Objectives: The most recent DSM-5 (2013) and ICD-11 (2018) diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) encompass 20 and six symptoms, respectively, organized in different structures. This study aimed to investigate the dimensions of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist 5 (PCL-5) according to the DSM-5’s broader definition of PTSD and the ICD-11’s narrower approach, as well as to explore an alternative restricted model that retains the core symptoms explicitly related to traumatic experiences. Methods: Data were gathered from Brazilian employees (n=1,101) who had directly experienced traumatic life events or had been exposed to them because of their work activities. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were used to evaluate the configural and metric structures of the models. Results: We estimated seven models of the latent structure of PTSD including the four-factor DSM-5 and three-factor ICD-11 PTSD models. Given the lack of evidence of their validity, an alternative 10-symptom model was tested. The final seven-item PTSD model considerably improved estimation of the PTSD construct. This solution showed reliable items with non-redundant content, acceptable fit indices, and satisfactory configural and metric properties. Conclusion: The more parsimonious one-dimensional model comprising the core PTSD symptoms has the potential to improve assessment of PTSD.

ABSTRACT The goal of this editorial is to analyse a recent case of mass murder under the psychiatric perspective.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente editorial é o de analisar, sob a perspectiva da psiquiatria, um caso recente de homicídio em massa.

RESUMO Objetivo O transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) é um transtorno altamente prevalente e incapacitante. Mesmo quando tratado com uma intervenção de primeira linha, terapia cognitivo-comportamental (TCC), 45% dos pacientes continuam sofrendo desse transtorno. Portanto, conhecer os fatores que podem prever quem responderá à TCC seria de grande valor no tratamento desses pacientes. Por esse motivo, revisamos sistematicamente a literatura para identificar as variáveis que poderiam predizer a resposta à TCC em pacientes que sofrem de TEPT. Métodos Seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA 2020, pesquisamos em banco de dados eletrônico como ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE e PTSDpubs até novembro de 2021. Dois autores conduziram independentemente a seleção do estudo e a extração de dados. Estudos que examinaram possíveis preditores de resposta à terapia, com amostra de adultos (18-65 anos) de ambos os sexos, com e sem comorbidades, foram considerados elegíveis. As características dos estudos foram sintetizadas em uma tabela. O risco de viés foi avaliado pela ferramenta de avaliação de qualidade de risco de viés da Cochrane. Resultados Vinte e oito estudos envolvendo 15 variáveis foram selecionados. Desses, oito mostraram baixo risco de viés, 19 mostraram algumas preocupações e um mostrou alto risco potencial de viés. A relação terapêutica foi a única variável considerada um preditor de boa resposta à terapia. Todas as outras variáveis apresentaram resultados conflitantes. Conclusões A variável mais promissora, embora muito fraca cientificamente, é a relação terapêutica. Ensaios clínicos randomizados adicionais devem ser conduzidos para esclarecer o papel dessa variável como um preditor de resposta da TCC em pacientes com TEPT.

ABSTRACT Objective Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent and disabling disorder. Even when treated with the first-line intervention, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), 45% of the patients continue suffering from this disorder. Therefore, knowing the factors that could foresee who will respond to CBT would be of great value to the treatment of these patients. Thus, we have systematically reviewed the literature to identify the variables that could predict response to CBT in patients suffering from PTSD. Methods Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched the electronic databases ISI Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and PTSDpubs until November 2021. Two authors have independently conducted study selection and data extraction. Studies that examined possible predictors of response to therapy on a sample of adults (18-65 years), both genders, with and without comorbidities were considered eligible. The characteristics of the studies were synthesized in a table. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias quality assessment tool. Results Twenty-eight studies comprising 15 variables were selected. Among those, eight showed a low risk of bias, 19 showed some concerns, and one showed a high potential risk of bias. The therapeutic relationship was the only variable considered to be a predictor of a good response to therapy. All other variables showed conflicting results. Conclusions The most promising variable, although scientifically weak, is the therapeutic relationship. Additional randomized clinical trials should be conducted to clarify the role of this variable as a predictor of response to CBT in patients with PTSD.

