Resumo Fundamento: A doença cardiovascular está entre as principais causas de morte entre pacientes transplantados. Embora esses pacientes possam teoricamente se beneficiar de programas de reabilitação baseada em exercícios (RBE), sua implementação ainda é um desafio. Objetivo: Apresentamos nossa experiência inicial em diferentes modos de realização de um programa piloto de RBE em receptores de transplante de rim e fígado. Métodos: Trinta e dois pacientes transplantados renais ou hepáticos foram convidados para um programa de RBE de 6 meses realizado na academia do hospital, na academia comunitária ou em casa, de acordo com a preferência do paciente. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Dez pacientes (31%) não completaram o programa. Entre os 22 que completaram, 7 treinaram na academia do hospital, 7 na academia comunitária e 8 em casa. O efeito geral foi um aumento de 11,4% nos METs máximos (tamanho do efeito de Hedges g = 0,39). O grupo de academia hospitalar teve um aumento nos METs de 25,5% (g = 0,58, tamanho de efeito médio) versus 10% (g = 0,25) e 6,5% (g = 0,20) para os grupos de academia comunitária e em casa, respectivamente. Houve efeito benéfico nas pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica, maior para os grupos academia hospitalar (g= 0,51 e 0,40) e academia comunitária (g= 0,60 e 1,15) do que para os pacientes treinando em casa (g= 0,07 e 0,10). Nenhum evento adverso significativo foi relatado durante o seguimento. Conclusão: Programas de RBE em receptores de transplante de rim e fígado devem ser incentivados, mesmo que sejam realizados fora da academia do hospital, pois são seguros com efeitos positivos na capacidade de exercício e nos fatores de risco cardiovascular.

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular disease is among the leading causes of death in solid organ transplant recipients with a functional graft. Although these patients could theoretically benefit from exercise-based rehabilitation (EBR) programs, their implementation is a challenge. Objective: We present our initial experience on different delivery modes of a pilot EBR program in kidney and liver transplant recipients. Methods: Thirty-two kidney or liver transplant recipients were invited for a 6-month EBR program delivered at the hospital gym, community gym or at home, according to the patient’s preference. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results: Ten patients (31%) did not complete their program. Among the 22 who did, 7 trained at the hospital gym, 7 at the community gym, and 8 at home. The overall effect was an 11.4% increase in maximum METs (Hedges’ effect size g = 0.39). The hospital gym group had an increase in METs of 25.5% (g= 0.58, medium effect size) versus 10% (g= 0.25), and 6.5% (g= 0.20) for the community gym and home groups, respectively. There was a beneficial effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressures, greater for the hospital gym (g= 0.51 and 0.40) and community gym (g= 0.60 and 1.15) groups than for the patients training at home (g= 0.07 and 0.10). No significant adverse event was reported during the follow-up. Conclusion: EBR programs in kidney and liver transplant recipients should be encouraged, even if they are delivered outside a hospital gym, since they are safe with positive effects on exercise capacity and cardiovascular risk factors.

The polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB) beetle is a recent invader in South Africa. Together with its fungal symbiont, Fusarium euwallaceae, it can rapidly kill highly susceptible host plants. Its impact is most profound in urban areas, but it has also been found infesting important forestry, agricultural crop and native species. Since its first detection in 2012, PSHB has spread to all but one province in the country. The beetle-fungus complex has several biological traits that enhance its anthropogenically mediated dispersal, establishment and survival in novel environments - factors that have likely facilitated its rapid spread across the country. We review the history of the PSHB invasion in South Africa, its taxonomic status and the reasons for its rapid spread. We highlight its potential impact and challenges for its management. Finally, we provide an updated distribution map and list of confirmed host plants in South Africa. Of the 130 plant species identified as hosts, 48 of these (19 indigenous and 29 introduced) are reproductive hosts able to maintain breeding PSHB populations. These reproductive hosts may succumb to beetle infestations and act as 'pest-amplifiers'. The economic impact on urban forests, plantation forestry and agricultural crops may be severe, but the ecological impact of PSHB invasion in native