Resumo Este artigo discute o tratamento local do câncer de mama a partir de uma perspectiva histórica. Uma busca de artigos publicados em inglês foi realizada nas bases de dados Medline e EMBASE, sendo selecionados 40 artigos. Nos últimos 10 anos, vários ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados sobre o tratamento local do câncer de mama indicaram que pacientes com o mesmo subtipo molecular podem receber diferentes tratamentos cirúrgicos individualizados como objetivo de otimizar a terapia adjuvante sistêmica. Pretendendo reter os ganhos obtidos na sobrevida livre de doença e na sobrevida global, as técnicas cirúrgicas avançaram progressivamente da cirurgia radical para mastectomias conservadoras, reduzindo sequelas, enquanto as terapias adjuvantes e neoadjuvantes contribuíram para o controle da doença, tanto em relação às metástases distantes quanto à recorrência local. Estudos atuais avaliam se a terapia futura contra o câncer de mama poderá até mesmo eliminar a cirurgia da mama e da axila por completo.

Abstract The present paper reports on the local treatment of breast cancer from a historical perspective. A search for articles written in English was made in the Medline and EMBASE databases, and 40 papers were selected. Over the past 10 years, various randomized, controlled clinical trials on the local treatment of breast cancer indicated that patients with the samemolecular subtypemay receive different individualized surgical treatments aimed atoptimizing systemic adjuvant therapy. With a view to retaining the gainsmade in diseasefree and overall survival, surgical techniques have advanced from radical surgery to conservative mastectomies, thus reducing sequelae, while adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies have contributed toward controlling the disease, both distant metastases and local recurrence. Current studies evaluate whether future breast cancer therapy may even succeed in eliminating surgery to the breast and axilla altogether.

OBJECTIVES: To compare imprint cytology and paraffin section histology for sentinel lymph node detection in women with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study and report of the sentinel lymph node statuses of 64 patients with breast cancer who underwent intraoperative imprint cytology and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a referral cancer institute in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2014 and 2016. RESULTS: The mean age was 51 years. The most common histological type was invasive ductal carcinoma (93.75%), and the most common differentiation grade was 2 (62.5%). Overall, 153 lymph nodes were identified, with a mean of 2.39/case. Thirty-four lymph nodes tested positive for malignancy by imprint cytology, and 55 tested positive by histology. Of the 55 positive lymph nodes, 41 (74.5%) involved macrometastases, and 14 (25.5%) involved micrometastases. There were 21 false negatives with imprint cytology, namely, 7 for macrometastases and 14 for micrometastases, resulting in a rate of 17.6%. The sensitivity of imprint cytology was 61.8%, with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 82.4% and an accuracy of 86.3%. The method presented null sensitivity for the identification of micrometastases. CONCLUSIONS: The false-negative rate with imprint cytology was associated with the number of sentinel lymph nodes obtained. The rate found for complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy was comparable to the rates reported in the literature. The accuracy of imprint cytology was good, and its specificity was excellent for sentinel lymph node detection; however, the method was unable to detect lymph node micrometastases.

Relato do caso de uma mulher com 83 anos apresentando nódulo e retração de pele na mama direita com oito meses de evolução. Ao exame físico verificou-se nódulo sólido de 5 cm, localizado no quadrante súpero-lateral de mama direita, associado a presença de retração de pele correspondente e linfonodos axilares não coalescentes ipsilaterais. O resultado da mamografia evidenciou nódulo de 4 cm de diâmetro irregular no quadrante súpero-lateral da mama direita (bi-rads V). Estádio clínico: T2N1M0 (IIB). O tratamento cirúrgico incluiu mastectomia radical modificada (à Maden) com dissecção axilar níveis I, II e III. Avaliação histopatológica demonstrou a presença de carcinoma lobular infiltrativo que mediu 2,5 cm (T2), presença de linfadenite granulomatosa causada por tuberculose em linfonodos dos níveis I, II e III, associados a metástase de carcinoma lobular em um único nível linfático, nível I. Estádio patológico: pT2pN1aM0. A paciente recebeu tratamento para tuberculose ganglionar com rifampicina, isoniazida e pirazinamida por um ano. Foram solicitados receptores hormonais, os quais mostraram-se positivos, sendo feito terapia adjuvante com tamoxifeno. Durante o primeiro ano de seguimento a paciente evoluiu bem, sem sinais de recidiva local ou metástases a distância.

