A contaminação de hemocomponentes por bactérias presentes na pele do doador de sangue pode levar à infecção pós-transfusional no receptor da transfusão. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficiência de quatro produtos antissépticos utilizados na antissepsia da pele do antebraço de doadores de sangue. Avaliamos 363 doadores que foram distribuídos em quatros grupos (A a D) de acordo com o produto utilizado. Grupo A: álcool e tintura de iodo; grupo B: álcool e clorexidine; grupo C: álcool e grupo D: álcool e polivilpirrolidona (PVPI). Foram realizadas culturas de swabs de pele antes e após a aplicação dos produtos e hemocultura do sangue coletado para avaliação da contaminação bacteriana. Observamos que os grupos A (82/94) e D (68/78), bem como a associação dos grupos B (69/91) e C (72/100) foram semelhantes quanto ao nível de redução bacteriana pré e pós-aplicação dos antissépticos. Houve maior redução no número de colônias bacterianas nos grupos A e D quando comparados ao B e C (p<0,001). Apenas uma amostra apresentou positividade na hemocultura. Concluímos que os produtos dos grupos A (álcool e tintura de iodo) e D (álcool e PVPI) apresentaram melhor eficiência na antissepsia de pele em doadores de sangue.

Bacterial contamination of blood products from blood donor's skin can lead to infection after transfusions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of four antiseptic products used on the antecubital skin of blood donors. We evaluated 363 blood donors who were divided into four groups (A to D) according to the product used. Group A: alcohol and iodine tincture; Group B: alcohol and chlorhexidine; Group C: alcohol; and Group D: alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVPI). Culture skin swabs were taken before and after the application of the products and blood cultures were collected for an assessment of bacterial contamination. We observed that Groups A (82/94) and D (68/78), and the association of the agents of Groups B (69/91) and C (72/100) were similar in the level of bacterial reduction comparing before and after the application of the antiseptic. There was a greater reduction in the number of bacterial colonies in Groups A and D when compared to B and C (p <0001). Only one blood culture was positive. We concluded that the products in Groups A (alcohol and iodine tincture) and D (alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) have better efficiency in antisepsis of the skin of blood donors.

OBJETIVO: Criar um modelo experimental in vitro para estudar isolada e controladamente o efeito direto de alguns gases utilizados em vídeo-laparoscopia sobre o crescimento bacteriano, além de compará-los ao efeito do ozônio, um gás sabidamente bactericida. MÉTODO: Exposição de grupos de quinze laminocultivos do tipo URIBAC (Probac do Brasil, São Paulo/Brasil), semeados com uma de três cepas das seguintes bactérias: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e Staphylococcus aureus. A concentração utilizada de bactéria foi de 10(4) ufc/ml, o tempo de exposição foi de uma hora, o fluxo dos gases e a pressão foram mantidos constantes em 2L/m e 11 mmHg, respectivamente. Os gases utilizados foram o dióxido de carbono e o hélio na concentração de 99,99% para ambos, o ozônio a 0,4% e ar comprimido como controle. Foram também deixados um grupo de quatro placas de cada bactéria sem exposição aos gases como um controle da técnica de diluição. A leitura foi realizada após vinte e quatro horas em estufa. RESULTADOS: O ozônio promoveu esterilização de 100% dos laminocultivos; os demais gases não alteraram significativamente nenhuma das culturas em relação aos controles. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de exposição criado é prático e eficiente. Os gases atualmente utilizados para a realização do pneumoperitônio não apresentam efeito bactericida significativo sobre as bactérias testadas. O Ozônio têm efeito bactericida superior aos demais gases estudados.

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to create an "in vitro" experimental model to study the direct effect of some gases used in videolaparoscopy, on bacterial growth, and compare them to the effect of ozone, a bactericidal gas. METHODS: We performed some assays with display of fifteen slide cultures of URIBAC type (Probac do Brasil, São Paulo- Brasil) sown with one of the three strains of different bacterias: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Bacterial concentration was 104 ufc/ml. Exposure time was of one hour, with the flux of gases and the pressure kept constant in 2L/mm and 11mmHg, respectively. The used gases were carbon dioxide and helium, in a concentration of 99,99% for both, ozone 0.4% and compressed air as control. A group of four boards of each bacteria was left without display to the gases as a control for the dilution technique. The reading was carried through twenty four hours in incubator. RESULTS: The ozone promoted sterilization of 100% of the slide culture; the other gases did not promote significant changes in any of the slide cultures exposed to them, including controls. CONCLUSION: The expository model bred is practical and efficient. The gases currently used do no exert direct effect up on the tested bacteria. The ozone has a high bacterial effect, much greater than the other gases.

