Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing the maintenance diet of Boer goat kids with Acacia cochliacantha leaves. The endpoints evaluated were Haemonchus contortus fecal egg count (FEC) and water and dry matter intake. Two experimental treatments were evaluated on ten recently weaned goat kids (16.850 ± 1.630 kg of initial live weight and three months of age) experimentally infested with H. contortus larvae (L3) (350 larvae per live weight kilogram). Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control and consisted of infested animals without diet supplementation with A. cochliacantha leaves. Treatment 2 (T2) consisted of infested animals fed diets supplemented with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves. Animals were grouped from highest to lowest based on their FEC. The two animals groups with the highest values were randomly assigned to T1 or T2; this was repeated until completing five repetitions per treatment. The evaluated variables were: FEC (per gram of feces), water intake, and dry matter intake (DMI). The results show that goat kids fed diets with 5% of A. cochliacantha leaves have lower (P<0.05) FEC than the control. There were no significant differences in water intake and DMI (g d-1) between treatments. This study demonstrates the anthelmintic activity of diets supplemented with A. cochliacantha leaves in goat kids. Thus, this arboreal legume could represent a viable option for the comprehensive management of the nematodiasis of growing Boer goat kids.

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de hojas de Acacia cochliacantha en una dieta de mantenimiento para cabritos de la raza Boer en el conteo fecal de huevos (CFH) de Haemonchus contortus, consumo de agua y materia seca. Diez cabritos recién destetados (16.850 ± 1.630 kg de peso vivo inicial y 3 meses de edad), fueron experimentalmente infestados con larvas (L3) de H. contortus (350 larvas por kilogramo de peso vivo), para probar dos tratamientos: T1: testigo (animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, sin inclusión de hojas de A. cochliacantha) y T2: animales infectados con larvas L3 de H. contortus, con inclusión de 5% hojas de A. cochliacantha en la dieta. Antes de asignar los tratamientos a los animales, se realizó un CFH por gramos de heces en cada uno de ellos y de esta manera agruparlos de mayor a menor en relación a la cantidad de huevos presentes en las heces, en los dos animales con valores más altos se asignaron aleatoriamente T1 o T2 y así sucesivamente hasta completar cinco repeticiones verdaderas para cada tratamiento. Las variables medidas fueron: CFH (por gramo de heces), consumo de agua y consumo de materia seca (CMS). Los resultados encontrados demostraron reducción (P<0.05) en el CFH de H. contortus en los cabritos donde se incluyó el 5% de hojas de A. cochliacantha en su dieta. Para el consumo de agua y CMS (g día-1) no existieron diferencias entre tratamientos (P> 0.05). Se concluye que la adición de hojas de A. cochliacantha en dietas para cabritos tienen actividad antihelmíntica, por lo que esta leguminosa arbórea podría representar una opción en el manejo integral de la nematodiasis de cabritos Boer en crecimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Mexico has the highest 30-day acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate: 28% versus 7.5% on average for the OECD countries, and it constitutes one of the main causes of mortality in the country. Objective: To establish critical pathways and essential interinstitutional pharmacological strategies for the care of patients with AMI in Mexico, regardless of their socioeconomic status. Method: A group of experts in AMI diagnosis and treatment, representatives of the main public health institutions in Mexico, as well as the Mexican cardiology societies, the Mexican Red Cross and representatives of the Spanish Society of Cardiology, were brought together in order to optimize strategies based on the best existing evidence. Results: An interinstitutional clinical practice guideline was designed for early diagnosis and timely treatment of AMI with ST elevation, following the clinical horizon of the disease, with the proposal of algorithms that improve the prognosis of patients who attend the emergency services due to an AMI. Conclusion: With these clinical practice guidelines, the group of experts proposes to universalize AMI diagnosis and treatment, regardless of patient socioeconomic status.