RESUMO Descrevemos o caso de um paciente gravemente traumatizado que estava em tratamento psiquiátrico há sete anos (cinco deles em uma clínica universitária de saúde mental), mas nunca foi diagnosticado com transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) e, portanto, não recebeu o tratamento adequado por muito tempo. Após o diagnóstico correto e o tratamento personalizado instituído, o paciente mostrou melhora acentuada na funcionalidade e no bem-estar. O elemento-chave, neste caso, foi a adequação do treinamento psiquiátrico. Nosso relatório sugere que os psiquiatras não estão sendo treinados adequadamente para identificar eventos traumáticos e diagnosticar casos atípicos de TEPT. Com isso em mente, enfatizamos que os módulos teóricos sobre eventos traumáticos e transtornos relacionados ao trauma e treinamento prático em clínicas especializadas de TEPT devem ser incorporados aos programas de treinamento em residência psiquiátrica onde quer que ainda estejam ausentes, particularmente nos países mais afetados pela violência. Além disso, a educação médica continuada sobre trauma e TEPT deve ser fornecida por associações médicas e periódicos científicos para manter os médicos atualizados sobre os avanços recentes na área.

ABSTRACT We described a case in which a heavily-traumatized patient had been under psychiatric treatment for seven years (five of them in a university mental health clinic) but was never diagnosed with PTSD and, therefore, did not receive the proper treatment for a very long period. After the correct diagnosis was made and personalized treatment instituted, the patient has shown marked improvement in functionality and wellbeing. The key element in this case, was the adequacy of psychiatric training. Our report suggests that psychiatrists are not being adequately trained to identify traumatic events and to diagnose atypical cases of PTSD. With that in mind, we emphasize that theoretical modules on trauma and trauma-related disorders and practical training in specialized PTSD clinics should be incorporated into the psychiatric residency training programs wherever they may be missing, particularly in countries most impacted by violence. Furthermore, continuing medical education on trauma and PTSD should be provided by medical associations and journals to keep physicians updated on recent progress in the field.

RESUMO Objetivo: Bibliometria é um grupo de métodos estatísticos e matemáticos empregados para medir e analisar a quantidade e a qualidade de artigos científicos, livros e outras formas de publicações. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma análise bibliométrica do Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria (JBP), relacionando seus 100 artigos mais citados na literatura científica e identificando suas principais características em termos de autoria e questões de pesquisa e delineamento experimental. Métodos: As 100 referências mais citadas no JBP foram identificadas por meio de uma busca no Google Scholar. Foram registradas e analisadas as seguintes informações: autor principal, último autor, autor correspondente, número total de autores, gênero dos autores, ano de publicação, instituição de pesquisa, origem geográfica e idioma de cada referência e seu tema de investigação e delineamento metodológico. Resultados: O aumento acentuado no número de citações nos últimos 15 anos, a boa distribuição das publicações entre os estados e centros de pesquisa brasileiros, a ausência de viés de gênero entre os autores e a variada gama de tópicos publicados sugerem um bom desempenho editorial atual do JBP. A relativa falta de revisões sistemáticas e estudos longitudinais, os poucos artigos publicados em inglês e a pequena participação de autores estrangeiros são pontos que requerem melhorias. Conclusão: O presente estudo sugere que o levantamento dos 100 artigos mais citados no JBP pode fornecer um panorama histórico da evolução dessa revista, bem como destacar os principais obstáculos, restrições e desafios enfrentados por seus editores e autores.

ABSTRACT Objective: Bibliometrics is a group of statistical and mathematical methods employed to measure and analyze the quantity and the quality of scientific articles, books, and other forms of publications. The objective of the present study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria (JBP) by listing its 100 most highly cited articles in the scientific literature and identifying their main characteristics in terms of authorship and research topics and design. Methods: The 100 top-cited references in the JBP were identified through a search with Google Scholar. The main author, last author, corresponding author, the total number of authors, gender of the authors, year of publication, research institution, geographic origin, language, and the research design and subject of each reference were recorded and analyzed. Results: A marked increase in the number of citations in the last 15 years, a relatively balanced distribution of publications among the Brazilian states and research centers, absence of gender bias among authors, and a varied range of published topics suggest a good current editorial performance by the JBP. Relative lack of systematic reviews and longitudinal studies, dearth of articles published in the English language, and modest participation of foreign authors were points requiring improvement. Conclusion: The present study suggests that a survey of the 100 most cited articles in the JBP can provide a historical overview of the progress of this journal, as well as highlight the main obstacles, constraints, and challenges faced by its editors and authors.

