ABSTRACT: Fertigation is widely used in seedling production for different crops, including passion fruit. There is no consensus on the ideal nutrient solution, and as such, nurseries have used fertigation empirically. This study assessed the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution containing macro and micronutrients in passion fruit seedling production and compared it with commercially used fertigation. A completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and six repetitions. Four electrical conductivities (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 dS m-1) of a complete nutrient solution and an additional treatment (commercial nutrient solution) were analyzed. Daily fertigation with a complete nutrient solution (macro and micronutrients) at electrical conductivities between 2.6 and 3.3 dS m-1 followed by two daily irrigations are efficient at producing FB 300 “Araguari” passion fruit seedlings in coconut fiber substrate, with benefits such as greater biomass and better Dickson quality index when compared to commercial nutrient solution.

RESUMO: A fertirrigação é amplamente utilizada na produção de mudas de várias culturas, inclusive o maracujazeiro. Não existe consenso sobre qual solução nutritiva deve ser adotada na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro, mas por causa disso, viveiristas têm usado a fertirrigação empiricamente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar condutividades elétricas de solução nutritiva com macros e micronutrientes na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro e compará-las com uma fertirrigação adotada comercialmente. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Foram estudadas quatro condutividades elétricas (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 4,0 dS m-1) de solução nutritiva completa e um tratamento adicional (solução nutritiva adotada comercialmente). Em substrato à base de fibra de coco, fertirrigações diárias com solução nutritiva completa (macro e micronutrientes), com condutividades elétricas entre 2,6 a 3,3 dS m-1, seguidas de duas irrigações diárias são eficientes na produção de mudas de maracujazeiro FB 300 “Araguari”, inclusive com vantagens, como maior biomassa e índice de qualidade de Dickson em relação à solução nutritiva comercial.

ABSTRACT An issue faced by university students in the current situation resulting from the pandemic is how to continue as students, and not follow the fate of their classmates who have abandoned their studies. The goal of this article is to address the effects of risk factors on the interruption of studies in university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The subjects of the study were students in their fourth semester at a private university, and the conclusive results indicate that student dropout rates are related to four factors: family, motivational, institutional and financial. The institutional factor was influential, given that support was not adjusted in response to financial issues; however, the financial risk factor was most relevant in the decision of students to abandon their studies, either temporarily or partially, and also, as occurred in several cases, permanently.

RESUMEN La situación del estudiantado universitario, en la coyuntura actual de la pandemia, necesita desplegar esfuerzos para mantenerse como estudiantes y no seguir el destino que tuvieron los compañeros que abandonaron sus estudios. El objetivo de este artículo fue conocer los efectos de los factores de riesgo sobre la interrupción de los estudios en estudiantes universitarios durante la emergencia sanitaria por la covid-19. La unidad de análisis fueron estudiantes del cuarto ciclo de una universidad privada, y los resultados concluyentes arrojan que la deserción estudiantil se relaciona con cuatro factores: familiar, motivacional, institucional y económico. El factor institucional resultó influyente, al no ajustar su apoyo con el tema económico; sin embargo, el factor de riesgo económico fue el más relevante para que se tome la decisión de abandonar los estudios, ya sea de manera temporal o parcial, o también, como ocurre en muchas ocasiones, de manera definitiva.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se analizan los desafíos de la universidad pública en Bolivia relativos a la mejora de su calidad educativa. Para tal efecto, el autor se plantea la consecución del referido objetivo general a partir del abordaje del análisis de los puestos que el ranking de Webometrics asigna a las universidades bolivianas, también realiza un conteo de las revistas académicas bolivianas relacionadas con la universidad pública y se exploran los indicadores del comportamiento de participación de los estudiantes universitarios, mismos cuya respuesta se encarará mediante el empleo de datos cuantitativos oficiales.

Abstract This paper analyzes the challenges of the public university in Bolivia in improving the quality of education. To this end, the author proposes achieving this objective by analyzing the rankings of Bolivian universities by Webometrics, and also by counting the number of Bolivian academic journals related to the public university, as well as exploring the student participation indicators using official quantitative data.

