ABSTRACT Objective: Primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE) is a prevalent condition in childhood, and the pathophysiology is multifactorial. This study investigated the relationship between the toilet training process (TT) and PMNE in children and adolescents. Patients and Methods: A case-control study was carried out from 2015 to 2020. The presence of PMNE was identified according to International Children's Continence Society criteria. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to assess TT. Results: The study included 103 children and adolescents with PMNE and 269 participants with normal psychomotor development without PMNE (control group [CG]). Readiness signals were more remembered and less frequent in participants with PMNE (p=0.001) when compared to control group. No differences were found between the groups regarding the onset age of the daytime TT (p= 0.10), the nocturnal TT (p=0.08), the acquisition of daytime continence (p=0.06), and the type of equipment used for the TT (p=0.99). The use of Child-Oriented approach in group of children with enuresis was lower than in controls [87.4% (90/103) versus 94% (250/266)], respectively (OR= 0.44, 95% CI 0.21-0.94, p = 0.039). Conclusions: The age of onset of TT, acquisition of daytime continence, and the type of equipment were not associated with higher occurrence of PMNE. On the other hand, the Child-Oriented approach was a protective factor for the occurrence of PMNE.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the prevalence of lower tract urinary symptoms (LUTS) and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents and their association in a community setting using validated scoring instruments. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from February 2015 to December 2019, during which the parents or guardians of 431 children and adolescents from 5 to 13 years of age, attending a general pediatric outpatient clinic were interviewed. Results: The prevalence of ADHD symptoms and LUTS were 19.9% and 17.9%, respectively. Of the 82 children and adolescents with ADHD, 28% (23) had LUTS (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.75, p=0.008). Mean total DVSS score in children in the group of children presenting ADHD symptom was significantly higher than those without ADHD symptom (10.2±4.85 vs. 4.9±2.95, p=0.002). Urgency prevailed among LUTS as the most frequent symptom reported by patients with ADHD symptoms (p=0.004). Analyzing all subscales of the DVSS, the items “When your child wants to pee, can't he wait? “Your child holds the pee by crossing his legs, crouching or dancing?” were higher in those with ADHD symptoms (p=0.01 and 0.02, respectively). Functional constipation was present in 36.4% of children with LUTS and 20.7% without LUTS (OR 4.3 95% CI 1-5.3 p=0.001). Conclusion: Children and adolescents with ADHD symptoms are 2.3 times more likely to have LUTS. The combined type of ADHD was the most prevalent among them.

Este estudo objetivou examinar os efeitos de um Treinamento da Memória de Trabalho (TMT) em idosos saudáveis. Vinte participantes compuseram a amostra final, onze do grupo experimental (TMT) e nove do controle (socialização). Todos foram submetidos a uma avaliação neuropsicológica pré e pós-intervenção. Os encontros foram realizados uma vez por semana, durante três meses. Houve melhora significativa, no grupo experimental, em atenção concentrada, aprendizagem, memória de curto prazo e episódica, e no grupo controle, em um menor número de variáveis, na atenção concentrada e memória episódica. O TMT parece ter promovido efeito de transferência, principalmente na memória episódica, que é relacionada diretamente aos subsistemas da memória de trabalho (MT), sugerindo que o TMT pode ser útil no contexto da neuropsicologia do envelhecimento.

The present study examined the effects of a Working Memory Training (WMT) in healthy elderly. Twenty participants comprised the final sample, eleven from the experimental group (WMT) and nine from the control group (socialization). Every subject underwent a neuropsychological evaluation pre and post-intervention. The meetings were held once a week, for three months. Results indicated that subjects in the experimental group improved cognitive functions related to concentrated attention, learning, short-term and episodic memory. Subjects in the control group also demonstrated, in a smaller number of variables, improvement in concentrated attention and episodic memory. WMT seems to have generated a transfer effect, especially to episodic memory, which is directly related to the subsystem of working memory (WM), suggesting that WMT may be useful in the context of the neuropsychology of aging.