Report of a case of an 83-year-old woman presenting a nodule and skin retraction in the right breast for eight months. On physical examination, a solid nodule of 5 cm was observed, located in the upper-lateral quadrant of the right breast, associated with skin retraction and ipsilateral lymph nodes. Mammographic findings showed irregularly limited nodules of 4 cm in the upper-lateral quadrant of the right breast (bi-rads V). Clinical staging: T2N1M0 (IIB). Surgical treatment included a modified radical mastectomy with axillary dissection levels I, II, and III. Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated the presence of an infiltrating lobular carcinoma measuring 2.5 cm (T2), presence of granulomatous lymphadenitis caused by tuberculosis in level I, II, and III lymph nodes, associated with lobular carcinoma metastasis in a single level I lymph node. Pathologic staging: pT2pN1aM0. The treatment for the axillary tuberculous lymphadenitis was done with rifampin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide for one year. Hormone receptors were positive, and adjuvant therapy was initiated with tamoxifen. During the first year of follow-up the patient had no signal of local recurrence or distant metastases.

Objetivo: estudar o resultado da ablação endometrial histeroscópica, com o uso de ressectoscópio, em pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal de etiologia benigna e refratária ao tratamento clínico, e relatar os fatores associados aos insucessos. Métodos: foram avaliados retrospectivamente informações sobre 64 pacientes com sangramento uterino anormal de causa benigna, submetidas à intervenção entre abril de 1994 e fevereiro de 2000. A média de idade foi de 42,9 anos e a paridade média, de 2,6 partos. Foi realizada histeroscopia diagnóstica com biópsia endometrial pré-operatoriamente. Duas pacientes receberam previamente gestrinona, seis danazol e 44 análogo do GnRH. No ato cirúrgico realizou-se a cauterização elétrica do fundo uterino e das regiões cornuais. Depois, com o ressectoscópio, foi removido o endométrio até 1 cm cranialmente ao orifício interno e na profundidade de 2 a 3 mm na musculatura. A distensão uterina se fazia com glicina a 1,5% até há dois anos, quando se passou a usar o manitol a 3%. O seguimento foi de 11,5 meses em média. Resultados: estabeleceu-se amenorréia em 31,2% das pacientes e hipomenorréia em 45,3%. Houve persistência do sangramento anormal em 23,5%. Houve uma perfuração uterina na cérvico-dilatação (1,5%). Os resultados foram melhores nas pacientes com mais de 40 anos de idade, nas multíparas e nas que usaram análogos do GnRH. Nos casos de falhas houve freqüência estatisticamente significante (p=0,04) de miomas submucosos de 46,6% contra 20,6% no grupo com hipomenorréia e 20% no grupo com amenorréia. O uso de análogo do GnRH fez decrescer de modo significante (p=0,03) os insucessos. No grupo de pacientes nos quais se considerou haver falha da cirurgia, 46% tiveram, ao exame anatomopatológico, endométrio secretor; no grupo com hipomenorréia, 10,3% tiveram este resultado histológico e no grupo com amenorréia, 10%, o que não apresentou significância estatística (p=0,12). Conclusão: o método mostrou-se útil para tratar o sangramento uterino anormal de etiologia benigna. Recomenda-se o uso de análogos do GnRH previamente à intervenção. Sugere-se que as pacientes mais jovens, com menor paridade e com diagnóstico pré-operatório de mioma submucoso recebam atenção especial, pois entre elas ocorrem falhas com maior freqüência.

Purpose: to evaluate the results of 64 hysteroscopic endometrial ablations using a resectoscope in women with abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology and nonresponsive to clinical measures and to describe the failures and their associated conditions. Methods: sixty-four patients with abnormal uterine bleeding were submitted to the intervention between April 1994 and February 2000. The mean age was 42.9 years and the mean parity, 2.6 deliveries. Diagnostic hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy were performed preoperatively. Before surgery, two women received gestrinone, six danazol and 44 GnRH analogue. During the surgery electric cauterization of the fundus uteri and cornual regions was made. Afterwards, with a resectoscope, the endometrium was removed as far as 1 cm above the internal ostium, and as deep as 2 to 3 mm into the myometrium. The uterine distension was obtained with 1.5% glycine and since two years ago with 3% manitol. The average follow-up was 11.5 months. After six months of endometrial ablation, the patients with persistence of symptoms were submitted to hysterectomy. Results: amenorrhea occurred in 31.2% of the patients and hypomenorrhea in 45.3%. The abnormal bleeding was maintained in 23.5%. There was one uterine perforation during the dilatation of the cervix. Results were better in the higher age and parity ranges and in the women who received GnRH analogues (p=0.03). Where the method was not successful there was a statistically significant frequency of submucous myoma (p=0.04) and a nonsignificant increase of secretory endometrium (p=0.12). Conclusions: the method is useful for the management of abnormal uterine bleeding of benign etiology. Previous administration of GnRH analogue is recommended. We suggest a special follow-up for the younger, low parous women, and those with submucous myoma, because they are the group with the poorest results.