Introdução: A insuficiência cardíaca está associada a um grande número de fatores de risco, dentre eles a obesidade. Os fatores de risco modificáveis podem ser gerenciados para diminuir significativamente o risco para desenvolver a doença, como a investigação de biomarcadores metabólicos, como a vitamina D. No entanto, há poucas evidências nas diretrizes sobre a associação da vitamina D como fator de risco na população com insuficiência cardíaca. Objetivos: Avaliar níveis de vitamina D como fator de risco associado à obesidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. Metodologia: Estudo observacional, prospetivo, tipo caso-controlo, realizado em uma clínica multiprofissional especializada em insuficiência cardíaca. O diagnóstico do estado nutricional foi realizado através do questionário validado miniavaliação nutricional (MAN) e antropometria. A coleta de sangue foi realizada seguindo as recomendações de biossegurança. A distribuição dos dados foi avaliada pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk. Foi considerado significativo valor de p<0,05. A análise estatística foi feita através do Software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0. Resultados: Avaliou-se 76 pacientes, 51,3% com classe funcional II (New York Heart Association). Em relação ao estado nutricional 58% apresentavam score de risco (MAN) e 75,1% com sobrepeso e obesidade; os níveis séricos de vitamina D são significativamente menores no grupo com obesidade (80%; p=0,003); as medidas de circunferência de cintura são significativamente maiores no grupo com obesidade (p=0,020); os scores do risco nutricional (MAN) são significativamente maiores no grupo com obesidade (p<0,001). A insuficiência de vitamina D aumentou a chance para desenvolver obesidade (OR:4,5; IC95%:[1,1-19,2]). Conclusões: A investigação permitiu detetar que a insuficiência de vitamina D aumenta a chance para desenvolver obesidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca.

Introduction: Heart failure is associated with a large number of risk factors, including overweight, obesity and stress. Modifiable risk factors can be managed to significantly decrease the risk of developing the disease, such as investigating metabolic biomarkers, such as vitamin D. However, there is little evidence in the guidelines on the association of vitamin D as a risk factor in the population with heart failure. Objectives: To evaluate vitamin D levels as a risk factor associated with obesity in patients with heart failure. Methodology: Observational, cross-sectional and prospective study carried out in a multiprofessional clinic specialized in heart failure. The diagnosis of nutritional status was performed using the validated mini-nutritional assessment questionnaire (MNA), anthropometry. Blood collection was carried out following biosafety recommendations. Data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. A p value <0.05 was considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the Software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0. Results: 76 patients were evaluated, 51.3% with functional class II (New York Heart Association). Regarding nutritional status, 58% had a risk score (MAN) and 75.1% were overweight and obese; serum vitamin D levels are significantly lower in the obese group (80%; p=0.003); waist circumference measurements are significantly higher in the obese group (p=0.020); nutritional risk scores (MAN) are significantly higher in the group with obesity (p<0,001). Vitamin D insufficiency increased the chance of developing obesity (OR: 4.5; 95% CI: [1,1-19,2]). Conclusions: The investigation made it possible to identify a phenotype with a higher risk and was useful for detecting vitamin D insufficiency as a risk factor associated with obesity in outpatients with heart failure.

RESUMO Discutir fatores de resiliência que podem ter prevenido que um paciente desenvolvesse transtorno do estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) após a exposição a uma variedade de eventos potencialmente traumáticos severos. Um civil de 38 anos que foi exposto a, ao menos, 10 situações dramáticas de violência em seu trabalho e vida pessoal. Ele desenvolveu apenas alguns sintomas leves após o trauma de ter sido exposto a um evento particularmente desconcertante durante seu trabalho. Apesar de o número e a severidade dos eventos potencialmente traumáticos serem alarmantes, isso não determina que o paciente invariavelmente apresentará o TEPT ou outros transtornos. O estudo dos fatores protetivos é essencial para que possamos reconhecer e desenvolver maneiras efetivas de prevenir e tratar os transtornos mentais.

ABSTRACT To discuss the resilience factors that may have prevented a patient from developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after exposure to a variety of severe potentially traumatic events. A thirty-eight-year-old civilian has been exposed to at least ten dramatic situations of violence in his work and personal life. He developed only a few mild post-traumatic symptoms after being exposed to a particularly gruesome incident during work. Even though the number and severity of potentially traumatic events may be alarming, this does not determine that the patient will inexorably develop PTSD, or other disorders. The study of protective factors is mandatory so that we can acknowledge and develop more effective ways to prevent and treat disorders.