O presente estudo piloto investigou o efeito terapêutico de um programa de reabilitação da memória (RM), com avaliações pré e pós-intervenção, em um grupo de idosos com queixas mnemônicas e sintomas sugestivos de depressão. A amostra foi composta por sete idosos entre 65 a 80 anos de idade, acima de sete anos de estudo formal. A RM consistiu de 24 sessões, realizadas duas vezes por semana, cada com duração de 90 minutos. Esta intervenção incluiu técnicas de aprendizagem explícita e implícita, com estratégias mnemônicas internas e externas. Comparou-se o desempenho cognitivo pré e pós-intervenção pelo Teste Wilcoxon. Houve redução nas queixas de memória e nos sintomas sugestivos de depressão, aumento da velocidade de processamento atencional e aprimoramento da memória de trabalho. Sugere-se que este estudo seja replicado em amostras maiores, em grupos com déficits objetivos de memória e depressão clinicamente diagnosticada, comparados a grupos controles.

The present pilot study investigated the therapeutic effect of a memory rehabilitation program (MR), with pre and post-intervention assessment, in a group of elderly patients with mnemonic complaints and suggestive symptoms of depression. The sample was composed of seven older adults with ages between 65 to 80 years and formal education above seven years. The MR consisted of 24 sessions, twice weekly and each with 90 minutes duration. The intervention included implicit and explicit learning techniques, with internal and external mnemonic strategies. The cognitive performance, pre and post-interventions, were compared by the Wilcoxon test. There were reductions of suggestive symptoms of depression and of memory complaints, increase of attentional processing speed and improvement of working memory. This study should be replicated in larger samples, as well as, in groups with objective memory deficits and clinically diagnosed depression, compared to control groups.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre a espessura cortical medida pela ressonância magnética em regiões frontais e o desempenho em instrumentos que avaliam funções executivas em pacientes com HIV positivo. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 22 pacientes HIV-positivos, com déficits em funções executivas, sob terapia antirretroviral, idades entre 45 e 65 anos e escolaridade entre 3 e 20 anos. Foi realizada ressonância magnética com sequências convencionais, T1 3D, processado pelo Freesurfer para verificar espessura cortical. Instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas: Teste de Trilhas, Wisconsin, Hayling, Dígitos (WAIS-III), fluência verbal ortográfica e Stroop. Para análise da relação espessura versus cognição, utilizou-se coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. RESULTADOS: Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre escores de: Wisconsin e espessura das regiões pré-central e orbitofrontal lateral à direita e pré-central esquerda; Teste de Trilhas e espessura da área pré-central direita e cíngulo anterior caudal esquerdo; e Teste Hayling e espessura da área lateral orbitofrontal esquerda. CONCLUSÃO: As correlações existentes entre medidas de espessura cortical pela ressonância magnética e desempenho cognitivo sugerem que os déficits executivos em pacientes HIV-positivos relacionam-se a uma redução da espessura cortical das regiões frontais.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between frontal regions cortical thickness measured by magnetic resonance imaging of HIV-positive patients and their performance on instruments for assessing executive functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study included 22 HIV-positive patients in the age range from 45 to 65, schooling ranging between three and 20 years, with executive functions deficit and undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed with conventional T1-weighted, 3D sequences and the images were processed with the Freesurfer software to measure cortical thickness. The following instruments were utilized to evaluate the patients' executive functions: Trail Making, Wisconsin, Hayling, working memory (WAIS-III), verbal fluency and Stroop tests. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was utilized in the data statistical analysis. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between: Wisconsin scores and the thickness of the right pre-central, lateral and left pre-central orbitofrontal regions; Trail Making scores and thickness of right pre-central and left anterior caudal cingulate areas; and Hayling Test scores and thickness of the left lateral orbitofrontal area. CONCLUSION: Correlations between cortical thickness measurements by magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive performance suggest that the executive function deficit in HIV-positive patients are related to a reduction in the thickness of the frontal cortex.