ecosystems should not be underestimated.SIGNIFICANCE: • We provide an updated host list and distribution map for South Africa of the globally significant tree pest, the polyphagous shot hole borer (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus). The South African PSHB invasion represents the largest outbreak of this pest in its global invaded range. PSHB was confirmed to infest 130 plant species in urban, agricultural, and native ecosystems in South Africa, including 44 previously unreported hosts. Impact in South Africa is in its infancy but will likely be substantial to local economies and ecosystems. Mitigation has proven difficult, but numerous research projects have been initiated throughout the country.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o alinhamento do pé em jogadores da National Football League (NFL) com diferentes patologias sintomáticas do pé e tornozelo usando a tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico com suporte de peso (weightbearing cone-beam computed tomography - WBCBCT), e comparar as medidas a grupo controle de voluntários com pés de alinhamento normal. Métodos: Quarenta pés (36 jogadores ativos da NFL) foram avaliados usando WBCBCT e comparados com 20 controles da população normal. As medidas incluíram: Offset do pé e tornozelo(FAO); Calcâneo Offset (CO); ângulo de alinhamento do retropé (HAA); ângulo entre as facetas inferior e superior do tálus (Inftal-Suptal); ângulo entre a faceta inferior do tálus e o solo (Inftal-Hor); ângulo do arco do antepé (FAA); distância navicular/solo e cuneiforme medial/solo. Resultados: Atletas da NFL mostraram retropé com alinhamento neutro quando comparados aos controles (FAO: 1% vs. 0,5%; CO:2,3mm vs. 0,8 mm; HAA: 2,9° vs. 0,8°, com todos p > 0,05) e morfologia normal da articulação subtalar (sem diferença nos ângulos Inftal-Suptal e Inftal-Hor). Por outro lado, observamos nos atletas profissionais um arco longitudinal medial diminuído (FAA: 15° vs. 18,3°,p=0,03) com distâncias médias do navicular/solo (38,2 mm vs. 42,2 mm, p = 0,03) e do cuneiforme medial/solo (27 mm vs. 31,3 mm, p = 0,01) menores quando comparados ao grupo controle. Conclusão: Em nossa série, os jogadores da NFL apresentaram um arco longitudinal medial diminuído em relação aos controles, mas um retropé neutro. WBCBCT pode ajudar a esclarecer os fatores de risco anatômicos para lesões em jogadores profissionais de elite. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

ABSTRACT Objective: Our aim was to describe the foot alignment in National Football League (NFL) players with different symptomatic foot and ankle pathologies using weightbearing cone-beam computed tomography (WBCBCT), comparing them to normally aligned feet as control group. Methods: 41 feet (36 active NFL players) were assessed using WBCBCT and compared to 20 normally aligned controls from a normal population. Measurements included: Foot and Ankle Offset (FAO); Calcaneal Offset (CO); Hindfoot Alignment Angle (HAA); angle between inferior and superior facets of the talus (Inftal-Suptal); angle between inferior facet of the talus and the horizontal/floor (Inftal-Hor); Forefoot Arch Angle (FAA); navicular- and medial cuneiform-to-floor distance. Results: NFL athletes showed a neutrally aligned hindfoot when compared to controls (FAO: 1% vs 0.5%; CO: 2.3 mm vs 0.8 mm; HAA: 2.9° vs 0.8° in two groups, with all p > 0.05) and a normal morphology of the subtalar joint (no difference in Inftal-Suptal and Inftal-Hor angles). Conversely, in athletes we found a decreased medial longitudinal arch (FAA: 15° vs 18.3°, p = 0.03) with smaller navicular (38.2 mm vs 42.2 mm, p = 0.03) and medial cuneiform (27 mm vs 31.3 mm, p = 0.01) mean distances to the floor when compared to controls. Conclusion: In our series, NFL players presented a lower medial longitudinal arch than controls but a neutrally aligned hindfoot. WBCBCT may help shed light on anatomical risk factors for injuries in professional players. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate renal function and to identify factors associated with renal function deterioration after retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for kidney stones. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with renal stones treated by RIRS between January 2010 and June 2013 at a single institute. We used the National Kidney Foundation classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to classify Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in 5 groups. The baseline creatinine level was systematically pre-operatively and post-operatively evaluated. All patients had a creatinine blood measurement in June 2013. A change toward a less or a more favorable GFR group following RIRS was considered significant. Results: We included 163 patients. There were 86 males (52.8%) and 77 females (47.3%) with a mean age of 52.8±17 years. After a mean follow-up of 15.5±11.5 months, median GFR was not significantly changed from 84.3±26.2 to 84.9±24.5 mL/min (p=0.675). Significant renal function deterioration occurred in 8 cases (4.9%) and significant renal function amelioration occurred in 23 cases (14.1%). In univariate analysis, multiple procedures (p=0.023; HR: 5.4) and preoperative CKD (p=0.011; HR: 6.8) were associated with decreased renal function. In multivariate analysis these factors did not remain as predictive factors. Conclusion: Stone management with RIRS seems to have favorable outcomes on kidney function; however, special attention should be given to patients with multiple procedures and preoperative chronic kidney disease.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the early loss of patients to antiretroviral therapy (ART) programmes in resource-limited settings. METHODS: Using data on 5491 adult patients starting ART (median age 35 years, 46% female) in 15 treatment programmes in Africa, Asia and South America with ³ 12 months of follow-up, we investigated risk factors for no follow-up after treatment initiation, and loss to follow-up or death in the first 6 months. FINDINGS: Overall, 211 patients (3.8%) had no follow-up, 880 (16.0%) were lost to follow-up and 141 (2.6%) were known to have died in the first 6 months. The probability of no follow-up was higher in 2003-2004 than in 2000 or earlier (odds ratio, OR: 5.06; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.28-20.0), as was loss to follow-up (hazard ratio, HR: 7.62; 95% CI: 4.55-12.8) but not recorded death (HR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.44-2.36). Compared with a baseline CD4-cell count ³ 50 cells/µl, a count < 25 cells/µl was associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.43-4.33), loss to follow-up (HR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23-1.77) and death (HR: 3.34; 95% CI: 2.10-5.30). Compared to free treatment, fee-for-service programmes were associated with a higher probability of no follow-up (OR: 3.71; 95% CI: 0.97-16.05) and higher mortality (HR: 4.64; 95% CI: 1.11-19.41). CONCLUSION: Early patient losses were increasingly common when programmes were scaled up and were associated with a fee for service and advanced immunodeficiency at baseline. Measures to maximize ART programme retention are required in resource-poor countries.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la pérdida temprana de pacientes para el seguimiento en los programas de tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) aplicados en entornos con recursos limitados. MÉTODOS: A partir de los datos de 5491 pacientes adultos que comenzaron el TAR (mediana de la edad: 35 años, mujeres en el 46% de los casos) en 15 programas de tratamiento en África, Asia y América del Sur con al menos 12 meses de seguimiento, investigamos los factores de riesgo de seguimiento nulo tras el inicio del tratamiento, y de pérdida para el seguimiento o defunción durante los 6 primeros meses. RESULTADOS: Globalmente, 211 pacientes (3,8%) no fueron objeto de seguimiento alguno, 880 (16,0%) fueron perdidos para el seguimiento y 141 (2,6%) murieron antes de transcurridos seis meses. La probabilidad de seguimiento nulo fue mayor en 2003-2004 que en 2000 o en años anteriores (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR]: 5,06; intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%, IC95%: 1,28-20,0), al igual que la pérdida para el seguimiento (cociente de riesgos instantáneos [hazard ratio, HR]: 7,62; IC95%: 4,55-12,8), pero no así la mortalidad registrada (HR: 1,02; IC95%: 0,44-2,36). En comparación con un recuento de CD4 ³ 50 células/µl al comienzo del estudio, un recuento < 25 células/µl se asoció a una probabilidad mayor de seguimiento nulo (OR: 2,49; IC95%: 1,43-4,33), de pérdida para el seguimiento (HR: 1,48; IC95%: 1,23-1,77) y de defunción (HR: 3,34; IC95%: 2,10-5,30). Comparados con el tratamiento gratuito, los programas con cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados se asociaron a un aumento de la probabilidad de seguimiento nulo (OR: 3,71; IC95%: 0,97-16,05) y a una mayor mortalidad (HR: 4,64; IC95%: 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSIÓN: Las pérdidas tempranas de pacientes para el seguimiento fueron más frecuentes cuando los programas se expandieron, y se asociaron al cobro de honorarios por servicios prestados y a una inmunodeficiencia avanzada al inicio del estudio. Se deben tomar medidas para optimizar la retención de los pacientes en los programas de TAR en los países con recursos escasos.