Cet article décrit le cas d’une jeune fille de 10 ans qui a développé un syndrome qui ressemble à celui du stress post-traumatique (SSPT) après avoir regardé un film d’horreur. Six ans plus tard, la patiente présentait toujours les symptômes du SSPT correspondants aux critères du DSM-IV. La littérature scientifique a été examinée à la recherche de cas semblables et treize cas semblables ont été recensés. La présence des critères DSM-IV a été confirmée uniquement dans deux cas. Nous concluons que l’exposition à des films d’horreur peut déclencher un syndrome du type SSPT chez les personnes vulnérables.

We reported a case of a 10-year-old girl who developed a PTSD-like syndrome after watching a horror movie. After 6 years, the now 16-year-old patient still fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, except for the trauma itself. We reviewed the scientific literature for case reports of PTSD-like syndrome induced by horror movies and found 13 cases. In only two was the presence of the DSM criteria confirmed. Watching horror movies may thus trigger PTSD-like syndromes in vulnerable viewers

Dieser Artikel beschreibt den Fall eines 10-jährigen Mädchens, das ein PTBS-ähnliches Syndrom entwickelte, nachdem sie einen Horrorfilm angeschaut hatte. Sechs Jahre später zeigte die nun 16 Jahre alte Patientin nach wie vor PTBS Symptome auf, die den Kriterien des DSM-IV entsprachen. Wir forschten in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur nach Fallberichten des PTBS-ähnlichen Syndroms, die durch Horrorfilme induziert wurden und fanden 13 Fälle. In nur zwei Fällen wurden die DSM-IV-Kriterien bestätigt. Wir kommen zum Schluss, dass bei anfälligen Personen, die sich Horrorfilmen aussetzen, es zu PTBS-ähnlichen Syndromen kommen kann.

O caso de uma menina de 10 anos de idade que desenvolveu síndrome do tipo transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT) após assistir a filme de terror é relatado. Após seis anos, a paciente ainda preenchia os critérios do DSM-IV para TEPT. Em revisão da literatura, identificamos 13 casos de síndrome TEPT-símile induzida por filmes de terror, mas o diagnóstico baseado em critérios DSM foi feito em dois casos apenas. Filmes de terror podem desencadear síndromes TEPT-símile em pessoas vulneráveis.

Presentamos el caso de una niña de 10 años que desarrolló un síndrome tipo trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) después de ver una película de terror. Al cabo de seis años, la paciente aún cumplía con los criterios del DSM-IV para el TEPT. Durante la revisión de la literatura, identificamos 13 casos de síndromes similares al TEPT, inducidos por películas de terror, pero el diagnóstico basado en los criterios DSM fue hecho solo en dos casos. Películas de terror pueden desencadenar síndromes similares al TEPT en espectadores vulnerables.

Objectives: To estimate the current prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the diagnosis rate of this disorder ascertained by psychiatrists in training. Methods: We interviewed 200 adults under treatment in a university mental health outpatient clinic. The PTSD diagnoses obtained using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) were compared with the patients’ medical records. Results: Forty-one patients (20.5%) were diagnosed with current PTSD, but only one of them (2.4%) had previously received this diagnosis. This study confirms that although PTSD is highly prevalent among mental health outpatients, it is remarkably underdiagnosed in teaching hospitals. Conclusions: These findings suggest that psychiatrists in training may be failing to investigate traumatic events and their consequences and strongly indicate that trauma-related issues should be given more prominence in psychiatry curricula and psychiatrist training.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The most recent editions of diagnostic manuals have proposed important modifications in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is the gold-standard measurement for assessing PTSD and complex PTSD in accordance with the model of the 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to adapt the ITQ for the Brazilian context. DESIGN AND SETTING: The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the ITQ for use in Brazilian Portuguese was performed in trauma research facilities in Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: The adaptation followed five steps: (1) translation; (2) committee synthesis; (3) experts’ evaluation through the content validity index (CVI) and assessment of interrater agreement though kappa statistics; (4) comprehension test with clinical and community samples (n = 35); and (5) final back-translation and authors’ evaluation. RESULTS: Two independent translations were conducted. While working on a synthesis of these translations, the committee proposed changes in six items to adapt idiomatic expressions or to achieve a more accurate technical fit. Both the expert judges’ evaluation (CVI > 0.7; k > 0.55) and the pretest in the target population (mean comprehension > 3) indicated that the adapted items were adequate and comprehensible. The final back-translation was approved by the authors of the original instrument. CONCLUSION: ITQ in its Brazilian Portuguese version achieved satisfactory content validity, thus providing a tool for Brazilian research based on PTSD models of the ICD-11.