Resumo Essa revisão sistemática teve como objetivo identificar os delineamentos, procedimentos, e resultados dos estudos empíricos que investigaram intervenções neuropsicológicas de memória de trabalho em adultos. Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed e LILACS, utilizando as palavras-chave memória de trabalho working memory AND (training OR rehabilitation OR intervention) AND adult, ou memória de trabalho E (treino OU reabilitação OU intervenção) E adulto. Resultados: De sete estudos encontrados, três eram estudos randomizados controlados, dois eram relatos de casos, um era um ensaio clínico, e um estudo, de avaliação neuropsicológica. Em relação ao tipo de programa e amostra, três estudos foram conduzidos utilizando programas globais de intervenção com idosos saudáveis e quatro utilizaram-se de programas específicos de intervenção com amostras clínicas de pacientes neurológicos. Conclusões: A efetividade dos programas de intervenção em memória de trabalho foi mais evidente em estudos que empregaram métodos específicos de reabilitação com amostras clínicas neurológicas, quando comparados àqueles baseados em programas gerais de intervenção com adultos saudáveis. Existe necessidade de estudos empíricos que verifiquem a eficácia de programas de intervenção em memória de trabalho que possam contribuir com orientações adequadas para neuropsicológos clínicos e para futuras pesquisas.

Abstract This systematic review aimed to identify the designs, procedures, and results of empirical studies that performed neuropsychological interventions on WM in adults. Methods: A PubMed and LILACS literature search was conducted using the keywords working memory AND (training OR rehabilitation OR intervention) AND adult. Results: Of the seven studies found, three were randomized controlled trials, two were case reports, one was a clinical trial, and one was an evaluation study. With regard to the type of programs and samples, three studies employed global programs with healthy elderly adults and four employed specific programs for samples with neurologically-impaired adults. Conclusions: The effectiveness of the WM intervention programs was more evident in studies that employed specific methods of rehabilitation for samples with neurological disorders than in those based on global programs with healthy adults. There is a need for more empirical studies to verify the effectiveness of WM intervention programs in order to provide adequate guidance for clinical neuropsychologists and future research.

A growing interest in cognition in aging has been observed because of both the epidemiologic factor of an increase in the lifespan of the world's population and the cognitive changes behaviorally and biologically detectable in this population. The most complex of language components and fundamental in social interaction, discourse production and comprehension are among the most scarcely explored cognitive functions in this context. This review presents and discusses discourse processing in healthy aging with regard to theoretical, behavioral, and neuroimaging evidence. Cognitive and neurobiological models are reviewed, such as the Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD) model and the Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging (PASA) model. Among the neuropsycholinguistic research developed to characterize discourse processing in aging individuals, which has contributed to the prevention and treatment of language impairment and the maintenance of communicative competence in aging, studies on the relationship between discourse and working memory, attention, and some executive components are discussed. Regarding neuroimaging data, very few studies that have included cognitive tasks and discourse stimuli were found. Such studies suggest that discourse processing requires not only the participation of both brain hemispheres, but also a more prominent activation of frontal regions. Considering the great complexity and usefulness of discourse in elderly adults' daily communication and the emergence of cognitive deficits related to aging in complex information processing, the necessity of further behavioral and neuroimaging studies, including discourse processing tasks, comparing tasks involving executive, attentional, and mnemonic demands becomes evident.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as dificuldades de acesso para diagnóstico da tuberculose nos serviços de saúde no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em 2007 com pacientes com tuberculose, atendidos na rede de atenção básica nos municípios de Ribeirão Preto (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP), Itaboraí (RJ), Campina Grande (PB) e Feira de Santana (BA). Utilizou-se o instrumento "Primary Care Assessment Tool," adaptado para atenção à tuberculose. O diagnóstico de tuberculose nos serviços foi avaliado por meio da análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla. RESULTADOS: O acesso ao diagnóstico foi representado pelas dimensões "locomoção ao serviço de saúde" e "serviço de atendimento" no plano fatorial. Os pacientes dos municípios Ribeirão Preto e Itaboraí foram associados às condições mais favoráveis à dimensão "locomoção" e os de Campina Grande e Feira de Santana as menos favoráveis. Ribeirão Preto apresentou condições mais favoráveis para a dimensão "serviço de atendimento" seguido dos municípios Itaboraí, Feira de Santana e Campina Grande. São José do Rio Preto apresentou condições menos favoráveis que os outros municípios para as dimensões "locomoção" e "serviço de atendimento". CONCLUSÕES: A análise fatorial permitiu visualizar conjuntamente as características organizacionais dos serviços de atenção à tuberculose. A descentralização das ações para o programa de saúde da família e ambulatório parece não apresentar desempenho satisfatório para o acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose, pois a forma de organização dos serviços não foi fator determinante para garantia de acesso ao diagnóstico precoce da doença.