ABSTRACT HIV infection may be considered a chronic condition for people living with HIV with access to antiretrovirals and this has effectively increased survival. Moreover, this has also facilitated the emergence of other comorbidities increasing the risk for drug-drug interactions and polypharmacy. The profile of these interactions as well as their consequences for people living with HIV are still not completely elucidated. The objectives of this study were to describe the profile of these interactions, their prevalence and their classification according to the potential for significant or non-significant drug-drug interactions. From June 2015 to July 2016, people living with HIV on follow-up at an Infectious Diseases Referral Center in Belo Horizonte, Brazil have been investigated for the presence of drug-drug interactions. A total of 304 patients were included and the majority (75%) had less than 50 years of age, male (66.4%), and 37.8% self-defined as brown skinned. Approximately 24% were on five or more medications and half of them presented with drug-drug interactions. Patients older than 50 years had a higher frequency of antiretrovirals drug-drug interactions with other drugs compared to younger patients (p = 0.002). No relationship was found between the number of drug-drug interactions and the effectiveness of antiretrovirals. As expected, the higher the number of non-HIV medications used (OR = 1.129; 95%CI 1.004-1.209; p = 0.04) was associated with an increase in drug-drug interactions. The high prevalence of drug-drug interactions found and the data collected should be useful to establish measures of quaternary prevention and to increase the medication security for people living with HIV.

RESUMO Objetivo Comparar as dimensões dos dentes anteriores superiores naturais e de diversos dentes artificiais para próteses e também abordar as diferenças entre os gêneros. Métodos Um único examinador mediu com um paquímetro digital dentes naturais de 41 homens e 55 mulheres para determinar CIW (largura do incisivo central), CIL (comprimento do incisivo central) e WS (largura dos dentes anteriores superiores em linha reta). Adicionalmente, CC (largura dos dentes anteriores em uma curva) foi aferida com uma régua flexível. Esses parâmetros também foram observados em três cartas moldes de dentes artificiais para prótese: Premium Pala, Vivodent e Trilux. A comparação entre os sexos foi analisada pelo teste t de Student (?=0,05), enquanto frequências absolutas foram usadas para comparar medidas dos dentes naturais e artificiais. Resultados CIW, CIL, WS e WC obtidos de homens foram significativamente maiores do que aqueles encontrados para mulheres (p<0,05). CIW de quase metade de dentes naturais e artificiais estavam entre 8,0-8,5 mm. Quase metade dos dentes naturais apresentaram valores CIL entre 10,6-11 mm, enquanto a maior frequência de dentes artificiais foi observada entre 9,6-10 mm. A maioria dos dentes naturais e artificiais apresentaram valores WS entre 42-49 mm. Apenas uma carta molde de dentes artificiais descreveu os valores de WC, que foram observados principalmente entre 44–51 mm, enquanto a maioria dos valores de WC obtidos em dentes naturais variaram de 48 a 55 mm. Conclusão Alguns dentes artificiais para próteses disponíveis comercialmente apresentam dimensões não observadas nos dentes naturais. As dimensões dos dentes em função das diferenças de gênero devem ser consideradas na seleção dos dentes artificiais.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare dimensions of natural maxillary anterior teeth and several denture teeth molds and also address differences between genders. Methods A single examiner with a digital caliper measured dental casts of 41 males and 55 females in order to determine CIW (central incisor width), CIL (central incisor length) and WS (width of anterior teeth on a straight line). In addition, WC (width of anterior teeth on a curve) was measured with a flexible ruler. These parameters were also observed on three denture teeth mold charts: Premium Pala, Vivodent and Trilux. The comparison between genders was analyzed using Student’s t-test (?=.05), while absolute frequencies within several ranges were used to compare natural and denture teeth. Results CIW, CIL, WS and WC obtained from males were significantly higher than those found for females (p<0.05). CIW of nearly half of natural and denture teeth were within 8.0–8.5 mm. Almost half of natural teeth presented CIL values within 10.6–11 mm, while the highest frequency of denture teeth was observed within 9.6–10 mm. The majority of natural and denture teeth presented WS values within 42 to 49 mm. Only one denture teeth chart described WC values, which were mainly observed within 44–51 mm, while the majority of WC values obtained from natural teeth ranged from 48 to 55 mm. Conclusion Some commercially available denture teeth present dimensions not observed in natural teeth. Teeth dimensions in function of gender differences must be considered when selecting denture teeth.