Resumen Introducción: México tiene la mortalidad más alta a 30 días por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), el cual constituye una de las principales causas de mortalidad en el país: 28 % versus 7.5 % del promedio de los países de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos. Objetivo: Establecer las rutas críticas y las estrategias farmacológicas esenciales interinstitucionales para la atención de los pacientes con IAM en México, independientemente de su condición socioeconómica. Método: Se reunió a un grupo de expertos en diagnóstico y tratamiento de IAM, representantes de las principales instituciones públicas de salud de México, así como las sociedades cardiológicas mexicanas, Cruz Roja Mexicana y representantes de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología, con la finalidad de optimizar las estrategias con base en la mejor evidencia existente. Resultados: Se diseñó una guía de práctica clínica interinstitucional para el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno del IAM con elevación del segmento ST, siguiendo el horizonte clínico de la enfermedad, con la propuesta de algoritmos que mejoren el pronóstico de los pacientes que acuden por IAM a los servicios de urgencias. Conclusión: Con la presente guía práctica, el grupo de expertos propone universalizar el diagnóstico y tratamiento en el IAM, independientemente de la condición socioeconómica del paciente.

Abstract Timber forestry in southern Mexico is a common practice since Mayan civilization, through traditional uses, forest concessions and up to communal land tenure. Currently, half of Quintana Roo ´s ejidos are focused on timber forestry use, mainly on middle evergreen subtropical forests, the greatest kind of vegetation cover. This aim of this study was to determine forestry diversity in 14 forests in the south of Yucatán Peninsula with different age, management and conservation practices: six forestry sites in Quintana Roo and eight in other places. 10 plots of 500 m2 per site were analyzed, in which the tree species were taxonomically identified and the diameter at height was measured in specimens from 7.5 cm to 1.30 m above the ground. A richness of 156 tree species with relative abundance, dominance and importance was determined, contrasting between sites. A similarity analysis was carried out for the 14 sites by the Bray Curtis method, which was made up of three groups: the first by site of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve without use, the second by six sites without use, from 7 to 50 years old and the third by six forest ejidos. The richness, abundance and similarity between them are probably associated with the geographical location and the age of recovery from anthropogenic and natural disturbances. It is suggested to incorporate these ecological characteristics as indicators in the forest use plans, limited environmentally and socioeconomically.

Resumen El aprovechamiento forestal en el sureste de México se realiza desde la civilización Maya mediante usos tradicionales, concesiones forestales hasta la propiedad comunal. Actualmente, la mitad de los ejidos de Quintana Roo están enfocados en el aprovechamiento forestal maderable, principalmente en selvas medianas subperennifolias, el tipo de vegetación con mayor cobertura. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en determinar la diversidad arbórea en 14 selvas del sur de la Península de Yucatán, con edades, prácticas de manejo y conservación distintas: seis en ejidos forestales del estado de Quintana Roo y ocho en otros sitios. Se analizaron 10 parcelas de 500 m2 por sitio, en las que las especies arbóreas fueron identificadas taxonómicamente y se midió el diámetro a la altura del pecho en ejemplares desde los 7.5 cm hasta 1.30 m sobre el suelo. Se determinó una riqueza de 156 especies de árboles con abundancia, dominancia e importancia relativas contrastante entre sitios. Se realizó, para los 14 sitios, un análisis de similitud de Bray Curtis, que se conformó por tres grupos: el primero por un sitio en la Reserva de la Biósfera de Calakmul sin uso, el segundo por seis sin uso, desde 7 hasta 50 años y el tercero por seis ejidos forestales. La riqueza, abundancia y similitud entre ellos probablemente se asocian a la ubicación geográfica y a la edad de recuperación tanto de disturbios antrópicos como naturales. Se sugiere incorporar dichas características ecológicas como indicadores en los planes de aprovechamiento forestal, acotados ambiental y socioeconómicamente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The hands of health care workers are the most common means of carrying the microorganisms responsible for healthcare-associated infections. The objective of our study was to evaluate the level of handwashing knowledge in three national social health insurance hospitals in metropolitan Lima, 2018. Material and Methods: During April-August 2018, we interviewed nurses and physicians from three national hospitals with a three-sections questionnaire to evaluate on a twenty-first scale the following domains: generalities, reasons for hand hygiene during healthcare, and situations to perform hand hygiene. Results: The median knowledge of nurses and physicians about hand hygiene was 13.41. The knowledge differs between nurses and physicians (13.3 vs. 13.6). Also, there was a lower frequency of success in the following items: hand disinfection lasts 20 to 30 seconds (54.1%, n=276), hand disinfection has 8 steps (52.9%, n=270), elimination of transitory skin microorganisms (47.1%, n=240), when there is an infectious diagnosis (34.7%, n=177). Conclusion: The knowledge of nurses and physicians was low and there is a difference between professional subgroups. It is recommended to implement continuous training following the WHO multimodular strategies.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las manos de los trabajadores de la salud son los más frecuentes medios portadores de los microorganismos responsables de infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue evaluar el nivel de conocimientos de lavado de manos de tres hospitales nacionales del seguro social de salud en Lima metropolitana, 2018. Materiales y Métodos: Durante abril-agosto 2018, entrevistamos a enfermeras y médicos de tres hospitales nacionales con un cuestionario administrado en tres secciones y evaluado en escala vigesimal: generalidades, razones de la higiene de manos durante atención en salud y situaciones para realizar la higiene de manos. Resultados: La mediana del nivel de conocimientos de enfermeras y médicos sobre higiene de manos fue de 13.41. El nivel de conocimientos es diferente entre enfermeras y médicos (13.3 vs. 13.6). Asimismo, se encontraron menor frecuencia de acierto en los ítems: desinfección de manos dura 20 a 30 segundos (54.1%, n=276), desinfección de manos tiene 8 pasos (52.9%, n=270), eliminar los microorganismos transitorios de la piel (47.1%, n=240), cuando existe un diagnóstico infeccioso (34.7%, n=177). Conclusión: El nivel de conocimientos de las enfermeras y médicos fue bajo y existe diferencia entre subgrupos profesionales. Se recomienda implementar entrenamientos continuos siguiendo las estrategias multimodulares de la OMS.

