OBJECTIVE: We present a prospective study of a microemulsion of cyclosporin to treat idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in ten children with normal renal function who presented cyclosporin trough levels between 50 and 150 ng/ml and achieved complete remission with cyclosporin. To compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of cyclosporin in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome during remission and relapse of the nephrotic state. METHOD: The pharmacokinetic profile of cyclosporin was evaluated with the 12-hour area under the timeconcentration curve (auc0-12) using seven time-point samples. This procedure was performed on each patient during remission and relapse with the same cyclosporin dose in mg/kg/day. The 12-hour area under the timeconcentration curve was calculated using the trapezoidal rule. All of the pharmacokinetic parameters and the resumed 4-hour area under the time-concentration curve were correlated with the 12-hour area under the timeconcentration curve. ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01616446. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in any parameters of the pharmacokinetic of cyclosporin during remission and relapse, even when the data were normalized by dose. The best correlation with the 12-hour area under the time-concentration curve was the 4-hour area under the time-concentration curve on remission and relapse of the disease, followed by the 2-hour level after cyclosporin (c2) dosing in both disease states. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that the same parameters used for cyclosporin therapeutic monitoring estimated during the nephrotic state can also be used during remission. Larger controlled studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Relatamos um achado ocasional de meningoencefaloventriculocele esfenoetmoidal num paciente adulto, com achados tomográficos interpretados como formação expansiva neoplásica com características de agressividade. Alertamos para a ocorrência dessa rara localização de patologia malformativa.

We report a casual finding of a sphenoethmoidal meningoencephaloventriculocele in an adult patient that the tomography finding was misinterpreted as an expansive neoplasic lesion with malignant features. We alert for the rare site of localization of this malformative pathology.

Relatamos um caso de neurossarcoidose em um paciente masculino, 21 anos de idade, com história de cefaléia desde os três anos de idade e sem alterações à tomografia computadorizada (TC) do crânio. A ressonância magnética (RM) revelou envolvimento meníngeo, com realce intenso e homogêneo da convexidade frontotemporal direita e no terço anterior de fissura inter-hemisférica. A RM é mais sensível que a TC, sendo a técnica de investigação mais apropriada para a avaliação de lesões meníngeas e parenquimatosas, bem como no acompanhamento da eficácia da terapêutica e no seguimento dos pacientes.

We report a case of sarcoidosis in a 21 years old male with history of headache since he was three years old, with absence of abnormalities in a brain computerized tomography (CT). Brain magnetic resonance (MRI) disclosed a meningeal involvement with intense and homogeneous enhancement of the right fronto-temporal convexity and anterior third of the interhemispheric fissure. The brain MRI is more sensitive than brain CT and is the most appropriate method for the evaluation of meningeal and parenchymatous lesions, as well as monitorizing the response to therapy and patients follow up.

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as alterações morfológicas e de intensidade de sinal das regiões hipocampais em pacientes, com epilepsia temporal fármaco-resistente. Para tal, estudamos 8 pacientes com esclerose mesial temporal, utilizando aparelhagem de RM de 1,5T, com sequências Spin Eco - SE, Fast Spin Eco - FSE, Fluid Atenuation Inversion Recovery, com Eco Planar Imaging - FLAIR-EPI. Observamos a superioridade da sequência FLAIR na detecção do aumento da intensidade de sinal da região hipocampal, particularmente com cortes coronais, em relação às sequências SE e FSE, com a vantagem de ser uma técnica de rápida execução. A sequência STIR evidenciou adelgaçamento da cortical do hipocampo, na metade dos casos que apresentavam alteração de sinal.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate morpholologycal and signal intensity changes in the hippocampus in patients with medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. We studied 8 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis using a 1.5 -T MR and the following sequences Spin Eco- SE, Fast Spin Echo- FSE, Fluid Atenuation Inversion Recovery Echo Planar Imaging - FLAIR-EPI. We noticed a sensitive increase signal intensity on FLAIR- EPI sequences, particularly, in coronal images, than on SE and FSE sequences. The STIR sequence showed a cortical hippocampus atrophy in half of the cases, in whom signal abnormalities were present.

Os espaços de Virchow-Robin (EVR) são invaginações do espaço subpial, formando uma bainha de revestimento tubular contendo um vaso, que separa o espaço subaracnóide do subpial. A ressonância magnética (RM) é o único método de imagem capaz de avaliar este detalhe anatômico. Nós estudamos a possível associação entre EVR dilatados e migrânea. Avaliamos 70 pacientes com idade compreendida entre 13 e 54 anos (média 36,5 anos), com diagnóstico clínico de migrânea e comparamos com grupo controle com igual número de pacientes com idade compreendida entre 14 e 64 anos (média de 42 anos), sem antecedentes de cefaléia. Observamos aumento dos EVR em 28 casos (40%) dos pacientes com migrânea. No grupo controle tal achado foi encontrado em apenas 5 casos (7,1%). Alertamos, ainda, sobre a importância na detecção e reconhecimento dos EVR, bem como o seu diagnóstico diferencial com infartos lacunares e cistos da fissura coroidea.

The Virchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are subpial invaginations making a tubular revestment scabbard that contains a vase between the subarachnoid and subpial spaces. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only imaging method able for evaluate this anatomic detail. We studied the possible association between dilated VRS and migraine. Seventy patients with ages ranging from 13 to 54 years (mean, 36.5 years), with clinical diagnosis of migraine were studied and compared with a control group, without past of headache, composed by the same number of patients with ages ranged from 14 to 64 years (mean, 42 years). We observed widening of VRS in 28 cases (40%) of the migraine patients. In the control group this feature was demonstrated in only 5 cases (7.1%). Alert for the importance of detecting and recognizing the VRS, as well as, the diferentiation from lacunar infarctions and coroid fissure cists.