One of the main challenges of tissue engineering in dentistry is to replace bone and dental tissues with strategies or techniques that simulate physiological tissue repair conditions. This systematic review of in vitro studies aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite (NHap) to scaffolds on cell proliferation and osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. In vitro studies on human stem cells that proliferated and differentiated into odontogenic and osteogenic cells in scaffolds containing NHap were included in this study. Searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were performed. The total of 333 articles was found across all databases. After reading and analyzing titles and abstracts, 8 articles were selected for full reading and extraction of qualitative data. Results showed that despite the large variability in scaffold composition, NHap-containing scaffolds promoted high rates of cell proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity during short culture periods, and induced differentiation, as evidenced by the high expression of genes involved in osteogenesis and odontogenesis. However, further studies with greater standardization regarding NHap concentration, type of scaffolds, and evaluation period are needed to observe possible interference of these criteria in the action of NHap on the proliferation and differentiation of human stem cells.

ABSTRACT Frankliniella occidentalis is a pest persistent that attacks the Mexican lemon fruit. Given this, the effect of biorational insecticides on thrips pest management and the impact on natural enemies for the cultivation of Mexican lemon in Michoacán, Mexico, was evaluated, in a completely randomized design, with twelve treatments and ten repetitions; the experimental unit was a tree. The variance data homogeneity test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s comparison of means (p ≤ 0.05) were applied. In the data collection, a previous sampling was done as the starting point of the study and comparison. After treatments, samples were taken at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days later. The study variables were: 1) the number of Frankliniella occidentalis thrips; 2) The number of Olla v-nigrum lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) The number of lacewings Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) The number of phytoseiids [predatory mites] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Garlic extract + chamomile and rue extract reduced the thrips population by 58.47; 9.30; 71.43; 40.20; 50.17; 90.37 and 99.67 % at 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35, and 41 days after application, respectively. Tolfenpyrad reached its greatest effect by reducing the coccinellid population by 100 % at 3, 6, 12, 26, and 41 days after application. Garlic oil proved to be a good option for thrips control by reducing its population by an average of 60 % and increasing phytoseiid mites by 800 %.

RESUMEN Frankinella occidentalis es una plaga muy persistente que ataca al limón mexicano. Ante ello, se evaluó el efecto de insecticidas biorracionales para el manejo de trips plaga y el impacto sobre los enemigos naturales para el cultivo de limón mexicano en Michoacán, México, en un diseño completamente al azar, con doce tratamientos y diez repeticiones; la unidad experimental fue un árbol. Se aplicó la prueba de homogeneidad de datos de las varianzas, ANOVA y comparación de medias de Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). En la recolección de datos, se hizo un muestreo previo como punto de inicio del estudio y comparación. Posterior a los tratamientos, se realizaron muestreos a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después. Las variables de estudio fueron: 1) Número de trips Frankinella occidentalis; 2) Número de catarinas Olla v-nigrum (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); 3) Número de crisopas Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae); 4) Número de fitoseidos [ácaros depredadores] Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae). El Extracto de ajo + extracto de manzanilla y ruda redujo la población de trips en un 58,47; 9,30; 71,43; 40,20; 50,17; 90,37 y 99,67 % a los 3, 6, 12, 20, 26, 35 y 41 días después de la aplicación respectivamente. El Tolfenpyrad alcanzó su mayor efecto de al disminuir en un 100 % la población de coccinélidos a los 3, 6, 12, 26 y 41 días después de la aplicación. El Aceite de ajo mostró ser una buena opción para el control de trips al disminuir la su población en un promedio de 60 %, e incrementó en un 800 % los ácaros fitoseidos.