FUNDAMENTO: Leveduras do gênero Candida determinam colonização, infecções superficiais e infecções sistêmicas em imunodeprimidos. As várias apresentações da doença levam à necessidade de utilizar diferentes métodos diagnósticos e tratamentos. OBJETIVOS: Diferenciar as espécies de Candida e correlacioná-las com as regiões anatômicas. Avaliar a susceptibilidade a cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol e anfotericina B. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 100 pacientes imunocompetentes com candidíase cutânea ou mucosa atendidos na Santa Casa de S. Paulo entre maio de 1999 e julho de 2001. Correlacionou-se a região acometida e a espécie de Candida, isolada através técnica CHROMagar Candida®. Avaliou-se a susceptibilidade das espécies a cetoconazol, fluconazol, itraconazol e anfotericina B, através do Etest®. RESULTADOS: C. albicans foi isolada em 76,0% dos materiais, C. krusei em 19% e C. tropicalis em 1%. Não houve correlação significante entre a região acometida e as espécies. A maioria das amostras mostrou susceptibilidade aos antifúngicos. CONCLUSÃO: C. albicans foi a espécie mais observada. A maioria das amostras de Candida mostrou-se susceptível aos antifúngicos.

BACKGROUND: Yeasts of the genus Candida create colonization, superficial infections and systemic infections in immunodeficient individuals. The presentations of the disease lead to the necessity of using various diagnostic methods and treatments. OBJECTIVES: To differentiate among the Candida species, correlate them with the anatomical region involved and evaluate in vitro susceptibility to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. METHODS: An evaluation of 100 cases of immunocompetent patients with cutaneous or mucous candidiasis attended at the Santa Casa de Sao Paulo Hospital from May 1999 to July 2001. This study attempted to correlate the site of the involvement and the Candida species, isolated using the CHROMagar Candida® technique. The species were evaluated using the Etest® antifungal susceptibility to ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B. RESULTS: C. albicans was isolated in 76% of the material, C. krusei in 19% and C. tropicalis in 1%. It was not possible to establish a significant correlation between the involved area and the species isolated. Most of the samples proved to be susceptible to the antifungals tested. CONCLUSIONS: C. albicans was the most commonly observed species. The majority of samples presented susceptibility to the tested antifungals.

Colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is of increasing concern. To evaluate this problem in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Brazil, we studied 100 patients admitted to two ICUs from April to June, 1997. Of the 100 patients, 70 were male, 53 were age 60 years or older, 55 were previously hospitalized, 78 were transferred to the ICU from other hospital units, 49 had received antibiotic therapy, and 66 had undergone recent surgery. Nasal and axillary swab cultures were obtained on admission and every 48 hours thereafter until discharge. MRSA were identified by plating any cultured S. aureus on Mueller-Hinton agar containing 6mug/ml of oxacillin. At the time of admission, 46 (46%) of the patients were colonized with MRSA. No associated risk factors for acquiring MRSA (age, previous hospitalization, prior surgery) could be identified. Of the 54 patients negative for MRSA on admission, 28 (52%) became colonized while in the ICU. Sixteen (22%) of the 74 colonized patients (colonized either on admission or during ICU stay) had associated respiratory or urinary tract infections due to MRSA, and 9 (56%) died. No correlation with special risk factors (invasive procedures, antibiotic use, age, chronic disease) was identified. MRSA occurred frequently, but there was minimal evidence of associated risk factors. Thus, control of MRSA cannot be accomplished by targeting special factors alone, but requires attention to preventing microbial spread in all areas. Of special concern is the high frequency of acquiring the organism in the ICU (52%). Education concerning the importance of hand washing, environmental surface cleaning, and barrier protection from infected patients is needed.