OBJECTIF: Analyser la perte précoce de patients par les programmes de traitement antirétroviral (ART) dans les pays à ressources limitées. MÉTHODES: A partir des données concernant 5491 patients adultes débutant un traitement ART (âge médian : 35 ans, 46 % de femmes), dans le cadre de 15 programmes de traitement en Afrique, en Asie et en Amérique du Sud comprenant un suivi de 12 mois et plus, nous avons étudié les facteurs d'absence de suivi après le début du traitement et les nombres de perdus pour le suivi et de décès au cours des 6 premiers mois. RÉSULTATS: Globalement, 211 patients (3,8 %) n'ont pas eu de suivi, 880 (16,0 %) ont été perdus pour le suivi et 141 (2,6 %) sont décédés, à la connaissance du programme, dans les 6 premiers mois. La probabilité d'une absence de suivi était plus élevée pendant la période 2003-2004 qu'en 2000 ou dans les années antérieures (odds ratio, OR : 5,06 ; intervalle de confiance à 95 %, IC : 1,28-20,0) et il en était de même pour les perdus pour le suivi (ratio de danger, RD : 7,62 ; IC à 95 % : 4,55-12,8), mais pas pour le nombre de décès enregistrés (RD : 1,02 ; IC à 95 % : 0,44-2,36). Par rapport à une numération des CD4 de référence ³ 50 cellules/µl, une numération < 25 cellules/µl était associée à une plus forte probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 2,49 ; IC à 95 % : 1,43-4,33), de perte pour le suivi (RD : 1,48 ; IC à 95 % : 1,23-1,77) et de décès (RD : 3,34 ; IC à 95 % : 2,10-5,30). Par rapport à un traitement gratuit, les programmes fonctionnant avec une tarification à l'acte était associés à une plus grande probabilité d'absence de suivi (OR : 3,71 ; IC à 95 % : 0,97-16,05) et à une plus forte mortalité (RD : 4,64 ; IC à 95 % : 1,11-19,41). CONCLUSION: Les pertes précoces de patients sont devenues de plus en plus courantes avec l'élargissement des programmes et sont associées à la tarification à l'acte et à une immunodéficience avancée au départ du traitement. Des mesures pour augmenter au maximum la rétention des patients dans les programmes ART sont nécessaires dans les pays à faibles ressources.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost of scaling up childhood immunization services required to reach the WHO-UNICEF Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) goal of reducing mortality due to vaccine-preventable diseases by two-thirds by 2015. METHODS: A model was developed to estimate the total cost of reaching GIVS goals by 2015 in 117 low- and lower-middle- income countries. Current spending was estimated by analysing data from country planning documents, and scale-up costs were estimated using a bottom-up, ingredients-based approach. Financial costs were estimated by country and year for reaching 90% coverage with all existing vaccines; introducing a discrete set of new vaccines (rotavirus, conjugate pneumococcal, conjugate meningococcal A and Japanese encephalitis); and conducting immunization campaigns to protect at-risk populations against polio, tetanus, measles, yellow fever and meningococcal meningitis. FINDINGS: The 72 poorest countries of the world spent US$ 2.5 (range: US$ 1.8-4.2) billion on immunization in 2005, an increase from US$ 1.1 (range: US$ 0.9-1.6) billion in 2000. By 2015 annual immunization costs will on average increase to about US$ 4.0 (range US$ 2.9-6.7) billion. Total immunization costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 35 (range US$ 13-40) billion; of this, US$ 16.2 billion are incremental costs, comprised of US$ 5.6 billion for system scale-up and US$ 8.7 billion for vaccines; US$ 19.3 billion is required to maintain immunization programmes at 2005 levels. In all 117 low- and lower-middle-income countries, total costs for 2006-2015 are estimated at US$ 76 (range: US$ 23-110) billion, with US$ 49 billion for maintaining current systems and $27 billion for scaling-up. CONCLUSION: In the 72 poorest countries, US$ 11-15 billion (30%-40%) of the overall resource needs are unmet if the GIVS goals are to be reached. The methods developed in this paper are approximate estimates with limitations, but provide a roadmap of financing gaps that need to be filled to scale up immunization by 2015.

