de la enfermedad. Metodología: Estudio transversal que evaluó FR nutricional, antropométricos, % de gordura corporal (CG), presión arterial (PA), nivel de actividad física y escalas de síntomas y gravedad de la ansiedad. Resultados: 65 niños y adolescentes (8.6 �± 1.7 años) fueron incluidos en el estudio. Cuanto a los FR, el consumo excesivo de ácidos grasos saturados (52.3%), índice de masa corporal alto (50.8%), PA alterada (50.8%) y la falta de ejercicio físico (50.0%) fueron los mas prevalecientes. Hubo asociación significativa entre la mayor gravedad del disturbio y el acumulo de > 6FR (p=0,026), exceso de gordura abdominal medida por la circunferencia de cintura (p=0.019) y por el indice de conicidad (p=0.053) y exceso en el % GC (p=0.044). Conclusión: Los resultados encontrados indican que hay una alta prevalencia de FR cardiovascular en la muestra estudiada y los pacientes mas graves presentaron mayor riesgo. La caracterización del perfil de riesgo en las poblaciones con predisposición a las enfermedades cardiovasculares es crucial para la elaboración de estrategias de intervención que oportunicen la reducción en la prevalencia de estas enfermedades.

The objective of this narrative review of the literature is to describe the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders. We aim to guide clinicians in understanding the biology of anxiety disorders and to provide general guidelines for the proper diagnoses and treatment of these conditions early in life. Anxiety disorders are prevalent, associated with a number of negative life outcomes, and currently under-recognized and under-treated. The etiology involves both genes and environmental influences modifying the neural substrate in a complex interplay. Research on pathophysiology is still in its infancy, but some brain regions, such as the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, have been implicated in fear and anxiety. Current practice is to establish diagnosis based purely on clinical features, derived from clinical interviews with the child, parents, and teachers. Treatment is effective using medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, or a combination of both. An introduction to the neuroscience behind anxiety disorders combined with an evidence-based approach may help clinicians to understand these disorders and treat them properly in childhood.

Objetivo: Descrever a adaptação transcultural do Affective Reactivity Index (ARI) para o português do Brasil e investigar propriedades psicométricas preliminares da versão adaptada. Método: A adaptação transcultural foi baseada na investigação das equivalências teórica e operacional da versão original do ARI no contexto brasileiro, seguida do processo de tradução, retrotradução e revisão por comitê de especialistas. A análise dos dados foi realizada em uma amostra comunitária de 133 escolares com idade entre 8 e 17 anos para investigar as seguintes características do ARI: 1) estrutura fatorial; 2) consistência interna; 3) validade do construto, comparando as relações diferenciais entre irritabilidade e as dimensões de ansiedade e prejuízo; e 4) parâmetros de teoria da resposta ao item (TRI). Resultados: Uma versão final em português do Brasil do instrumento foi definida e é apresentada. A consistência interna foi boa, e nossa análise confirmou a estrutura unifatorial original do ARI. As correlações do ARI com as dimensões de ansiedade relacionadas a sofrimento foram maiores do que com as dimensões de ansiedade relacionadas a fobias, reforçando a validade do construto. Além disso, escores mais altos no ARI foram associados a maior prejuízo relacionado à irritabilidade. A análise do TRI enfatizou a frequência de perda de controle como essencial para determinar estados patológicos de irritabilidade. Conclusão: A versão em português do Brasil do ARI parece ser muito semelhante ao instrumento original em termos de equivalência conceitual, de itens, semântica e operacional. Nossa análise preliminar reproduz e estende evidências anteriores que confirmam propriedades psicométricas promissoras para o ARI.

Objective: To describe the cross-cultural adaptation of the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI) to Brazilian Portuguese and to investigate preliminary psychometric properties of the adapted version. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation was based on the investigation of the theoretical and operational equivalences of the original ARI in the Brazilian context, followed by a process of translation, back-translation, and review by a committee of experts. Data analysis was carried out in a community sample of 133 schoolchildren aged 8 to 17 years to investigate the following characteristics of the ARI: 1) factor structure; 2) internal consistency; 3) construct validity comparing differential relationships between irritability and anxiety dimensions and impairment; and 4) item response theory (IRT) parameters. Results: A final Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument was defined and is presented. Internal consistency was good, and our analysis supported the original single-factor structure of the ARI. Correlations of the ARI with distress-related anxiety dimensions were higher than with phobic-related anxiety dimensions, supporting its construct validity. In addition, higher ARI scores were associated with higher irritability-related impairment. IRT analysis underscored frequency of loss of temper as essential to inform about pathological states of irritability. Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the ARI seems to be very similar to the original instrument in terms of conceptual, item, semantic, and operational equivalence. Our preliminary analysis replicates and extends previous evidence confirming promising psychometric properties for the ARI.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os transtornos de ansiedade possuem alta prevalência, afetando aproximadamente 10% dos indivíduos ao longo da vida; seu início pode ser detectado já na infância e na adolescência. Estudos em adultos demonstram que a ansiedade está associada ao abuso de álcool. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram a associação entre sintomas ansiosos e o uso problemático de álcool em indivíduos jovens. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os sintomas de ansiedade estão relacionados com uso problemático de álcool em jovens. Métodos: Um total de 239 indivíduos com idade de 10-17 anos foram aleatoriamente selecionados em escolas pertencentes à área de abrangência do Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre. A escala Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) foi utilizada para avaliar a presença de sintomas ansiosos, e a escala Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), para avaliar o uso de álcool. RESULTADOS: Cento e vinte e sete indivíduos (53,1% ) já haviam utilizado bebida alcoólica. Desses, 14 indivíduos mostraram uso problemático de álcool (5,8% ). Não foi observada associação entre ter usado álcool na vida e sintomas ansiosos. Porém, o escore médio da SCARED em indivíduos com uso problemático de álcool foi maior quando comparado com o escore daqueles sem uso de álcool problemático, mesmo após ajuste para idade e gênero (29,9±8,5 vs. 23,7±11,8, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das limitações impostas pelo desenho transversal, nosso estudo sugere que sintomas de ansiedade estão associados com o uso problemático de álcool em indivíduos jovens.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, affecting approximately 10% of individuals throughout life; its onset can be detected since early childhood or adolescence. Studies in adults have shown that anxiety disorders are associated with alcohol abuse, but few studies have investigated the association between anxiety symptoms and problematic alcohol use in early ages. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate if anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use in young subjects. METHODS: A total of 239 individuals aged 10-17 years were randomly selected from schools located in the catchment area of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. The Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) was used to evaluate the presence of anxiety symptoms, and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST), to evaluate alcohol use. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven individuals (53.1% ) reported having already used alcohol. Of these, 14 individuals showed problematic alcohol use (5.8% ). There was no association between lifetime use of alcohol and anxiety symptoms, but mean SCARED scores in individuals with problematic alcohol use was higher if compared to those without problematic use, even after adjustment for age and gender (29.9±8.5 vs. 23.7±11.8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the limitation of a cross-sectional design, our study suggests that anxiety symptoms are associated with problematic alcohol use early in life.