Abstract Background. It has been postulated in the Asian literature that a low prognostic nutritional index (OI) could be associated with a higher rate of complications following radical gastric cancer surgery, but there is a lack of data concerning western countries. The aim is to analyze the relationship between a low preoperative OI and the frequency and severity of surgical complications in R0 gastric cancer resection. Patients and methods. In the present article, 124 cases of gastric cancer with R0 resection were reviewed. An OI <45 was considered pathologically low. The complication rate was compared between both groups: OI <45 vs OI ≥45. A multivariate analysis was performed adjusting for: age > 68 years, ASA score, preoperative hemoglobin level <12 g/dL, pTNM stage, administration of neoadyuvant therapy and type of gastrectomy. The relationship between a PNI<45 and the severity of complications graded according to the Clavien-Dindo classification was determined. Results. We registered mild complications in 11.3% of cases, severe complications in 9.7% and a mortality rate of 2.4%. Patients with a OI <45 showed a higher complication rate: 37.7% versus 12.7% [odds ratio (OR) = 4.17; CI95% = (1.71 - 10.20 p = 0.001)], confirmed by multivariate analysis: [OR = 4.17; CI95% = (1.54 - 11.30); p = 0.005]. Patients with OI <45 had more severe complication-exitus: 20.8% versus 5.6% [OR = 4.39; CI95% = (1.31 - 14.68); p = 0.011]. Conclusions. We confirmed that patients with a low preoperative OI show a higher independent risk of complications after a R0 gastric cancer resection in a western country as well. Complications, in these cases with OI <45, registered a significantly higher severity grade.

Resumen Fundamento. En publicaciones asiáticas se postula que un Índice de Onodera (IO) bajo puede asociarse con una mayor frecuencia de complicaciones post-resección radical del cáncer gástrico, careciendo de resultados en áreas occidentales. En el presente trabajo se analiza la relación entre un IO pre-operatorio bajo con la frecuencia y la gravedad de las complicaciones post-cirugía R0 en el cáncer gástrico. Pacientes y métodos. Se revisaron 124 tumores gástricos con resección R0. Considerando patológicamente bajo un IO <45, estudiamos la frecuencia de complicaciones entre los grupos con IO menor y ≥45. En el análisis multivariante incluimos como variables de ajuste la edad mayor de 68 años, puntuación ASA, hemoglobina pre-operatoria menor de 12 g/dL, estadio pTNM, administración o no de tratamiento neoadyuvante y tipo de gastrectomía realizada. Determinamos la relación entre IO <45 y la frecuencia y gravedad de las complicaciones, según la clasificación de Clavien-Dindo modificada. Resultados. Se registraron complicaciones leves en un 11,3%; graves 9,7% y exitus 2,4%. Los pacientes con IO <45 presentaron mayor frecuencia de complicaciones: 37,7% versus 12,7% [ odds ratio (OR) = 4,17; IC 95% = (1,71-10,20); p = 0,001], confirmada en el análisis multivariante: [OR = 4,17; IC 95% = (1,54-11,30); p = 0,005]. Los pacientes con IO <45 tuvieron más complicaciones graves-exitus: 20,8% versus 5,6% [OR = 4,39; IC 95% = (1,31-14,68); p = 0,011]. Conclusiones. También en un país occidental, los pacientes con IO pre-operatorio bajo (<45) muestran un mayor riesgo independiente de presentar complicaciones tras la resección R0 del carcinoma gástrico. Adicionalmente, las complicaciones registradas en los casos con IO <45, muestran una significativa mayor gravedad.

RESUMO Campomanesia adamantium é muito utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de hipertensão, reumatismo e diabetes. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o rendimento, a composição química, e as atividades antimicrobiana e antioxidante do óleo essencial de folhas de C. adamantium submetidas a diferentes métodos e tempos de secagem. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e três repetições. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação das folhas e analisado por CG-EM. O tipo de secagem das folhas de C. adamantium influenciou no teor e na composição química do óleo essencial. Os constituintes espatulenol, óxido cariofileno e germacreno-B apresentaram maior concentração na maioria das procedências avaliadas. O óleo essencial das folhas de C. adamantium apresentou moderada atividade antibacteriana em relação a todos os micro-organismos testados. A atividade antioxidante se deu empregando-se o método de redução do radical estável DPPH, sendo observada fraca atividade antioxidante por meio do ensaio utilizado.