OBJETIVO: Estimar el costo de extender masivamente los servicios de inmunización infantil requeridos para alcanzar la meta de la Visión y Estrategia Mundial de Inmunización (GIVS) OMS-UNICEF de reducir la mortalidad por enfermedades prevenibles mediante vacunación en dos tercios para 2015. MÉTODOS: Se elaboró un modelo para estimar el costo total del logro de las metas de GIVS para 2015 en 117 países de ingresos bajos o medios bajos. El gasto actual se estimó a partir de datos extraídos de los documentos de planificación de los países, y los costos de la extensión masiva se estimaron mediante un método ascendente basado en componentes. Se calcularon los costos financieros requeridos por país y año para alcanzar una cobertura del 90% con todas las vacunas existentes; introducir un conjunto de vacunas nuevas (contra rotavirus, antineumocócica conjugada, conjugada contra el meningococo A y contra la encefalitis japonesa); y realizar campañas de inmunización para proteger a las poblaciones de riesgo contra la poliomielitis, el tétanos, el sarampión, la fiebre amarilla y la meningitis meningocócica. RESULTADOS: Los 72 países más pobres del mundo invirtieron US$ 2500 millones (intervalo: US$ 1800 - 4200 millones) en actividades de inmunización en 2005, lo que supone un aumento respecto a los US$ 1100 millones (intervalo: US$ 900 - 1600 millones) de 2000. Para 2015, los costos anuales de la inmunización aumentarán por término medio a unos US$ 4000 millones (intervalo: US$ 2900 - 6700 millones). Los costos totales de la inmunización para 2006-2015 se estiman en US$ 35 000 millones (intervalo: US$ 13 000 - 40 000 millones); de esa cantidad, US$ 16 200 millones son costos adicionales, de los que US$ 5600 millones corresponden a la expansión del sistema y US$ 8700 millones a las vacunas; se necesitan US$ 19 300 millones para mantener los programas de inmunizacion a los niveles de 2005. En el conjunto de los 117 países de ingresos bajos y medios bajos, se estima que los costos totales para 2006 - 2015 ascenderán a US$ 76 000 millones (intervalo: US$ 23 000 - 110 000 millones): US$ 49 000 millones para mantener los sistemas actuales y US$ 27 000 millones para expandirlos. CONCLUSIÓN: Considerando los 72 países más pobres, se necesitan aún US$ 11 000 - 15 000 millones (30% - 40% de los recursos globales necesarios) para poder alcanzar las metas de la GIVS. Los métodos desarrollados en este artículo arrojan estimaciones aproximadas que presentan limitaciones, pero proporcionan una hoja de ruta para financiar los déficits que hay que cubrir a fin de expandir la inmunización para 2015.

OBJECTIF: Estimer le coût du développement à plus grande échelle des services de vaccination infantile nécessaires à la réalisation de l'objectif de l'initiative OMS-UNICEF « La vaccination dans le monde : vision et stratégie (GIVS) », consistant à réduire des deux-tiers d'ici 2015 la mortalité due aux maladies évitables par la vaccination. MÉTHODES: Un modèle a été élaboré pour estimer le coût total de la réalisation de l'objectif de cette initiative d'ici 2015 dans 117 pays à revenu faible ou faible à moyen. Les dépenses actuelles ont été estimées par une analyse des documents de planification nationale et les coûts du passage à l'échelle supérieure en utilisant une démarche partant de la base et des intrants. Les coûts financiers pour atteindre une couverture vaccinale de 90 % ont été estimés par pays et par année pour tous les vaccins existants, dans le cas où l'on introduirait une série discrète de nouveaux vaccins (vaccins antirotavirus, antipneumococcique conjugué, contre le méningocoque de type A et contre l'encéphalite japonaise) et dans celui où l'on mènerait des campagnes de vaccination pour protéger les populations à haut risque contre la polio, le tétanos, la rougeole, la fièvre jaune et la méningite à méningocoque. RÉSULTATS: Les 72 pays les plus pauvres du monde ont consacré US$ 2,5 milliards (plage de variation : US$ 1,8-4,2) à la vaccination en 2005, soit une augmentation de US$ 1,1 milliard (plage de variation : US$ 0,9-1,6) par rapport à l'année 2000. D'ici 2015, les coûts annuels de la vaccination augmenteront en moyenne d'environ US$ 4,0 milliards (plage de variation : US$ 2,9-6,7). Les coûts totaux de la vaccination pour la période 2006-2015 sont estimés à US$ 35 milliards (plage de variation : US$ 13-40), dont US$ 16,2 milliards de surcoûts, se répartissant en US$ 5,6 milliards pour le passage à l'échelle supérieure du système et US$ 8,7 milliards pour les vaccins. US$ 19,3 milliards seront nécessaires pour maintenir les programmes de vaccination aux niveaux de 2005. Pour l'ensemble des 117 pays à revenu faible ou faible à moyen, les coûts totaux pour la période 2006-2015 sont estimés à US$ 76 milliards (plage de variation : US$ 23-110), dont US$ 49 milliards pour maintenir les systèmes actuels et US$ 27 milliards pour passer à l'échelle supérieure. CONCLUSION: Pour les 72 pays les plus pauvres, 30 à 40 % (soit US$ 11 à 15 milliards) des besoins en ressources ne sont pas couverts s'il on veut atteindre l'objectif de la GIVS. Les méthodes présentées dans cet article donnent des estimations approximatives et comportent des limites, mais elles permettent d'identifier les lacunes à combler sur le plan financier pour le passage à l'échelle supérieure des programmes de vaccination d'ici 2015.