RESUMO As consequências ambientais, econômicas e sociais das rupturas de barragens são catastróficas e demandam seu conhecimento prévio para minimização dos riscos. Essas consequências estão diretamente relacionadas às brechas de ruptura, cujos parâmetros de tempo de formação e geométricos – largura, altura e declividades dos taludes laterais – devem ser adequadamente representativos de uma ruptura real, para que se possa obter um hidrograma de ruptura representativo (evolução temporal, volume e vazão de pico). Esta representação se torna mais fidedigna quanto mais próxima das consequências reais de uma ruptura, criando condições para respostas à emergência mais adequadas. Assim, esta pesquisa determina os parâmetros de formação de brecha para ruptura hipotética, especificamente para o caso de reservatórios em cascata (em série ou em cadeia). Para que possam ser determinados estes parâmetros, a metodologia utiliza modelos físicos reduzidos e modelagem numérica procurando representar duas barragens justapostas em cascata, baseadas em um caso de referência, determinando os parâmetros resultantes em cada barramento após os eventos de ruptura simulados.

ABSTRACT The environmental, economic, and social consequences of dam breaks are catastrophic and require their prior knowledge to minimize risks. These consequences are directly related to rupture breach parameters, such as formation time and breach geometry (width, height, and lateral slopes). These parameters must be adequately representative of a real rupture to obtain a rupture hydrograph also representative (temporal evolution, volume, and peak flow). This representation becomes more reliable as the closer to the actual consequences of a rupture it is, thus creating conditions for an adequate emergency action plan. This research evaluates the parameters of breach formation for a possible rupture, specifically for the case of reservoirs in a sequence, also called cascade reservoirs. The adopted methodology uses physical reduced models and numerical modeling to define these parameters, trying to represent two cascade dams, based on a reference case, determining their values in each dam after the simulated rupture events.

Resumen La crisis hídrica en La Paz, Bolivia, entre noviembre de 2016 a febrero del 2017, obligó a la operadora EPSAS a efectuar un racionamiento a 94 barrios de la ciudad de La Paz, que ha promovido nuevos comportamientos, valoraciones y consumos del agua, cuya reflexión es el objetivo central del presente trabajo. El criterio para definir las áreas de estudio es la cuenca social, incorporándose la observación sistemática y estructurada de aquellas prácticas relacionadas con el uso del agua.

Abstract The water crisis in the city of La Paz, Bolivia, from November 2016 to February 2017, forced the operator EPSAS to introduce rationing in 94 neighborhoods in the city of La Paz, which has promoted new behaviors, valuatio ns and consumption of water. The main objective of this work is to reflect upon these changes. The criterion defining the areas of study is the social basin, incorporating the systematic and structured observation of those practices related to the use of water.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar a frequência de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs) em mulheres assintomáticas e a associação destas infecções com a neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC). Métodos Foi realizado um estudo transversal recrutando mulheres atendidas em uma clínica ginecológica geral e em um centro de referência para colposcopia, de outubro de 2014 a outubro de 2015. O grupo de colposcopia consistiu de 71 mulheres, e o grupo de ginecologia geral consistiu de 55 mulheres. Amostras cervicais foram coletadas para citologia cervical e uma reação em cadeia de polimerase (RCP) multiplex em tempo real para detecção do vírus do papiloma humano (HPV) e das ISTs provocadas pelos seguintes micro-organismos: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum e Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Foi realizada uma análise multivariada por regressão logística, considerando-se o nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados A frequência geral de ISTs foi: 46,8% (HPV); 27,8% (C. trachomatis); 28,6% (M. genitalium); 0,8% (M. hominis); 4,8% (U. urealyticum); e 4,8% (N. gonorrhoeae). Os fatores de risco significantes para NIC foram: infecção pelo HPV (razão de probabilidades [RP] = 2,53; p = 0,024); C. trachomatis (RP = 3,04; p = 0,009); M. genitalium (RP = 2,37; p = 0,04); e coinfecção por HPV e C. trachomatis (RP = 3,11; p = 0,023). Após a análise multivariada, foi encontrada uma associação significante entre HPV e NIC (RP = 2.48; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,04-5,92; p = 0,04) e entre C. trachomatis e NIC (RP = 2,69; IC95%: 1,11-6,53; p = 0,028). Conclusões A frequência de ISTs foi alta em mulheres assintomáticas. Infecções por HPV e C. trachomatis foram independentemente associadas com a presença de NIC. A alta frequência de ISTs em mulheres assintomáticas sugere a necessidade de rastreamento rotineiro dessas infecções.