ABSTRACT C. adamantiumis widely used in popular medicine for thetreatment of hypertension, rheumatism and diabetes. This study looked to evaluate the essential oil yield, the chemical composition and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from leaves of C. adamantium. A completely randomized design was used with eight treatments and three replications. The essential oil obtained by hydrodestillation of the leaves was analyzed by GC-MS. The results show that the drying type and the processing of the leaf influence the content and chemical composition of the essential oil. The compounds spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide and germacrene-B have higher concentrationsin mostorigins. The essentialoil from theleaves of C.adamantiumshowed moderate bacterial activityagainst all tested microorganisms. The antioxidant activity was determined by the methods of reduction of the DPPH stable radical. The antioxidant activity was weak in the test used.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito antibacteriano e tripanocida in vitro do extrato hidroalcóolico das raízes de Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda (Commelinaceae), conhecida popularmente como veludo branco. Foi avaliada a atividade antibacteriana in vitro frente às bactérias Streptococcus mitis (CIM = 100 µg/mL; CMB = 150 µg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (CIM = 200 µg/mL; CMB = 220 µg/mL), Streptococcus sanguinis (CIM = 400 µg/mL; CMB = 425 µg/mL), Streptococcus sobrinus (CIM = 400 µg/mL; CMB = 420 µg/mL) e Bacteroides fragilis (CIM = 400 µg/mL; CMB = 430 µg/mL) pelo método de diluição em caldo. Os protozoários da família tripanossomatídeo causam doenças tropicais que costumam ser negligenciadas que costumam ser como a tripanossomíase, para a qual estão disponíveis poucos medicamentos. Neste contexto, o extrato hidroalcóolico das raízes de T. sillamontana também foi avaliado frente às formas tripomastigotas da cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi, com promissora atividade frente a este protozoário (IC50 = 2,4 µg/mL). Quando avaliada a atividade citotóxica frente a fibroblastos da linhagem LLCMK2, o extrato apresentou moderada citotoxicidade (CC50 = 480,37 µg/mL). Os resultados ora apresentados para o extrato hidroalcóolico das raízes de Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda demonstraram promissoras atividades antibacteriana e tripanocida, sendo uma fonte alternativa de produtos naturais com atividades contra T. cruzi e algumas bactérias do gênero Streptococcus e Bacteroides.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro, antibacterial and trypanocidal effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from the roots of Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda (Commelinaceae), commonly known as Veludo branco. The in vitro antibacterial activity against the standard bacteria Streptococcus mitis (MIC = 100µg/mL; MBC = 150 µg/mL), Streptococcus mutans (MIC = 200µg/mL; MBC = 220 µg/mL), Streptococcus sanguinis (MIC = 400µg/mL; MBC = 425 µg/mL), Streptococcus sobrinus (MIC = 400µg/mL; MBC = 420 µg/mL) andBacteroides fragilis (MIC = 400µg/mL; MBC = 430 µg/mL), using microdilution broth methods. Protozoans from the trypanosomatid family cause neglected tropical diseases such as trypanosomiasis, for which few drugs are available. In this context, the hydroalcoholic extract of the Tradescantia sillamontana roots was also investigated with regards to the in vitro effects against the trypomastigote forms of theY strain of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing strong activity against this parasite (IC50 = 2.4 µg/mL). When performing cytotoxic activity against fibroblasts LLCMK2 line, the extract showed moderate cytotoxicity (CC50 = 480.37 mg/mL). The results presented for the hydroalcoholic extract of the roots of Tradescantia sillamontana Matuda demonstrated effective antibacterial and trypanocidal activities and were shown to be an alternative source of natural products with activity against T. cruzi and some bacteria of the genus Streptococcus and Bacteroides.