OBJECTIVE: To assess difficulties in the accessibility to tuberculosis diagnoses in the health services in Brazil. METHODS: The study was carried out in 2007 and surveyed tuberculosis patients treated in the primary care services in the cities of Ribeirão Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Itaboraí (these three in Southeastern Brazil), Campina Grande and Feira de Santana (these two in Northeastern Brazil). The instrument "Primary Care Assessment Tool" was used, adapted to assess tuberculosis care in Brazil. Tuberculosis diagnosis in the health services was assessed by means of multiple correspondence factor analysis. RESULTS: The accessibility to the diagnosis was represented by the dimensions "locomotion to the health service" and "assistance service" in the factorial plan. The patients from Ribeirão Preto and Itaboraí were associated with more favorable conditions to the dimension "locomotion to the health service" and the patients from Campina Grande and Feira de Santana were associated with less favorable conditions. Ribeirão Preto presented more favorable conditions to the dimension "assistance service", followed by Itaboraí, Feira de Santana and Campina Grande. São José do Rio Preto presented less favorable conditions to both dimensions, "locomotion to the health service" and "assistance service", compared to the other cities. CONCLUSIONS: The factor analysis enabled the visualization of the organizational characteristics of the services that provide tuberculosis care. The decentralization of the actions to the family health program and reference centers seems not to present a satisfactory performance regarding accessibility to the tuberculosis diagnosis, as the form of services organization was not a determinant factor to guarantee the accessibility to the early diagnosis of the illness.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las dificultades de acceso para diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en los servicios de salud en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado en 2007 con pacientes con tuberculosis, atendidos en la red de atención básica en los municipios de Ribeirao Preto, Sao José do Río Preto, Itaboraí (sureste de Brasil); y Campina Grande y Feira de Santana (Noreste de Brasil). Se utilizó un instrumento "Primary Care Assessment Tool", adaptado para atención a la tuberculosis. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis en los servicios fue evaluado por medio del análisis factorial de correspondencia múltiple. RESULTADOS: El acceso al diagnóstico fue representado por las dimensiones "locomoción al servicio de salud" y "servicio de atención" en el plano factorial. Los pacientes de los municipios Ribeirao Preto e Itaboraí fueron asociados a las condiciones más favorables a la dimensión "locomoción" y los de Campina Grande y Feira de Santana a las menos favorables. Ribeirao Preto presentó condiciones más favorables para la dimensión "servicio de atención" seguido de los municipios Itaboraí, Feira de Santana y Campina Grande. Sao Jose do Río Preto presentó condiciones menos favorables que los otros municipios para las dimensiones "locomoción" y "servicio de atención". CONCLUSIONES: El análisis factorial permitió visualizar conjuntamente las características organizacionales de los servicios de atención a la tuberculosis. La descentralización de las acciones para el programa de salud de la familia y ambulatorio parece no presentar desempeño satisfactorio para el acceso al diagnóstico de tuberculosis, pues la forma de organización de los servicios no fue factor determinante para la garantía del acceso al diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as dificuldades de acesso para diagnóstico da tuberculose nos serviços de saúde no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado em 2007 com pacientes com tuberculose, atendidos na rede de atenção básica nos municípios de Ribeirão Preto (SP), São José do Rio Preto (SP), Itaboraí (RJ), Campina Grande (PB) e Feira de Santana (BA). Utilizou-se o instrumento "Primary Care Assessment Tool," adaptado para atenção à tuberculose. O diagnóstico de tuberculose nos serviços foi avaliado por meio da análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla. RESULTADOS: O acesso ao diagnóstico foi representado pelas dimensões "locomoção ao serviço de saúde" e "serviço de atendimento" no plano fatorial. Os pacientes dos municípios Ribeirão Preto e Itaboraí foram associados às condições mais favoráveis à dimensão "locomoção" e os de Campina Grande e Feira de Santana as menos favoráveis. Ribeirão Preto apresentou condições mais favoráveis para a dimensão "serviço de atendimento" seguido dos municípios Itaboraí, Feira de Santana e Campina Grande. São José do Rio Preto apresentou condições menos favoráveis que os outros municípios para as dimensões "locomoção" e "serviço de atendimento". CONCLUSÕES: A análise fatorial permitiu visualizar conjuntamente as características organizacionais dos serviços de atenção à tuberculose. A descentralização das ações para o programa de saúde da família e ambulatório parece não apresentar desempenho satisfatório para o acesso ao diagnóstico de tuberculose, pois a forma de organização dos serviços não foi fator determinante para garantia de acesso ao diagnóstico precoce da doença.