RESUMO | Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de cegueira e deficiência visual em idosos que vivem na Guatemala. Métodos: Indivíduos com idade ³50 anos foram selecionados por amostragem aleatória por conglomerados, e os participantes do estudo foram avaliados pelo método de Avaliação Rápida da Cegueira Evitável. A acuidade visual foi medida e o cristalino foi examinado. Se a acuidade visual apresentada fosse <20/60, então também foi testada com um buraco estenopeico e a fundoscopia realizada. A cegueira e a deficiência visual foram classificadas como deficiência visual moderada com acuidade visual <20/60-20/200; deficiência visual grave com acuidade visual <20/200-20/400; ou cegueira com acuidade visual <20/400. A principal causa de cegueira ou deficiência visual em cada olho foi determinada, e naqueles com catarata, as barreiras ao tratamento foram avaliadas. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 3.850 pessoas com ³50 anos de idade; 3.760 (97,7%) foram examinadas. A prevalência de cegueira ajustada à idade e ao sexo foi de 2,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95%, 2,0-3,8%), 5,2% (4,0-6,4%) deficiência visual grave e 27,6% (23,3-32,0%) deficiência visual moderada. A catarata foi a principal de cegueira (77,6%), seguida de outras doenças do segmento posterior (6,0%). Catarata causada por 79,4% de deficiência visual grave, enquanto erros refrativos não corrigidos causaram 67,9% de deficiência visual moderada. Após a cirurgia de catarata, 75% dos participantes tiveram uma acuidade de 20/200, ou melhor, e 19,0% a deficiência visual não foi melhor do que 20/200 com a correção. O custo foi a principal barreira à cirurgia de catarata (56.7%). Conclusões: A prevalência de cegueira em idosos é maior na Guatemala do que na maioria dos outros países da América Central. A maioria dos casos de cegueira e deficiência visual era evitável ou tratável. O aumento da disponibilidade de tratamento de catarata a preços acessíveis e de alta qualidade teria um impacto substancial na prevenção da cegueira.

ABSTRACT | Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in older adults living in Guatemala. Methods: Participants ³50 years of age were selected using random cluster sampling and evaluated using the Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness method. Visual acuity was measured, and the lens was examined. If presenting visual acuity was <20/60, it was also tested with a pinhole and fundoscopy was performed. Blindness and visual impairment were classified as moderate visual impairment (presenting visual acuity <20/60 to 20/200), severe visual impairment (presenting visual acuity <20/200 to 20/400), or blindness (presenting visual acuity <20/400). The primary cause of blindness or visual impairment in each eye was determined, and if the cause was cataracts, the barriers to treatment were assessed. Results: The study included 3,850 people ³50 years of age, of whom 3,760 (97.7%) were examined. The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of blindness was 2.9% (95% confidence interval, 2.0%-3.8%), while 5.2% (4.0%-6.4%) presented with severe visual impairment, and 27.6% (23.3%-32.0%) presented with moderate visual impairment. Cataracts were the leading cause of blindness (77.6%), followed by other posterior segment diseases (6.0%). Cataracts caused 79.4% of cases of severe visual impairment, while uncorrected refractive errors caused 67.9% of cases of moderate visual impairment. Following cataract surgery, 75% of participants had a presenting visual acuity of 20/200 or better, and in 19.0% of participants, visual acuity was not better than 20/200 with correction. Cost was the main barrier to cataract surgery (56.7%). Conclusions: The prevalence of blindness in older adults is higher in Guatemala than in most Central American countries. Most cases of blindness and visual impairment were either preventable or treatable. Increased availability of affordable, high-quality cataract treatment would have a substantial impact on blindness prevention.