Objetivou-se caracterizar as variações na morfologia e vascularização do corpo lúteo (CL) de catetos durante ciclo estral (CE) e correlacioná-las com a concentração de progesterona (P4). Vinte fêmeas de cateto foram submetidas a tratamento de sincronização do estro; no D0 receberam implante auricular contendo 1,5mg de norgestomet, no D9 injeção via IM de 200UI de eCG e 50µg de PGF2α. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos (G1, G2, G3 e G4) e eutanasiados nos dias três, 12, 18 e 22 pós-ovulação. Os ovários foram coletados e os CL foram mensurados e processados para avaliação histológica e da densidade vascular (Dv). O sangue foi coletado para dosagem da P4 sérica. A morfologia dos ovários, CL e a concentração de P4 variaram significativamente durante o CE (P<0,001). Houve correlação significativa entre peso e comprimento dos ovários e CL (r = 0,66, r = 0,52, P<0,05, respectivamente) e entre peso, comprimento e largura do CL e a concentração de P4 (r=0,51, r=0,54 e r=0,68; P<0,05, respectivamente). A Dv do CL se mostrou muito influenciada pela fase do CE (P<0,001) e apresentou alta correlação significativa (P< 0,001). No G2 os maiores valores de P4 e Dv confirmaram máxima atividade secretória do CL nesse estádio. Os parâmetros luteínicos avaliados podem ser usados para estimar a fase do ciclo estral em catetos e a atividade funcional do CL.

The current paper characterizes the changes in morphology and vascularization of the corpus luteum of collared peccaries during the estrous cycle and correlates progesterone synthesis (P4). Twenty females were subjected to a treatment for estrus synchronization; an ear implant containing 1.5 mg of norgestomet was implanted on D0, whereas on D9 the peccaries received an IM injection of eCG 200UI and 50g of PGF2a. The animals were divided into four groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) and euthanized on post-ovulation days 3, 12, 18 and 22. The ovaries were collected and the corpora lutea were measured and processed for histological and vascular density (Dv). Blood was collected for dosage of P4 serum. The morphology of the ovaries, the corpora lutea and P4 varied significantly during the estrous cycle (P<0.001). There was a significant co-relationship between weight and length of the ovaries and CL (r = 0.66, r = 0.52, P<0.05, respectively) and between weight, length and width of the CL and P4 (r = 0.51, r = 0.54 and r = 0.68, P<0.05, respectively). The luteal Dv was highly influenced by the estrous cycle phase (P<0.0001). The P4 and luteal Dv concentrations were higher in G2 and evidenced maximum secretory activity, with a highly significant correlation (P<0.0001). Assessed lutein parameters may estimate the phase of the estrous cycle in peccaries and the functional activity of the corpus luteum.

In vitro digestibility of flours and starches from three varieties of oats (Avena sativa L. cv "Cuauhtemoc", "Teporaca" and "Bachíniva") grown in the northwestern region (Chihuahua State) of Mexico were evaluated. The physicochemical properties (color evaluation and proximate analysis, quantifying of total and resistant starch and the apparent amylose content) were studied and the thermal properties were determined, pasting, rheological and functional using differential scanning calorimetry, rapid visco-analysis of viscosity, flow curves at steady state, swelling power, solubility and stability to freeze-thawing, respectively. Among the flours and starches no significant difference was observed, however the digestibility was higher in starch, indicating the presence of other compounds which can encourage digestibility, which was confirmed in the proximal and in the determination of electron microscopy analysis sweep. Flour and starch had the highest cv Cuauhtemoc ΔH compared with the flour and starch Bachíniva and Teporaca. The functional properties of freeze-thawing stability increased with increasing number of cycles; however, decreased when the temperature increased. These varieties could find any practical application in various food systems and could be a potential food source for people with eating disorders (v. gr. celiac patients).

Se evaluó la digestibilidad in vitro de harinas y almidones de tres variedades de avena (Avena sativa L. cv "Cuauhtémoc", "Teporaca" y "Bachíniva") cultivadas en la región noroeste (Chihuahua) de México. Se prepararon las harinas y se aisló el almidón, se estudiaron las propiedades fisicoquímicas (evaluación de color y análisis químico proximal, cuantificación de almidón total, almidón resistente y el contenido de amilosa aparente) y se determinaron sus propiedades térmicas, reológicas y funcionales utilizando las técnicas de calorimetría diferencial de barrido, curvas de flujo en estado estable, poder de hinchamiento y solubilidad, así como estabilidad al congelamiento-deshielo. Entre las diferentes harinas y almidones no se observaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo la digestibilidad fue mayor en los almidones, indicando la presencia de otros compuestos (fibra dietaria total) que pueden disminuir su digestibilidad en las harinas. La harina y almidón de cv Cuauhtémoc presentaron el mayor ΔH en comparación con la harina y almidón de la cv Bachíniva y Teporaca. La estabilidad al congelamiento-deshielo aumentó conforme incrementó el número de ciclos, pero disminuyó cuando aumentó la temperatura. Estas variedades podrían encontrar aplicación en diversos alimentos y podrían ser una fuente de alimentación para personas con desórdenes alimenticios (enfermos celiacos).

Scrotal lymphedema (scrotal elephantiasis) is a condition that has historically been described in areas endemic to filariasis. We present a case of giant scrotal elephantiasis. The patient was treated with scrotal reconstruction with local flap and skin graft. We present a rare case report, because of its low frequency or its ethnology so as the big magnitude of the problem. That´s why we decided to present this case in order to show therapeutical possibilities and to do a bibliographic review about the theme.

La elefantiasis escrotal es una condición que ha sido historicamente descrita en áreas endémicas de filariasis, siendo menos frecuente su presentación idiopática o asociada a otras entidades. Presentamos un caso de elefantiasis escrotal gigante de causa adquirida al que se le practicó exéresis de estructura linfadematosa con reconstrucción con colgajo local y autoinjerto cutáneo. El caso clínico presentado es raro, ya sea por la baja frecuencia o por su etiología, así como por la importante magnitud del problema. Por esta razón hemos decidido presentarlo para dar a conocer posibilidades terapéuticas y realizar una revisión del tema.

Avaliaram-se a hematologia e a bioquímica sérica em equinos de concurso completo de equitação (CCE) em treinamento durante testes de esforço incremental em esteira ergométrica de alta velocidade. Foram utilizados 16 equinos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, utilizando-se como fontes de variação nos tratamentos a idade e o histórico de treinamento em CCE. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos testes incrementais realizados nas fases inicial e final do treinamento. As subparcelas foram representadas pelos tempos de avaliação e coletas. Os equinos do grupo experimental novos iniciantes apresentaram valor médio do hematócrito de 43,24%, sendo inferior ao hematócrito do grupo adultos iniciantes, 45,63%, novos experientes, 46,39%, e competidores, 47,74%. Houve diferença (P<0,05) entre os testes físicos realizados nas fases inicial e final do treinamento, com redução na concentração plasmática de glicose, de 112 para 98,88mg/dL, nas concentrações séricas de creatinina, de 1,41 para 1,29mg/dL, e de proteínas totais, de 6,52 para 6,38g/dL, na contagem de monócitos, de 0,54 para 0,48 10³/mm³, e com aumento na concentração plasmática de lactato, de 3,31 para 3,79mmol/L, na concentração sérica de ácido úrico, de 1,44 para 1,77mg/dL, no hematócrito, de 44,19 para 46,90%, na concentração de hemoglobina, de 14,33 para 15,10g/dL, e na contagem de leucócitos totais, de 9,26 para 9,61 10³/mm³. O treinamento dos equinos de CCE aumentou o condicionamento físico dos equinos, com maior capacidade de metabolização do lactato após o exercício e aumento nos valores basais do hematócrito e da concentração de hemoglobina.

Was evaluated the hematology and serum biochemistry in event horses (CCE) in training during incremental treadmill tests. Sixteen horses were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four repetitions in subdivided parcels, using age and previous history of training in events as sources of treatment variation. The parcels constituted of incremental treadmill tests performed at the beginning and end of training. The subparcels were represented by the time of evaluation and collection of samples. The equines of new beginners group had mean hematocrit value of 43.24%, being lower than the hematocrit of adult beginners group, 45.63%, new experienced group, 46.39%, and competitors group, 47.74%. There were differences (P<0.05) between the tests performed at the beginning and end of training, with reduction in glucose plasma concentration, from 112 to 98,88mg/dL, in seric concentration of creatinine, 1.41 to 1.29mg/dL, and total protein, 6.52 to 6.38 g/dL, in monocyte count, 0.54 to 0.48 10³/mm³, and an increase of lactate plasma concentration, from 3.31 to 3.79mmol/L, in seric concentration of uric acid, 44 to 1.77mg/dL, in hematocrit, 44.19 to 46.90%, in hemoglobin concentration, 14.33 to 15.10 g/dL, and blood cell count, 9.26 to 9.61 10³/mm³. The training of event horses improves physical performance of horses, with increased capacity of lactate metabolism after exercise and increased basal hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration.

The objective of the Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) is to remove the chloride ions (Cl-) which are embedded in concrete, since these ions are considered to result in accelerating the process of corrosion in steel reinforcement. The ECE is an electrochemical technique in which ions Cl- are transported to the outside of the concrete by means of an electric field. In this paper we present the results of mortar samples made in the laboratory. The specimens were previously contaminated with 2% NaCl by mass of cement, and stored in water curing tanks at constant laboratory of 95% RH for one and sixty days. Afterward, mortars underwent an ECE in times of 15, 30 and 60 days of treatment. The results obtained under these conditions show that increasing the duration of the ECE will get a higher amount of Cl-ions removed from the mortar. It should be noted that the extent of the corroded reinforcement is a critical variable in the effectiveness of the technique.

El objetivo de la extracción electroquímica de cloruros (EEC) es remover los iones cloruro (Cl-) que se encuentran inmersos en el concreto, ya que se consideran causantes de acelerar el proceso de corrosión en la armadura de acero. La EEC es una técnica electroquímica en la cual los iones Cl- se transportan hacia el exterior del hormigón por medio de un campo eléctrico. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en muestras de mortero fabricadas en laboratorio. Las probetas fueron previamente contaminadas con 2% NaCl con respecto al peso del cemento y colocadas dentro de una cámara a una HR en torno a 95%, durante uno y sesenta días. Posteriormente a los morteros se les efectúo una EEC en tiempos de 15, 30 y 60 días de tratamiento. Los resultados obtenidos bajo estas condiciones muestran que al incrementar la duración de la EEC se obtiene una mayor cantidad de iones Cl- removidos del mortero. Cabe señalar que el grado de precorrosión de las armaduras no es una variable crítica en la efectividad de la técnica.

Through the use of non-destructive optical techniques to measure surfaces with high accuracy, a Mach-Zehnder Radial-Shear interferometer (MZRI) was implemented to analyze the radial slope of phase objects using simultaneous phase-shifting interferometry (SPSI). This optical configuration allows one to simultaneously obtain n-shearograms in order to retrieve the optical phase data map with higher accuracy. Phase reconstruction is performed using a well-known four step phase shifting algorithm. The experimental results for transparent samples are presented in this paper.

Debido a que el uso de técnicas ópticas no destructivas permite medir superficies con gran precisión, se ha implementado un interferómetro de desplazamiento radial para analizar la pendiente radial de objetos de fase usando interferometría de corrimiento de fase simultanea. Esta configuración óptica permite la obtención de n-interferogramas con desplazamiento radial simultáneamente, para recuperar el mapa de fase con mayor precisión. La reconstrucción de la fase se realiza utilizando el conocido algoritmo de cuatro corrimientos de fase. En este artículo se presentan los resultados experimentales de las muestras transparentes estudiadas.

In this article we address a districting problem faced by a pickup and delivery parcel company over a determined service region. The service region is divided into districts, each served by a single vehicle that departs from a central depot. Two objectives are optimized: compactness and balance of the workload content among the districts. We present a mathematical formulation of the problem and a heuristic algorithm to solve the problem. Numerical results are presented in comparison to CPLEX 11.1 solutions for the smaller size instances. The results show that the heuristic performs well. The algorithm is able to solve moderate size instances in reasonable computational time, given the strategic nature of the problem.

En este artículo abordamos un problema de sectorización para actividades logísticas que enfrenta una empresa de entrega y recolección de paquetería en una determinada región. La región a la que se da servicio es dividida en distritos, cada uno atendido por un solo vehículo que sale de un depósito central. Se busca optimizar dos objetivos: compacidad y balance de la carga de trabajo. Presentamos la formulación matemática del problema y un algoritmo heurístico para resolverlo. Se presentan resultados numéricos en comparación con las soluciones encontradas por CPLEX 11.1 para las instancias de menor tamaño. Los resultados muestran un buen desempeño del algoritmo heurístico, el cual es capaz de resolver instancias de tamaño moderado en tiempos razonables, dada la naturaleza estratégica del problema.

In our Universitary Hospital of Canarias we iniciated in May 2008 a induction therapy protocol for sensitized patients receiving cadaveric renal graft using intravenous immunoglobulins, plasmapheresis and rituximab plus immunosuppression with prednisone, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. We present the results of four patients. Everyone had anti-HLA antibodies rate (PRA by CDC) more than 75%, were on a waiting list during 4 to 17 years and follow-up time was 10-14 months after transplantation. Patient and graft survival in this period was 100%. Only one patient suffered a humoral acute rejection and another one cellular rejection, in both cases reversible with treatment. During the first year, no evidence of de novo donor-specific antibodies was detected. All patients had significantly reduced the CD19+ cells percentage after infusion of rituximab. Neurological symptoms suggestive of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy or serious viral infections after transplantation have not been observed. Additionally, no immediate side effects were observed after administration of medication. In summary, induction therapy by combining immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis and rituximab in hypersensitive patients allows the realization of deceased kidney transplantation with good results in the short and medium-term without serious side effects. It remains to know whether this success will continue in the long term.

En el Hospital Universitario de Canarias pusimos en marcha, en mayo de 2008, un protocolo de tratamiento de inducción para pacientes hipersensibilizados que reciben injerto renal de cadáver utilizando inmunoglobulinas intravenosas, plasmaféresis y rituximab más una inmunosupresión triple con prednisona, tacrolimus y micofenolato mofetil. Presentamos los resultados de 4 pacientes. Todos ellos presentaban una tasa de anticuerpos anti-HLA (PRA por CDC) superior al 75%, llevaban en lista de espera de 4 a 17 años, el tiempo de seguimiento posterior al trasplante fue de 10-14 meses y la supervivencia de paciente y del injerto en este período fue del 100%. Sólo un paciente sufrió un rechazo agudo mediado por anticuerpos y otro uno celular, en ambos casos reversibles con el tratamiento. En la evolución no se objetivó aparición de novo de anticuerpos donante-específicos. Todos los pacientes habían reducido significativamente el número de células CD19+ después de la infusión de rituximab. No se han detectado síntomas neurológicos indicativos de leucoencefalopatía multifocal progresiva ni infecciones virales graves después del trasplante y tampoco se han observado efectos secundarios inmediatos tras la administración de la medicación. En resumen, el tratamiento de inducción combinado con inmunoglobulinas, plasmaféresis y rituximab en pacientes hipersensibilizados permite la realización del trasplante renal procedente de donante cadáver con buenos resultados a corto y medio plazo y sin graves efectos secundarios. Queda por conocer si estos buenos resultados se mantendrán a más largo plazo.

El presente trabajo intenta determinar las mejores condiciones a las cuales se puede aplicar una extracción electroquímica de cloruros (EEC) en probetas de mortero de cemento con adiciones de cloruros, monitoreando la velocidad de corrosión antes, durante y después de la aplicación de la EEC. La EEC fue aplicada a diferentes condiciones: a) densidad de corriente (1 y 2 A/m2 en relación a la superficie del acero), b) tiempos de aplicación de la técnica (15, 30 y 60 días), y c) con distintos grados de precorrosión en las varillas de acero. De acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos, se puede decir que si la EEC es aplicada preventivamente, la técnica puede resultar eficiente para detener la velocidad de corrosión de las barras de acero. Sin embargo, si es aplicada demasiado tarde no se puede asegurar la repasivación de las estructuras. La eficacia de la EEC depende en gran medida del tiempo de aplicación y del grado de precorrosión que presenten las barras de acero.

This work attempts to determine the best conditions for applying the Electrochemical Chloride Removal (ECR) in rebars embedded in cement mortar with chloride additions by monitoring the corrosion rates before, during and after the application of an ECR. The ECR was applied at different conditions of current density (1 and 2 A/m² of steel surface), application times (15, 30 and 60 days) and degree of precorrosion of the rebars. According to the results obtained, if ECR is applied preventively, it is an efficient procedure for delaying the start of corrosion. However, if applied too late, it does not assure the repassivation of corroded reinforced concrete structures and is therefore useless. The efficiency of the ECR depends heavily on the application time and the degree of precorrosion of the rebars.

Avaliou-se 31 cães saudáveis, sem raça definida, sendo 10 machos e 21 fêmeas, com 8 meses a 7 anos de idade e peso de1,5-28 kg. Inicialmente foram mensurados os diâmetros fronto-occiptal (DFO) e bizigomático (DBZ) do crânio com o auxílio de um paquímetro. A ultra-sonografia transpalpebral em modo-B foi realizada para mensurar as estruturas do bulbo ocular, conforme se segue: D1- espessura da córnea; D2- distância entre o ponto central da imagem da córnea e a da cápsula anterior do cristalino (câmara anterior); D3- distância entre o ponto central da imagem da córnea e a da cápsula posterior do cristalino; D4- espessura do cristalino, que corresponde a distância entre a imagem da cápsula anterior e a cápsula posterior do cristalino; D5- diâmetro do cristalino, distância entre as imagens dos pólos do cristalino; D6- área do cristalino; D7- câmara vítrea, distância entre a imagem da cápsula posterior do cristalino e a retina; D8- distância entre a cápsula anterior do cristalino e a retina; D9- distância entre a imagem da córnea e a retina. Com exceção da D4, houve efeito dos DFO e DBZ sobre as medidas das estruturas internas do BO. A análise de regressão linear entre as medidas das estruturas do bulbo ocular e os DFO e DBZ foram significativas para D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 e D9.

In the experiment 31 healthy mongrel dogs, 8 months to 7 years of age, were used, 10 males and 21 females, weighing 1.5-28 kg. Initially, fronto-occipetal (FOD) and bizigomatic (BZD) diameters were measured using a caliper. The ophthalmologic transpalpebral B-mode ultrasonography (US) was performed to measure the ocular bulbi structures, as follows: The cornea thickness (D1), distance between cornea and anterior lens capsule (D2), distance between cornea and posterior lens capsule (D3), lens thickness (D4), lens diameter (D5), lens area (D6), distance between posterior lens capsule and retina (D7), distance between anterior lens capsule and retina (D8), and the distance between cornea and retina (D9). Except for D4, there were effect of FOD and BZD on the measures of the internal structures of BO. The Lineal Regression Analysis between the measures of the internal oculars structures and DFO and DBZ were significant for D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8 and D9.