The study of the Typha species has gained attention in tropical areas due to their rapid growth, nutrient release, and contribution to detritus in lakes. Analysis of the degradation of Typha angustifolia has shown that the first stage of decomposition is marked primarily by the release of soluble compounds, indicating that microorganisms have a minor influence at this stage. In subsequent stages, microorganisms act by degrading and consuming phenolic compounds and phosphorus. The remaining compounds form humic substances and are retained in the detritus. Thus, microorganisms significantly degrade organic matter, resulting in a two-fold increase in decomposition. Different forms of phosphorus could be detected in the remaining mass by 31P NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). By comparing the 31P NMR data between the samples with and without the antibiotic, we can better understand the slow decomposition process of Typha angustifolia.

This paper presents the synthesis of the coordination polymers ∞[Ln(DPA)(HDPA)] (DPA=2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate; Ln= Tb and Gd), their structural and spectroscopic properties. The structural study reveals that the ∞[Ln(DPA)(HDPA)] has a single Ln+3 ion coordinated with two H2DPA ligands in tridentade coordination mode, while two others H2DPA establish a syn-bridge with a symmetry-related Ln3+, forming a two-dimensional structure. The spectroscopic studies show that ∞[Tb(DPA)(HDPA)] compound has high quantum yield (q x≈ 50.0%), due to the large contribution of radiative decay rate. Moreover triplet level is localized sufficiently over the emitter level 5D4 of theTb3+ ion, avoiding a retrotransference process between these states.

A Comissão Estadual de Sementes e Mudas do Estado do Amazonas estabeleceu normas e padrões para a produção de mudas fiscalizadas, mas esses padrões ainda são vagos para a pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Palmae). Visando melhorar esse padrão avaliou-se o desenvolvimento de mudas transplantadas em diferentes estádios de plântula (chifrinhos, uma folha e duas folhas), substrato (sem e com estéreo de galinha: 3: 1 v: v de solo superficial: estéreo) e volume de substrato (0,5, 1 e 2 kg), em Manaus, AM. Foram utilizadas sementes de plantas inermes de Yurimaguas, Peru, colhidas em março de 1997. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x3x3, com quatro repetições. As plântulas em substrato com estéreo tiveram maior crescimento em altura (19 cm) em relação às sem estéreo (8 cm) aos 6 meses, e as plântulas transplantadas no estádio de uma folha tiveram maior crescimento (15 cm), seguida de chifrinho (14 cm) e de duas folhas (12 cm). Os sacos com capacidade para 1 kg e 2 kg não diferiram no crescimento das plantas (altura 14,5 e 15,0 cm, respectivamente), superando o de 0,5 kg (11 cm). Portanto, para a produção de mudas de boa qualidade, as plântulas de pupunheira devem ser transplantadas no estádio de uma folha aberta, em sacos de um kg contendo substrato com estéreo.

The Amazonas State Commission of Seeds and Seedlings established norms and standards for the production of certified seedlings, but for peach palm seedlings they are poorly defined due to lack of specific studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the development of seedlings transplanted at different seedling stages (before appearance of leaves, one leaf and two leaves), substrate type (surface soil and surface soil + chicken manure 3: 1 v: v), and substrate volume (0.5, 1 and 2 kg bags), in Manaus, AM, Brazil. The seeds were from spineless Yurimaguas, Peru, plants, collected in March 1997. The experimental design was a randomized blocks, with a 2x3x3 factorial, with four replications. The seedlings fertilized with chicken manure presented better growth in height (19 cm) than those in surface soil (8 cm) at six months. Seedlings with one leaf had greater development (15 cm), followed by seedlings without leaves (14 cm) or with two leaves (12 cm). Seedlings in bags with one (14.5 cm) and two (15 cm) kg capacities presented better growth than these in bags with 0.5 kg (11 cm). Therefore, peach palm seedlings should be transplanted at the one leaf seedling stage into bags with one kg of soil plus chicken manure.