RESUMO Avaliou-se em Coahuila, norte do México, o rendimento e a qualidade nutracêutica da cultivar de tomate Sahel sob malha sombreada. Foram utilizadas diversas misturas de substratos orgânicos consistindo das misturas utilizando areia (S), vermicomposto (VC), esterco bovino solarizado (SB), solo agrícola (AS) e composto mineralizado (MC). Os tratamentos foram: T1 (S:VC, 80:20), T2 (S:SB, 80:20), T3 (S:SB:AS, 80:15:05), T4 (S:VC:AS, 80:15:05), T5 (S:MC, 80:20), e um tratamento controle T6 (S, 100%) com solução de Steiner. Os resultados de produtividade mostraram que os melhores tratamentos orgânicos foram T5 e T4 com 3,48 e 3,33 kg planta-1, respectivamente; enquanto o maior rendimento foi obtido no controle com 3,71 kg planta-1. O maior teor fenólico nos frutos sob tratamento orgânico foi de 56,94 mg equivalentes de ácido gálico por 100 g de peso fresco para T5, enquanto o tratamento com adubação química obteve 49,82. A maior capacidade antioxidante foi obtida em T4, com 478,34 μM equivalente de Trolox/100 g de peso fresco. Foram avaliadas duas fases de amadurecimento nos frutos (amarelo e vermelho). O conteúdo de licopeno no tomate foi, em média, 32% maior nos frutos de cor vermelha que nos amarelos, com 3,12 e 2,24 mg de licopeno 100 g polpa-1, respectivamente. Para os vermelhos, o tratamento T5 apresentou o maior valor (3,52) e nos amarelos T1, 2,35, enquanto o T2 apresentou os menores valores para as duas cores. Adubos orgânicos à base de S:VC podem induzir boas quantidades de licopeno em frutos de ambas as cores, além de melhorar fenóis e antiOX.

ABSTRACT Yield and nutraceutical quality of Sahel tomato cultivar under shade net was evaluated using different mixtures of organic substrates in Coahuila, northern Mexico. The treatments consisted of mixtures using sand (S), vermicompost (VC), solarized bovine manure (SB), agricultural soil (AS) and mineralized compost (MC). The treatments were: T1 (S:VC, 80:20), T2 (S:SB, 80:20), T3 (S:SB:AS, 80:15:05), T4 (S:VC:AS, 80:15:05), T5 (S:MC, 80:20), and a control treatment T6 (S, 100%) with Steiner solution. Yield results showed that the best organic treatments were T5 and T4 with 3.48 and 3.33 kg plant-1, respectively; while the highest yield was in control (T6) with 3.71 kg plant-1. The highest phenolic content in the organic treatment of fruits was 56.94 mg equivalent of gallic acid per 100 g in fresh weight for T5, while the treatment with chemical fertilization obtained 49.82. The greatest antioxidant capacity was obtained in T4, with 478.34 μM equivalent of Trolox/100 g fresh weight. Two colors were evaluated (yellow and red) corresponding to two ripeness phases. Lycopene content in tomatoes was in average 32% higher in the red colored fruits than in the yellow ones, with 3.12 and 2.24 mg lycopene 100 g pulp-1 values, respectively. For the red ones, treatment T5 showed the highest value (3.52) and in yellow ones T1 reported 2.35, while T2 presented the lowest values for both colors. Organic fertilizers based on S:VC can induce good amounts of lycopene in fruits of both colors, as well as improve phenols and antiOX.

Abstract Road construction produce abrupt changes in landscape topography, microclimate, vegetation cover and levels of traffic noise. Moreover, road networks negatively affect vertebrate abundance, population gene flow, animal behavior and individual survival. Between July 2010 and January 2011, we conducted 10 surveys of animals killed on a road in Michoacán, Mexico. We recorded a total of 314 animals killed which included: 15 species of reptiles, 13 of mammals, 9 of birds, and 1 amphibian. Mammals were the most impacted accounting for 65% of the road kills followed by reptiles (25%). Mortality concentrated on road sections combining low sinuosity with high forest cover. Of the 15 reptile species recorded, 6 were endemic and 10 were listed as globally threatened or subject to special protection in Mexico. Road killed mammals also included species of conservation concern, 3 of which were endemic to Mexico. Our findings confirm that roads are a major mortality source for wild fauna. Strategies are greatly needed, at the global and local level, to mitigate the impact of roads on biodiversity.

Resumen La construcción de caminos produce cambios drásticos en la topografía, microclima, cobertura vegetal y los niveles de contaminación por ruido. Asimismo, afecta negativamente la abundancia de la fauna silvestre, el flujo génetico entre sus poblaciones, su conducta y en última instancia su supervivencia. En 10 muestreos realizados entre julio del 2010 y enero del 2011, recopilamos información sobre la mortalidad de vertebrados en una carretera de la costa de Michoacán. Registramos un total de 314 animales atropellados que incluyeron: 15 especies de reptiles, 13 de mamíferos, 9 de aves y 1 de anfibio. Los mamíferos tuvieron más individuos atropellados (65% del total) seguidos por los reptiles (25%). La mortalidad se concentró en las rectas de la carretera que tuvieron una mayor cobertura de bosque a su alrededor. De las 15 especies de reptiles registradas, 6 fueron endémicas y 10 globalmente amenazadas o sujetas a protección especial en México. Asimismo, 3 especies de mamíferos fueron endémicas de México y de preocupación para su conservación. Nuestros resultados confirman la evidencia de que las carreteras son un factor causante de una alta mortalidad entre la fauna silvestre. Se requiere urgentemente de estrategias a nivel local y global que permitan mitigar este impacto.

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this paper is to compare the state of Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs (CRP) in 2009 with 2015. Focus is directed on health care, training of health-providers, research, and the barriers to their implementation. Methods: All authors of RENAPREC-2009, and other cardiac rehabilitation leaders in Mexico were requested to participate. These centres were distributed into two groups: RENAPREC-2009 centres that participated in 2015, and the new CRP units. Results: In 2009 there were 14 centres, two of which disappeared and another two did not respond. CRP-units increased by 71% (n = 24), and their geographic distribution shows a centripetal pattern. The coverage of CRP-units was 0.02 centres per 100,000 inhabitants. Only 4.4% of eligible patients were referred to CRP, with a rate of 10.4 patients/100,000 inhabitants in 2015. The ratio of Clinical Cardiologists to Cardiac Rehabilitation Specialists was 94:1, and the ratio of Intervention Specialists to cardiac rehabilitation experts was 16:1. Cardiac rehabilitation activities and costs varied widely. Patient dropout rate in phase II was 12%. Several barriers were identified: financial crisis (83%), lack of skilled personnel (67%), deficient equipment (46%), inadequate areas (42%), and a reduced number of operating centres (38%). Conclusions: CRPs in Mexico are still in the process of maturing. Mexican CRP-centres have several strengths, like the quality of the education of the professionals and the multidisciplinary programs. However, the lack of referral of patients and the heterogeneity of procedures are still their main weaknesses.

Resumen: Objetivo: El propósito de este trabajo es comparar el estado actual de los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca (PRC) en México con el RENAPREC-2009, dirigido a la asistencia, docencia, investigación y barreras. Métodos: Se convocó a participar a todos los autores de RENAPREC-2009 y a otros líderes en rehabilitación cardiaca de México. Los centros fueron distribuidos en 2 grupos: los que participaron en el 2015 y las nuevas unidades de PRC. Resultados: En 2009 había 14 centros operativos, de los cuales 2 cerraron y 2 no respondieron. En 2015 se registraron 24 centros en total, representando un aumento neto del 71%. La distribución geográfica fue centrípeta. La cobertura fue de 0.02 centros/100,000 habitantes y de solamente un 4.4% de los pacientes elegibles (10.4 pacientes/100,000 habitantes). La relación cardiólogo clínico-rehabilitador cardiaco es de 94:1 y la de intervencionista-rehabilitador cardiaco es de 16:1. Las actividades realizadas y los costos de los PRC varían de forma importante de centro a centro. En promedio, el 12% de los pacientes en fase ii abandonaron el programa. Las principales barreras para el desarrollo de PRC fueron: económicas (83%), falta de personal capacitado (67%), falta de equipo (46%), áreas inadecuadas (42%) y un insuficiente número de centros operativos (38%). Conclusiones: Los PRC en nuestro país continúan en crecimiento. Se observan fortalezas como el nivel de docencia y el enfoque multidisciplinario, así como deficiencias en la homogeneidad de las actividades y la falta de referencia de la población elegible.

Objetivo. Presentar extensiones al método estadístico para validar modelos basado en el procedimiento de Freese cuando el modelo presenta sesgo constante (SC) en sus predicciones e ilustrar el método con datos provenientes de un modelo mecanístico inédito para la predicción de ganancia de peso de bovinos. Materiales y métodos. Las extensiones fueron la prueba de hipótesis y error máximo anticipado para el planteamiento alternativo y el intervalo de confianza para un cuantil de la distribución de los errores. Resultados. El modelo evaluado presentó SC, una vez eliminado y con un nivel de confianza del 95%, la magnitud del error no sobrepasa 0.575 kg. Por lo que el modelo validado puede usarse para predecir la ganancia de peso diaria de bovinos, aunque requerirá un ajuste en su estructura con base a la presencia de SC para incrementar la exactitud en sus pronósticos. Conclusiones. El intervalo de confianza para el cuantil 1-α de la distribución de los errores una vez que se corrige el sesgo constante, permite determinar una cota superior para la magnitud del error de predicción y usarla para evaluar la evolución del modelo en predicción del sistema. El enfoque de intervalos de confianza para validar un modelo es más informativo que las pruebas de hipótesis para el mismo propósito.

Objective. This paper presents extensions to the statistical validation method based on the procedure of Freese when a model shows constant bias (CB) in its predictions and illustrate the method with data from a new mechanistic model that predict weight gain in cattle. Materials and methods. The extensions were the hypothesis tests and maximum anticipated error for the alternative approach, and the confidence interval for a quantile of the distribution of errors. Results. The model evaluated showed CB, once the CB is removed and with a confidence level of 95%, the magnitude of the error does not exceed 0.575 kg. Therefore, the validated model can be used to predict the daily weight gain of cattle, although it will require an adjustment in its structure based on the presence of CB to increase the accuracy of its forecasts. Conclusions. The confidence interval for the 1-α quantile of the distribution of errors after correcting the constant bias, allows determining the top limit for the magnitude of the error of prediction and use it to evaluate the evolution of the model in the forecasting of the system. The confidence interval approach to validate a model is more informative than the hypothesis tests for the same purpose.

Changes in diversity, species richness, abundance and similarity patterns of ants´ communities in different managed areas in Central Mexico were studied. Three areas located in the Northwest of the State of Mexico were selected: native trees area with Quercus spp. forest (AN), combination area with Quercus spp. forest and Cupressus lindleyi as reforestation species (ZC), and reforested area (R), an altered forest with C. lindleyi. A total of 288 pit-fall traps were placed from February to March 2009 in sets of four traps in random quadrants of 10 m2. The community composition and abundance shifted according to the site conditions. The values of richness and species diversity were higher in R in comparison with AN and ZC. The results suggest a relative effect of changes in floristic composition on ants' community. Species as Temnothorax sp. 1 and Crematogaster sp., were abundant in preserved forest areas. In contrast, Pheidole sp. 1, Liometopum apiculatum and Camponotus atriceps were relatively common in disturbed habitats.

Se evaluó el cambio en la diversidad, riqueza, abundancia y similitud de las comunidades de hormigas en áreas con distinto impacto humano. Para ello se eligieron tres localidades con diferente tipo de vegetación ubicadas en el noroeste del Estado de México: árboles nativos, Quercus spp. (AN); combinación, Quercus spp. y elementos de reforestación (Cupressus lindleyi) (ZC); y reforestación, bosque modificado con C. lindleyi (R). Se colocaron 288 trampas de caída en febrero y marzo de 2009 en grupos de cuatro trampas en cuadrantes aleatorios de 10 m2. La composición y la abundancia de las comunidades variaron de acuerdo a las zonas de estudio. Los valores de riqueza y diversidad de especies fueron mayores en R en comparación con AN y ZC. Los resultados sugieren un efecto del cambio en la cobertura vegetal arbórea, sobre la estructura de las comunidades de hormigas. Especies como Temnothorax sp. 1 y Crematogaster sp., serían esperadas en zonas de bosque conservado, mientras que Pheidole sp. 1, Liometopum apiculatum y Camponotus atriceps, se consideran como especies relacionadas con la recolonización y la perturbación de un sitio.

Introduction: recombinant alpha erythropoietin is part of the treatment for anemia of prematurity. The use of this one in Cuba has been restricted and controversial as to schedule and dose. Methods: prospective, non-randomized multicenter assay on the safety and efficacy of erythropoietin in the reduction of blood transfusion in very-low-weight preterm newborn. Seventy two neonates with gestational age under 34 post-menstruation weeks, weighing equal or less than 1 500 g, over 7 days of life after birth and fed on 50 mL/kg/day were included in the study. Results: all of them received 300 U/kg erythropoietin by subcutaneous administration three times a week up to reaching 40 weeks of gestational age and an iron and vitamin supplement. Erythropoietin is very safe; it was just possibly related to slight retinopathy of prematurity, but overcome. Conclusions: seven patients were transfused (9.7 %) in the course of study. The late use of erythropoietin in very-low-weight preterm child confirms its efficacy and safety.

Introducción: la eritropoyetina alfa recombinante forma parte del tratamiento de la anemia de la prematuridad. En Cuba su uso ha sido limitado y controvertido en cuanto a esquema y dosis empleada. Métodos: ensayo clínico prospectivo, multicéntrico, no aleatorizado, de eficacia y seguridad de eritropoyetina en la disminución de transfusiones en el recién nacido pretérmino de muy bajo peso. Se incluyeron 72 neonatos con edad gestacional menor de 34 semanas posmenstruales, y peso al nacer menor o igual a 1 500 g, con más de 7 días posnatales e ingesta de 50 mL/kg/día. Resultados: todos recibieron eritropoyetina 300 U/kg, subcutánea, 3 veces/semana, hasta las 40 semanas de edad gestacional y suplemento de hierro y vitaminas. La eritropoyetina fue muy segura, solo se notificó con relación posible una retinopatía de la prematuridad, ligera y recuperada. Conclusiones: se transfundieron 7 pacientes (9,7 %) en el curso del estudio. El uso tardío de eritropoyetina en el pretérmino de muy bajo peso confirma su eficacia y seguridad.

Cardiac Rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs are a group of therapeutic maneuvers that can reduce the adverse impact of cardiovascular disease, by using the cardiovascular risk factors reduction, through secondary prevention and exercise training therapy programs. This program started in Mexico in 1944, since then, several health institutions are working on a public or private basis, mainly in an isolated way. This article presents data about fourteen cardiac rehabilitation institutions that answered the first national registry of cardiac rehabilitation programs (RENAPREC) in 2007. On this study, we observed that these centers were mainly private; nevertheless, almost all of the referred population was attended in public health institutions. The core-components for an adequate cardiac rehabilitation attention were satisfied by almost all these centers. The patients used to pay, by their own, this kind of medical practice. In our country, only the 0.58% of the population, that needed to be included on a cardiac rehabilitation program, was covered. This phenomena is due, in one hand, to the reduced number of cardiac rehabilitation centers in Mexico, but on the other hand, it happens because the primary physician do not refer all the eligible patients to this kid of programs. RENAPREC can be one first attempt to consolidate all the activities around the inter-institutional cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs in our country.

Los programas de rehabilitación cardiovascular y prevención secundaria conforman una serie de maniobras terapéuticas, basadas en programas de entrenamiento físico y reducción del perfil de riesgo cardiovascular y han mostrado ser una maniobra eficaz de control de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. En México, estos programas se iniciaron en 1944 y, con el paso del tiempo, se han ido integrando diversas instituciones, tanto públicas como privadas, que han trabajado, en general, de forma aislada. En este trabajo se presentan los datos de 14 centros de rehabilitación cardiovascular (C-RHC) que respondieron a la encuesta del primer Registro Nacional de Programas de Rehabilitación (RENAPREC) 2007. Así, pudimos ver que la mayoría de los C-RHC fueron privados; sin embargo, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron atendidos por los centros públicos. Prácticamente todos los centros cuentan con las actividades mínimas necesarias para poder brindar una atención de calidad y, en el mayor número de los casos, el paciente es quien paga los costes de los programas. La cobertura de la población que requiere atención en programas de rehabilitación cardíaca es baja (0,58%), debido en parte a que no existen suficientes C-RHC y a que los pacientes elegibles no son referidos por sus médicos tratantes. El RENAPREC puede constituir una primera herramienta para consolidar las actividades interinstitucionales de los diversos programas de rehabilitación cardiovascular y prevención secundaria en nuestro país.

Dois surtos de lesões rinofaciais e dois de lesões rinofaríngeas causadas por fungos com hifas filamentosas, raramente septadas, semelhantes às dos fungos entomophthorales, são descritos no Estado da Paraíba. Um surto da forma rinofacial afetou 5 ovinos durante a estação chuvosa. Outro surto desta forma clínica afetou um ovino de um grupo de 40, durante a época seca. Os sinais clínicos da forma rinofacial foram de corrimento serosanguinolento bilateral, com aumento de volume das narinas, lábio superior, e pele da face. Na necropsia, a mucosa nasal apresentava áreas ulceradas de cor marrom escuro, que se estendiam desde a região muco-cutánea até 10cm dentro do vestíbulo nasal. A mucosa do palato duro estava, também, ulcerada. A superfície de corte das narinas e palato apresentava-se marrom ou avermelhada de aspecto esponjoso e friável. Um surto de rinofaringite micótica ocorreu em uma plantação de coco irrigado, afetando 7 ovinos de um rebanho de 60 ovinos adultos. Outro surto desta forma da enfermidade afetou um único animal de um rebanho de 80, durante a época seca. Os animais apresentavam dispnéia, com respiração ruidosa devida ao bloqueio parcial das narinas, e corrimento nasal serosanguinolento. Seis dos oito animais afetados por esta forma da enfermidade apresentaram, em um olho, exoftalmia, ceratite e ulceração da córnea. Todos os ovinos morreram ou foram sacrificados após um curso clínico de 7-30 dias. Na necropsia exsudato amarelo consistente foi observado na região etmoidal, ossos turbinados, seios paranasais, palatos duro e mole, órbita, faringe, e músculos e linfonodos regionais. No estudo histológico, ambas as formas da doença mostraram granulomas multifocais com áreas necróticas eosinofílicas (material de Splendore-Hoeppli) contendo hifas com 7-30mim de diâmetro, raramente septadas, semelhantes às dos fungos entomophthorales, possivelmente Conidiobolus spp. Surtos de ambas as formas de rinite micótica são freqüentes na região semi-árida e em outras regiões do Brasil.

Two outbreaks of zigomycosis with rhinofacial and two other with rhinopharyngeal lesions involving fungi with filamentous coaenocytic hyphae characteristic of entomoph-thoramycetous fungi are reported in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. One outbreak of rhinofacial zygomycosis occurred during the rainy season affecting 5 sheep. Another outbreak of the clinical form affected one out of 40 sheep during the dry season. Common clinical signs of the rhinofacial infection were bilateral serosanguineous nasal discharge with swelling of nostrils, upper lip, and the skin of the face. At necropsy the nasal mucosa showed dark brownish ulcerated areas which extended from the mucocutaneous region to 10cm inside the nasal vestibule. The mucosa of the hard palate was also ulcerated. The cutting surface of nostrils and palate showed a brownish or red spongeous tissue of friable consistency. One outbreak of rhinopharyngitis took place on an irrigated coconut farm; 7 out of 60 adult sheep were affected. Another outbreak affected a sheep in a flock of 80 during the dry season. Clinical signs as noisy respiration and dyspnoea due to mechanical blockage of the nasal cavities, swelling of the nostrils, and serosanguineous nasal discharge were observed. Six out of 8 sheep in this group showed exophthalmia, keratitis and unilateral corneal ulceration of the eye. The sheep either died of their infection or were euthanized after a clinical course of 7-30 days. At necropsy there was a dense yellow exudate in the nasopharyngeal area affecting the ethmoidal region, turbinate bones, paranasal sinuses, hard and soft palates, orbital cavity, pharynges, regional muscles and lymph nodes. Histopathologically both forms of the disease showed multifocal granulomas with an eosinophilic necrotic reaction (Splendore-Hoeppli phenomenon) containing ribbon-type coenocytic hyphae with 7-30mum in diameter similar to hyphae of zygomycetous fungi, possibly Conidiobolus spp. Outbreaks of both forms of mycotic rhinitis are common in northeastern Brazil and in other regions of the country.