Abstract Objective To determine the frequency of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in asymptomatic women and the association of STIs with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Methods A cross-sectional studywas performed, enrollingwomen examined in a general gynecology clinic and in a colposcopy referral center fromOctober 2014 to October 2015. The colposcopy groupconsisted of 71women, and the general gynecologygroupconsisted of 55 women. Cervical samples were collected for cervical cytology and a multiplex realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) and the STIs caused by the following microorganisms: Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A multivariate analysis was performed by logistic regression, considering the significance level of 0.05. Results The general frequency of STIs was: 46.8% (HPV); 27.8% (C. trachomatis); 28.6% (M. genitalium); 0.8% (M. hominis); 4.8% (U. urealyticum); and 4.8% (N. gonorrhoeae). The significant risk factors for CIN were: HPV infection (odds ratio [OR] = 2.53; p = 0.024); C. trachomatis (OR = 3.04; p = 0.009); M. genitalium (OR = 2.37; p = 0.04); and HPV and C. trachomatis coinfection (OR = 3.11; p = 0.023). After the multivariate analysis, a significant associationwas found betweenHPVand CIN(OR = 2.48; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.04-5.92; p = 0.04); and between C. trachomatis and CIN (OR = 2.69; 95%CI: 1.11-6.53; p = 0.028). Conclusion The frequency of STIs was high in asymptomatic patients. Infections by HPV and C. trachomatis were independently associated with the presence of CIN. The high frequency of STIs in asymptomatic women suggests the need for routine screening of these infections.

En este artículo² desarrollamos la definición de cuenca social, a fin de visualizar las intervenciones sociales, territorialización, disputas políticas, conflictos socio ambientales y demás aspectos sociológicos que se escenifican en el espacio ambiental de las cuencas. Si bien la gestión o planes de manejo de cuencas incorporan la dimensión social dentro de su conceptualización, esta adición suele realizarse obviando la complejidad de los factores sociales que se tejen al momento que la cuenca hidrográfica es territorializada. La dimensión social, al momento de entender la gestión de una cuenca hidrográfica, encierra la dinámica económica, la lucha por intereses económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales tejidos por los distintos actores presentes en este tipo de espacios ambientales. En esta dirección, el artículo hace un recorrido por las diversas formas cómo se han conceptualizado las cuencas, para arribar a la propuesta de definición de cuenca social.

In this paper we develop the concept of social watershed to visualize social interventions, territorial, political struggles, socio-environmental conflicts and other sociological aspects which takes place in the environmental space of watersheds; although management or watershed management plans have incorporated the social dimension in the conceptualization, this addition is usually performed obviating the complexity of the social factors that are woven at the time the watershed is territorialised. The social dimension, the time to understand the management of a watershed, contains the social economic dynamics, the struggle for economic, political and cultural between a lot of stakeholders in this type of environmental spaces. In this sense, it is made a revision of how it was conceptualized watersheds, in order to propose a definition of social watershed.

Resumen En el presente trabajo se reflexionan las políticas públicas de riego en Bolivia, sus alcances principistas y la forma como son recibidos por los actores involucrados en esta actividad. El periodo tomado en cuenta va entre los años 2000 al 2014, signado por la emergencia indígena en la política, tanto de movimientos como liderazgos campesinos e indígenas en Bolivia; tiempo en el que paralelamente el Estado boliviano ha ido asumiendo una serie de acuerdos, declaraciones y manifiestos internacionales que esbozan las corrientes hegemónicas (mainstream) en las pautas para la formulación de políticas hídricas, de género e interculturalidad.

Abstract In this work is pondered the public policies of irrigation in Bolivia, its principled accomplishments and the way they are received by the involved actors in this activity. The time lapse used go from 2000 to 2014, marked by the flourish of indigenous in politics, both from farmers and indigenous' movements and leaderships in Bolivia; time in which simultaneously the Bolivia State el has assumed a series of agreements, declarations and international pronunciations that draw the mainlines of the prevalent ideas (mainstream) in the basics to the formulation of hydric policies, of genre and interculturalism.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in children in the Mexico-USA border have evolved differently to the rest of their respective countries. New reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose are required to treatment. Objective: To determine the reference values of cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose in Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years in the Mexico-USA border. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study. A population of Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years of both boys and girls, belonging to three public institutions in the cities of Ensenada and Chihuahua, randomly selected, were studied. The study variables were the levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and glucose (G). Results: From 300 subjects studied just 54 children completed the study. Higher average values of TC (168.7 ± 27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6 ± 48.4 mg/dl) and G (88.3 ± 8.9 mg/dl) were observed. An additional behavior was founded, never reported previously to the limit of the knowledge of the authors; glucose levels of the children studied decreased with increased of cholesterol and triglycerides. To discard a random relationship between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficient was determined between waist circumference and BMI, verifying an inverse association with G and direct with the TG. Conclusion: The reference values for Hispanic children between 6 and 11 years living on the northern border of Mexico-USA differ with respect to the national average values of the countries studied. Further studies are needed in larger populations to confirm the trend observed in glucose levels of normal children, overweight and obese.

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en niños de la frontera México-USA tienen una evolución distinta al resto de sus respectivos países, se requieren nuevos valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa para tratarla. Objetivo: Determinar los valores de referencia de colesterol, triglicéridos y glucosa en niños hispanos, de entre 6 y 11 años, en la frontera México-USA. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo y observacional. Se estudió una población de niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años de ambos sexos pertenecientes a tres instituciones públicas de las ciudades de Ensenada y Chihuahua, aleatoriamente elegidas. Las variables de estudio fueron los niveles de colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y glucosa (G) en ayuno. Resultados: De 300 sujetos estudiados, 54 niños culminaron el estudio. Se observaron valores promedio altos de CT (168.7±27.2 mg/dl), TG (80.6±48.4 mg/dl) y G (88.3±8.9 mg/dl). Adicionalmente se observa un comportamiento, nunca antes reportado previamente hasta el límite del conocimiento de los autores, en los niveles de glucosa de los niños estudiados, éstos disminuyen conforme aumentan los de colesterol y triglicéridos. Para descartar una relación aleatoria entre las variables, se determinó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson entre la Circunferencia de Cintura e IMC, verificándose una asociación inversa con la G y directa con los TG. Conclusión: Los valores de referencia para niños hispanos de entre 6 y 11 años que viven en la frontera norte de México-USA, difieren a los valores promedio nacionales de los países estudiados. Adicionalmente se requieren estudios en grupos poblacionales mayores para poder confirmar la tendencia observada en los niveles de glucosa de niños normales, con sobrepeso y obesos.

En el presente trabajo se reflexionan las diversas acciones y el proceso transitado para garantizar el suministro de agua y el tratamiento de los efluentes líquidos resultantes del uso del agua a través de infraestructura hidráulica; cuya construcción, operación y mantenimiento depende fundamentalmente de las organizaciones surgidas de los mismos vecinos de los barrios autoconstruidos de las laderas de la ciudad de La Paz, en particular de la ladera Oeste de esta ciudad. Para tal efecto, nuestros esfuerzos se orientan a responder la siguiente pregunta, ¿Qué factores rodean la dinámica de la organización social de agua potable y saneamiento básico en los barrios pobres con infraestructura hidráulica autoconstruida en la ciudad de La Paz? Con tal propósito, se analiza la intervención de múltiples actores sociales en este espacio urbano no planificado, fundamentalmente las "acciones colectivas" de los vecinos como parte de una "gestión de la penuria" para solucionar el abastecimiento de agua y saneamiento y además para hacer frente a la topografía peculiar de las laderas.

In this paper the various actions reflect and process undertaken to ensure water supply and treatment of liquid effluents resulting from the use of water through water infrastructure; whose construction, operation and maintenance of the organizations depends mainly arising from the neighbors of the self-constructed hillside neighborhoods of the city of La Paz, in particular the West si de of the city. To this purpose our efforts are directed to answer the question: What factors surrounding the dynamics of the social organization of safe water and basic sanitation in poor neighborhoods with self-constructed water infrastructure in the city of La Paz? To this end, the involvement of multiple social actors in this unplanned urban space, mainly the "collective action" neighbors as part of a "shortage management" is analyzed to solve the water supply and sanitation and also to make given the unique topography of the hillside.