OBJECTIVE: To assess difficulties in the accessibility to tuberculosis diagnoses in the health services in Brazil. METHODS: The study was carried out in 2007 and surveyed tuberculosis patients treated in the primary care services in the cities of Ribeirão Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Itaboraí (these three in Southeastern Brazil), Campina Grande and Feira de Santana (these two in Northeastern Brazil). The instrument "Primary Care Assessment Tool" was used, adapted to assess tuberculosis care in Brazil. Tuberculosis diagnosis in the health services was assessed by means of multiple correspondence factor analysis. RESULTS: The accessibility to the diagnosis was represented by the dimensions "locomotion to the health service" and "assistance service" in the factorial plan. The patients from Ribeirão Preto and Itaboraí were associated with more favorable conditions to the dimension "locomotion to the health service" and the patients from Campina Grande and Feira de Santana were associated with less favorable conditions. Ribeirão Preto presented more favorable conditions to the dimension "assistance service", followed by Itaboraí, Feira de Santana and Campina Grande. São José do Rio Preto presented less favorable conditions to both dimensions, "locomotion to the health service" and "assistance service", compared to the other cities. CONCLUSIONS: The factor analysis enabled the visualization of the organizational characteristics of the services that provide tuberculosis care. The decentralization of the actions to the family health program and reference centers seems not to present a satisfactory performance regarding accessibility to the tuberculosis diagnosis, as the form of services organization was not a determinant factor to guarantee the accessibility to the early diagnosis of the illness.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar las dificultades de acceso para diagnóstico de la tuberculosis en los servicios de salud en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio realizado en 2007 con pacientes con tuberculosis, atendidos en la red de atención básica en los municipios de Ribeirao Preto, Sao José do Río Preto, Itaboraí (sureste de Brasil); y Campina Grande y Feira de Santana (Noreste de Brasil). Se utilizó un instrumento "Primary Care Assessment Tool", adaptado para atención a la tuberculosis. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis en los servicios fue evaluado por medio del análisis factorial de correspondencia múltiple. RESULTADOS: El acceso al diagnóstico fue representado por las dimensiones "locomoción al servicio de salud" y "servicio de atención" en el plano factorial. Los pacientes de los municipios Ribeirao Preto e Itaboraí fueron asociados a las condiciones más favorables a la dimensión "locomoción" y los de Campina Grande y Feira de Santana a las menos favorables. Ribeirao Preto presentó condiciones más favorables para la dimensión "servicio de atención" seguido de los municipios Itaboraí, Feira de Santana y Campina Grande. Sao Jose do Río Preto presentó condiciones menos favorables que los otros municipios para las dimensiones "locomoción" y "servicio de atención". CONCLUSIONES: El análisis factorial permitió visualizar conjuntamente las características organizacionales de los servicios de atención a la tuberculosis. La descentralización de las acciones para el programa de salud de la familia y ambulatorio parece no presentar desempeño satisfactorio para el acceso al diagnóstico de tuberculosis, pues la forma de organización de los servicios no fue factor determinante para la garantía del acceso al diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad.