Objetivou-se avaliar as etapas de produção de feno de capim Tifton 85 adubado com cinco doses de nitrogênio após cada corte sob a forma de ureia em cobertura. A desidratação da primeira colheita ocorreu durante seis dias em galpão, em função das condições climáticas, e a desidratação da segunda colheita ocorreu a campo durante dois dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo as parcelas (5m x 3m) as doses de nitrogênio (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100kg ha-1 colheita-1) e as subparcelas as etapas de produção de feno (corte, enfardamento e armazenamento). O nitrogênio aumentou a altura e produção de matéria seca por hectare, os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e de proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA) e neutro (PIDN). A secagem em galpão durante seis dias foi insuficiente para que a forragem atingisse 850g kg-1 de MS no momento de enfardar. Entre a etapa de corte e 30 dias de armazenamento, o feno desidratado em galpão aumentou os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, de fibra em detergente de ácido, a PIDA, PIDN e a lignina e ocorreu um decréscimo de 18,9% nos teores de PB. Ocorreu redução da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) em 32,72% entre a etapa de corte e 30 dias de armazenamento para o feno seco em galpão, enquanto que não houve alteração significativa na DIVMS e PB para o feno seco em dois dias a campo.

This study aimed to evaluate the stages of production of Tifton 85 hay fertilized with five rates of nitrogen after each cutting in the form of urea in coverage. The dehydration of the first harvest took place for six days in a shed due to weather conditions and the dehydration of the second harvest occurred in the field during two days. The experimental design was a randomized block design with split plot, and the plots (5m x 3m) were the doses of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100kg ha-1 crop-1) and the subplots steps hay production (cutting, baling, and storage). The nitrogen increased the height and dry matter production per hectare, the crude protein (CP) and acid detergent insoluble protein (PIDA) and neutral (NDIP). The drying in a shed for six days was insufficient for the material to reach 850g kg-1 DM at the time of baling. Between the stages of cut and 30 days of storage, the hay dehydrated in shed increased levels of neutral detergent fiber, detergent fiber acid, the PIDA, NDIP and lignin and decreased in 18.9% the CP levels. Ocurred a decrease in in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DM) in 32.72% between the step of cut and 30 days of storage for dry hay in the shed, while there was no significant change in IVDMD and CP for dry hay in two days in the field.

The objective of this study was to estimate the dehydration curve and occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in Tifton 85 hay. The experimental design was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications and five levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1) in the form of urea, two regrowth ages (28 and 35 days) and drying hay in the sun and in shed. After harvesting, the grass was sampled four times (0, 8, 23 and 32 hours) to dry in the sun and twelve times (0, 3, 18, 27, 42, 51, 66, 75, 90, 99, 114 and 123 hours) for drying in shed, turned over daily. The fungi were identified after seeding and growth in three steps of haymaking (cutting, baling and after 30 days of storage). To verify the presence of mycotoxins, 20 samples, composed of hay stored for 30 days, were collected, of which 10 samples were from sun-dried hay and 10 from hay dried in shed. It took 32 hours to produce hay at field conditions, with water loss rates up to 6.10 g g-1 DM-h during the first 8 hours after cutting. The average loss of water in this period was 2.0 g g-1 DM-h. Hays dried in the shed took 123 hours and the dehydration rates were less than 0.5 g g-1 DM-h due to environmental conditions. There was a predominance of three genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. The largest population was the Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, at the steps of baling and storage. The fumonisin mycotoxin was found at a higher concentration and there was no difference in fumonisin concentration in the hay dried in the sun and in shed. Although it brings no hazard to animal health, the production of aflatoxin and zearalenone was significantly higher in the samples of sun-dried hay.

White oat and ryegrass were overseeded on Tifton 85 pastures for evaluation of dry matter yield (DMY), leaf:stem ratio (L:S), dehydration curves and nutritional value of forages. Dry matter intake and L:S ratio were analyzed using a completely randomized blocks design with five forage growth conditions (single Tifton 85 and intercropped with white oat or ryegrass, and white oat or ryegrass intercropped with Tifton 85), whereas for drying curves, ten dehydration times were tested (0, 4, 8, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56 and 71 hours after harvest) by a 5 × 10 split-plot arrangement (growth conditions of forages as main plot and dehydration times as sub-plots). The nutritive value data were analyzed in a 3 × 3 split-plot trial with single Tifton 85, Tifton 85 - Oat and Tifton 85-Ryegrass as main plots and the three sampling times (before harvesting, at baling and 100 days after storage) as sub-plots. Oat and ryegrass showed higher L:S ratio, while the intercrops of Tifton 85 - Oat and Tifton 85 - Ryegrass presented lower DMY, but higher crude protein concentration and in vitro DM digestibility than single Tifton. Neutral and acid detergent fiber concentrations were higher for single Tifton 85. Ryegrass and white oat, overseeded on Tifton 85 pasture, improved the nutritional value of the hay produced; however, in a 100-day storage period, there was a reduction in in vitro dry matter digestibility and crude protein concentrations.

The study was conducted to estimate the dehydration curves, chemical composition, and occurrence of fungi in white oat hay (Avena sativa L. cv. Guapa BRS) and black oat hay (Avena strigosa Schreb cv. Common) at two cutting heights. Dehydration curves were studied under a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using split plots in time, considering two types of oats (white and black), two cutting heights (10 and 20 cm), and 17 sampling times (0, 4, 19, 24, 28, 43, 47, 52, 67, 71, 76, 91, 95, 100, 115, 129, and 124 hours after harvesting) with five replicates. For the chemical composition and occurrence of fungi, the experimental design comprised randomized blocks in a factorial 2 × 2 split-plot in time with two types of oats, two cutting heights, and three assessment periods: before cutting, during baling, and after 30 days of storage, with five replicates. The hay obtained by cutting of the black and white oats at heights of 10 and 20 cm showed similar dehydration curves. The crude protein values were higher in white oats only at the time of cutting (141.5 g/kg). The black oats showed lower nutritional quality, with higher levels of ADF and lignin. There was no effect of cutting height on the chemical composition, but the cutting height interfered with the production of dry matter and residue after cutting, with cutting at 10 cm leading to higher dry matter production and at 20 cm to increased waste production. The cutting heights of the oats interfere directly with the dry matter production and post-harvest residue without changing the chemical composition of the hay.

Objetivou-se avaliar características produtivas, estruturais e nutricionais dos capins Tifton 85 e Piatã e da leguminosa feijão-guandu em monocultivo ou em cultivo consorciado, com e sem aplicação de nitrogênio. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com sete tratamentos nas parcelas principais e 3 tempos de avaliação nas sub-parcelas, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram: Cajanus cajan cv. 'Super N' (feijão-guandu); Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Piatã' solteira sem aplicação de nitrogênio (N); B. brizantha cv. 'Piatã' em associação com feijão guandu; B. brizantha cv. 'Piatã' solteira com aplicação de N (150kg ha-1); Cynodon sp. Tifton 85 em cultivo solteiro sem aplicação de N; Tifton 85 em associação com feijão-guandu e Tifton 85 com aplicação de N (150kg ha-1) e três períodos de avaliações. A associação dos capins Piatã e Tifton 85 com feijão-guandu proporcionou produção forrageira equivalente à adubação nitrogenada e incrementos com elevação nos teores de proteína bruta e redução nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro. O capim Tifton 85 se mostrou menos tolerante ao sombreamento imposto pelo feijão-guandu.

This trial aimed at evaluating characteristics as: production, structural and nutritional requirements of Tifton 85 and Piatã grasses and pigeonpea in single or intercropped tillage, with and without nitrogen application. The experimental plot in randomized blocks with plots subdivided through time, with 7 treatments in the main plots and three periods of evaluation on subplots with four replications. The studied treatments were: Cajanus cajan cv. Super N (pigeonpea), Brachiaria brizantha cv. single Piatã without application of nitrogen (N); B. brizantha cv. Piatã in association with pigeonpea; B. brizantha cv. single Piatã with application of N (150kg ha-1); Cynodon sp. Tifton 85 in a single crop without application of N; Tifton 85 in association with pigeonpea and Tifton 85 plus an application of N (150kg ha-1) and three cycles of evaluations. The association of Tifton 85 and Piatã grasses with pigeonpea provided forage production like nitrogen fertilizer and increase crude protein content and a reduction on neutral detergent fiber contents. Tifton grass was less tolerant to shading from pigeonpea.

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the structural characteristics, biomass accumulation, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of dry matter and crude protein of white oat (Avena sativa L. IPR 126) under different management systems. Grazing, cut at two heights (15 and 20 cm) and free growth were all evaluated in three periods (July, August and September) with a 28-day average interval between evaluations. In the free growth system, samples at 15 and 20 cm were also taken at the intervals chosen for cutting and grazing. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial split plot design over time; systems of management and heights were the factors of plots, and time was taken as subplot. There was higher straw production under free growth, but, with decreased chemical quality from the first to the second period and from the second to the third one, with 236.4, 172.5, and 91.4 g/kg crude protein values, respectively. Regarding cutting and grazing systems, they showed structural changes in tillering, which was favored by the cut, but with some reduction in the periods. Nutritional quality values were close to cutting and grazing with high crude protein content (216.6 g/kg), adequate neutral detergent fiber (535.4 g/kg) content and high in vitro digestibility of dry matter (826.3 g/kg). Management heights promoted few changes in the characteristics evaluated. After the third period, cutting and grazing systems showed no suitable residual straw for ground covering and set a summer crop under no-tillage system, with 738.39 kg/ha of residual dry matter on average.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the curve of dehydration, bromatological composition and occurrence of fungi in Tifton 85 grass, submitted to four methods of dehydration. The curves of dehydration were studied in a completely randomized design with a 4 × 11 factorial scheme with four drying systems (1 conditioning + 1 turn-over; 2 conditionings + 1 turn-over; no conditioning + 1 turn-over and no conditioning + 2 turn-overs) and 11 sampling times (0, 3, 15, 18, 21, 24, 39, 42, 45 and 47 hours after the cutting), with six replicates. For the bromatological composition and fungi occurrence, the experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 3 factorial scheme with the four drying methods of Tifton 85 grass and three periods of evaluation (before the cutting, at the time of the baling and 30 days after storage) with six replicates. It was found that after the first hour after cutting and at the end of the period of dehydration, Tifton 85 plants that were treated with conditioners showed higher levels of dry matter. Stored hay that was treated with conditioners presented higher levels of acid detergent insoluble protein. Until baling, the drying methods did not alter the crude protein content of hay; however, after storage, the hay submitted only to turn-over showed crude protein content higher (13.90%) than those submitted to conditioners (9.94%). There was an increase in the occurrence of fungi after storage, but the application of conditioners and one turn-over resulted in lower CUF/g, compared with other treatments, enhancing the effect of conditioners on accelerating the dehydration rate and obtaining better hay storage conditions

The objective of this experiment was to estimate the curve of dehydration, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) of tifton 85 hay, produced single or overseeded with ryegrass or white oat IPR 126. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 3 × 10 factorial arrangement, with three cropping systems and ten evaluation times (0, 4, 8, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52 and 56 and 71 hours after harvest) during the dehydration process. For chemical composition and in vitro DM and CP digestibility, the experimental design was in randomized blocks with three cropping systems and three evaluation times (before cutting, before baling and 100 days after of storage). It was found that tifton 85 intercropped with white oat kept its higher nutritional value after storage, with 19.78% crude protein and 70.03% of in vitro dry matter digestibility. The participation of white oat in tifton 85 area was 57.04% and for ryegrass, it was 38.52%, but the dry matter yield of single tifton 85 was higher than other intercrops. Thus, it is recommended an oversowing of winter annual species on Tifton 85, without moisture restriction, because of the benefits obtained in the hay nutritional value.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de doses crescentes de dejeto líquido suíno sobre a produção e composição químico-bromatológica da parte aérea da aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido em sistema de plantio direto sob o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições e os tratamentos constituídos pela aplicação de 0; 10; 20; 30; 40 e 50 m³ ha-1 de dejeto líquido suíno. Foram determinados a produção de MS da parte aérea, a relação folha:colmo e os teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria mineral (MM), matéria orgânica (MO), nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), cobre (Cu), zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn) e ferro (Fe). A aplicação de dejeto líquido suíno não promoveu efeitos significativos sobre a produção de MS e teores de FDN, MM e MO, mas promoveu aumento linear da relação folha:colmo e do teor de PB e redução linear no teor de FDA. Quanto aos minerais, as doses de dejeto líquido suíno promoveram aumento linear nos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Zn, sem efeitos sobre os demais minerais estudados. A utilização de dejeto líquido suíno na fertilização da cultura da aveia até a dose de 50 m³ ha-1 não aumenta a produção de forragem mas eleva o valor nutricional.

The work has as objective evaluate the effect of application of increasing doses of pig slurry under yield and chemical composition of black oat shoot. The experiment was carried out in no-tillage system under experimental design of randomized blocks with four replications and the treatments composed by application of 0; 10; 20; 30; 40; 50 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry. Were determined the yield of total dry mass, the leaf-stem ratio and content of crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe). The application of pig slurry did not promote significant effects on dry mass yield and content of NDF, MM and OM, but promoted linear increase of leaf-stem ratio and of CP and linear decrease in content of ADF. Regarding to minerals, the doses of pig slurry promoted linear increase in contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Zn, without effects on the other studied minerals. The use of pig slurry fertilization on the oat crop until the dose 50 m³ ha-1 does not increase forage production but increases the nutritional value.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram estimar a curva de desidratação em nove tempos (0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 27, 30, 33 e 46 horas após o corte), a relação folha/haste, número de folhas por haste de alfafa submetida a quatro manejos no processo de secagem. Também foram avaliadas a composição bromatológica e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e parede celular do feno antes do armazenamento. Os métodos de secagem da alfafa foram: secagem a campo até 50% de MS e término da secagem em galpão arejado, secagem a campo sem nenhuma viragem; secagem com apenas uma viragem; secagem com duas viragens. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro métodos de secagem e cinco repetições. A desidratação das folhas foi mais rápida em relação às hastes em todos os métodos de secagem. A secagem em galpão promoveu menor reidratação das plantas no período noturno, promovido pelo orvalho. Verificou-se que os fenos de plantas de alfafa que permaneceram ao sol e receberam as viragens apresentaram pior qualidade com redução nos teores de proteína bruta, aumento do FDN, FDA, NIDN e NIDA entretanto a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca e da parede celular não sofreram alteração com os diferentes métodos de desidratação (69,79 e 41,39%, respectivamente). Há acentuada queda de folhas e redução no número de folhas por haste com as viragens.

This trial aimed at determining the dehydration curve at nine times (0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 27, 30, 33 and 46 hours after cuting of the plants); the leaf/stem ratio and number of leaves per stem in alfalfa submitted to four managements during the drying process. It was also evaluated the bromatologic composition and in vitro digestibility of the dry matter and cell wall of alfalfa hay before storage. The drying methods applied for alfalfa were the following: drying in the field until 50% DM and drying conclusion in an airy shed; drying in the field without turning; drying with only one turning and drying with two turnings. The experimental design was completely randomized with four drying methods and five replications. Leaf dehydration was faster when compared to the stems in all drying methods. Drying in the shed promoted the lesser re-hydration of the plants at night due to dew. It was also verified that alfalfa hays that remained under the sun and were turned showed the worst quality with reduction in crude protein contents and increase in NDF, ADF, NDIN and ADIN. However, in vitro dry matter digestibility and cell wall digestibility did not suffer any alteration because of the different dehydration methods (69.79 and 41.39%, respectively). There is a market fall of leaves and a reduction on the number of leaves per stem with the turnings.

O experimento foi conduzido a campo com o objetivo de determinar as frações de fósforo (P) em gramíneas forrageiras tropicais, aos 35 dias de idade, sob fontes e doses de P. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, com os tratamentos dispostos em um esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, sendo alocadas nas parcelas as gramíneas (capim-coastcross, capim-florona e capim-quicuio); nas subparcelas as fontes de P (Superfosfato Triplo, Fosfato Reativo, Arad e Fosfato Natural, Araxá) e nas subsubparcelas as doses de P (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg/ha de P2O5). As variáveis estudadas foram as frações de P, P total solúvel, P inorgânico e P orgânico. O capim-quicuio apresentou maior (P<0,01) concentração de P inorgânico (322 µg/g) que o capim-coastcross (244 µg/g) e o capim-florona (235 µg/g). Entretanto, o capim-coastcross apresentou maior concentração de P total solúvel que os capins Florona e Quicuio, observando-se valores de 589, 442 e 492 µg/g, respectivamente.

The work was carried out with the objective to determinate fractions of phosphorus (P) in the tropical forage grasses, at 35 days of age, submitted to sources and doses of P. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in split split plot scheme, with three repetitions, being allocated in the plot the grasses (coastcross bermudagrass, florona stargrass and kikuyu grass); in the subplot the sources of P (Triple superphosphate; Reactive phosphate, Arad and Nature phosphate, Araxa) and, in the subsubplot, the doses of P (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha of P2O5). The studied variables were soluble total P- Pt, inorganic P- Pi and organic P- Po. The kikuyu grass shown lower (P<0.01) concentration of inorganic P (322 µg/g) that the coastcross bermudagrass (244 µg/g) and the florona stargrass (235 µg/g). However, the coastcross bermudagrass shown larger concentration of soluble total P than the florona stargrass and kikuyu grass, being observed values of 589, 442 and 492 µg/g, respectively.

Em solo de baixa fertilidade, sob pastagem natural degradada, pertencente à Universidade Federal de Viçosa - Viçosa (MG), foi estabelecida uma pastagem de Brachiaria decumbens consorciada com Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão, para avaliar os efeitos de doses de calcário (1.175, 2.350, 3.525 e 4.700 kg/ha, referentes a 25, 50, 75 e 100% da quantidade de calcário recomendada-QC), gesso agrícola (0, 230, 940, 1.880 e 2.820 kg/ha, referentes à substituição de 0, 3,0, 12,5, 25,0 e 37,5% do CaO do calcário pelo CaO do gesso) e de P2O5 (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 kg/ha) sobre o pH do solo; os teores de P, K e S disponíveis e de Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, H + Al; a soma de bases (SB); a CTC efetiva (t) e a pH 7,0 (T); o índice de saturação por bases (V) e por Al (m); a produção de matéria seca, densidade de perfilhos e a altura de plantas da braquiária; e a porcentagem da leguminosa na pastagem. A substituição do CaO do calcário pelo CaO do gesso elevou a porcentagem do estilosantes na pastagem e os teores de S-SO42- e de Al3+, nas camadas de 0-15 e de 15-30 cm, e reduziu os teores de Ca2+ e de Mg2+, na camada de 0-15 cm. As doses crescentes de P2O5 aumentaram os teores de P (Mehlich-1) na camada de 0-15 cm do solo e favoreceram o perfilhamento e a altura da gramínea, reduzindo a porcentagem da leguminosa na pastagem.

At low fetility soil, in degraded natural pasture, a field trial was carried out at the Federal University of Viçosa, located at Viçosa - MG, was established the pasture of Brachiaria decumbens in mixture with Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão to evaluate the effect of limestone doses (1.175, 2.350, 3.525 and 4.700 kg/ha, equivalent 25, 50, 75 and 100% of limestone necessity), gypsum doses (0, 230, 940, 1.880 e 2.820 kg/ha equivalent the substitution of 0, 3,0, 12,5, 25,0 and 37,5% of limestone CaO by gypsum CaO) and P2O5 doses (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg/ha) on the pH; availables P, S and K; exchangeables Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, H + Al; sum of bases (SB); effetive CEC (t) and CEC determined in pH 7,0 (T); base saturation (V); aluminum saturation (m) and dry matter production, tillers number and height of brachiaria grass and legume percent. The substitution of the limestone CaO by gypsum CaO increased the percent of stylosanthes, available S and Al3+, in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil layer, and decreased Ca2+ and Mg2+, in 0-15 cm soil layer. The P doses increased the available P (Mehlich 1) in 0-15 cm soil layer, but decreased the legume percent in the pasture.

Avaliaram-se, em casa-de-vegetação, os efeitos de doses de fósforo (P) aplicadas em amostras de Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distróférrico (LVAd) e Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (LVd) (0, 110, 220, 330 e 560 mg dm-3) e em Neossolo Quartzarênico (RQ) (0, 80, 160, 240 e 410 mg dm-3), coletadas na Microbacia Hidrográfica do Alto do Rio Grande, no perfilhamento e na produção de massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA) e de raiz (MSR) do capim-Mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça), do capim-Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) e do capim-Andropogon (Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina), com o objetivo de se identificarem doses críticas de P para o estabelecimento das forrageiras. Realizou-se um experimento em cada solo, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (cinco doses de P x três espécies forrageiras), com três repetições. A elevação nas doses de P incrementaram, de forma linear, os teores de P disponível no solo, avaliados pelos métodos Mehlich-1 e resina. O número de perfilhos por vaso e a produção de MSPA variaram, de forma quadrática, em função das doses de P, enquanto as plantas que não receberam P não perfilharam e a produção de MSPA foi muito baixa. As doses críticas de P para o capim-Mombaça, capim-Marandu e capim-Andropogon, respectivamente, foram de 236, 238 e 258 mg dm-3 no LVAd; 274, 305 e 253 mg dm-3 no LVd e 94, 171 e 163 mg dm-3 no RQ, gerando respectivos teores críticos de 81, 79 e 90 mg dm-3 no LVAd; 26, 29 e 23 mgdm-3 no LVd e 53, 83 e 79 mg dm-3 no RQ. Foram constatados menores teores críticos de P no LVd (solo com mais altos teores de silte e argila), correspondentes às maiores doses críticas. Em todos os solos, a aplicação de P favoreceu mais a produção de MSPA que a de MSR.

A pot trial was carried out in a greenhouse to evaluate the effect of phosphorus rates applied in two Oxisols (LVAd and LVd) (0, 110, 220, 330 and 560 mg dm-3 de P) and an Entisol (RQ) (0, 80, 160, 240 and 410 mg dm-3) on tillering and dry matter yield of shoot (SDM) and root (RDM) of Mombaçagrass (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça), Marandugrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and Andropogongrass (Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina) to identify critical phosphorus rates for obtaining 90% of maximum production. Three experiments were set in complete randomized block design in a factorial scheme (five P rates x three species), with three replicates. The phosphorus rates, linearly increased the P available in soil extracted by Mehlich-1 and resin methods. The tillers number per pot and shoot dry matter changed in a quadratic form with phosphorus rates. Plants in the no P did not tiller and shoot dry matter was very low. The critical P doses, corresponding to 90% of maximum yield, for Mombaçagrass, Marandugrass and Andropogongrass were respectively 236, 231 and 258 mg dm-3 in LVAd; 274, 305 e 253 mg dm-3 in LVd and 94, 171 and 163 mgdm-3 in RQ, with critical P concentration of 81, 79 and 90 mg dm-3 in the LVAd; 26, 29 e 23 mg dm-3 in the LVd e 53, 83 and 79 mg dm-3 in the RQ, respectively. Lower values for the critical P concentration occurred in LVd (soil with higher clay and silt concentrations) than in the others soils, whose concentrations corresponded to higher critical doses. In all soils P application resulted in higher yield of SDM than RDM.

Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar, em dois anos, os efeitos de métodos de estabelecimento (sulcamento: 1,5 e 1,0 m entre linhas em etapa única; 1,5 e 1,0 m em duas e três etapas, respectivamente; aração, gradeação e sulcos espaçados de 1,0 m entre linhas), doses de calcário (25, 50, 75 e 100% da necessidade de calagem-NC, obtida pelo método do Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis), gesso agrícola (0, 230, 940, 1.880 e 2.820 kg/ha, referentes à substituição de 0, 3,0, 12,5, 25,0 e 37,5% do CaO do calcário pelo CaO do gesso, na dose de 100% da NC) e P2O5 (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 kg/ha) nas concentrações de minerais (P, K, Ca, Mg e S), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e lignina na matéria seca e na DIVMS de Brachiaria decumbens consorciada com Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão. Os métodos de estabelecimento em duas e três etapas propiciaram maiores concentrações de K na braquiária e Ca no estilosantes. As maiores concentrações de PB na braquiária foram alcançadas com o estabelecimento com aração e gradeação do solo. A substituição do calcário pelo gesso elevou as concentrações de S, Ca e PB na matéria seca da braquiária e do estilosantes e reduziu as concentrações de FDN na gramínea. As doses de P elevaram as concentrações de P, PB e a DIVMS e reduziram as concentrações de FDN na braquiária, melhorando seu valor nutritivo.

A field trial was carried out to evaluate the establishment methods (Furrow only: row 1,5 and 1,0 m apart at one time; 1.5 and 1.0 at two and three times, respectively; Plowing and horrowing: row 1,0 apart), limestone (25, 50, 75 e 100% of necessity of limestone, obtained by Al, Ca e Mg exchangeable), gypsum (0, 230, 940, 1.880 e 2.820 kg/ha) and P2O5 (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 kg/ha) on minerals concentration (P, K, Ca, Mg e S); crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent acid (ADF) and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of Brachiaria decumbens and Stylosanthes guianensis cv.Mineirão pasture mixture. The establishing methods at two and three times increased K concentration in the brachiaria and Ca concentration in the stylosanthes. The plowing and horrowing of soil provided higher CP concentration in the brachiaria. The substitution of the limestone CaO by gypsum CaO caused an increase in the S, Ca and CP concentration in both species and decreased of NDF of grass DM. The P2O5 increased the P, PB concentration and IVDMD and decreased NDF in DM of brachiaria improving the nutritive value of forage.

Um experimento de campo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg/ha) e métodos de semeadura (a lanço; 0,40; 0,80; e 1,20 m entre linhas) sobre o rendimento de matéria seca (RMS), a densidade de perfilhos e os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e minerais (P, K, Ca e Mg) do material de pós-colheita de sementes de milheto. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso com os tratamentos dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, alocando-se os métodos de semeadura nas parcelas principais e as doses de N nas subparcelas. As doses crescentes de N influíram no RMS, rendimento de PB (RPB), número de perfilhos totais/m² (NPT) e teor Mg na matéria seca (MS) da forragem, porém as respostas variaram conforme o método de semeadura. Maiores RMS e NPT foram observados no método de semeadura com 0,40 m entre linhas. O maior RMS (8872 kg/ha) foi obtido com a dose de 120 kg/ha de N e o maior RPB (688,8 kg/ha), com a dose de 180 kg/ha de N. No método de semeadura com 0,80 m entre linhas, os teores de Mg na MS de milheto aumentaram de forma quadrática, em resposta às doses de N, enquanto no método de semeadura com 1,20 m entre linhas a concentração do mineral aumentou linearmente.

A field trial was carried out to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) levels (0, 60, 120 e 180 kg/ha) and sowing methods (broadcast and .40, .80, and 1.20 m between rows) on dry matter yield (DMY), tiller densities and crude protein content, and minerals (P, K, Ca and Mg) of the material of post harvesting of the millet seed. A completely randomized block experimental design with the treatment in a split plot arrangement was used, with the sowing methods on the main plots and N doses on split-plots. The increasing N levels affected the DMY and crude protein yield (CPY), number total of tillers (NTT), and Mg content of the forage dry matter (DM). However, the response changed according to the sowing methods. The highest DMY and NTT were observed in sowing methods with 0.40 m between rows. The highest DMY (8872 kg/ha) was observed with 120 kg N applied, and the highest CPY (668.8 kg/ha), with 180 kg/ha N. In the sowing method with 0.80 m between rows the Mg contents in the millet DM quadraticly increased, while in the sowing methods with 1.20m between rows the concentration of the mineral linearly increased.