Abstract Considering the cooperative sector capabilities in organizing rural people, primarily focusing on empowering manpower and adopting a sustainable approach to basic resources (water and soil), village-cooperative initiative has emerged as a new concept by registering and forming 4565 new cooperatives in Iran’s rural regions. The present research which was conducted in two qualitative and quantitative phases designed a new model by integrating the new village-cooperative approach along with the sustainable livelihood’s framework theory. The study sample of the qualitative phase included 32 theorists of the village-cooperative initiative. To analyze the data, the grounded theory and three-step process of open coding, axial coding and selective coding were used using MAXqda18 software. Finally, a paradigm model was designed whose most important components included causal conditions (shocks and seasonal conditions), contextual conditions (trends and governmental support), intervening conditions (control and market development), central categories (sustainable livelihoods with a village- cooperative approach), strategies (coping and adaptation) and consequences (creating jobs, establishing cooperatives, supporting smart agriculture and strengthening social capital). The statistical quantitative phase population consisted of cooperatives members in the village-cooperative initiative (N=405), being selected through Cochran's formula with proportional sampling method summing up to198 people from 5 provinces. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. The Bayesian structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results of the research quantitative phase showed that the variables of financial capital, physical capital, social capital, coping and adaptation strategies, human capital and natural capital were the most effective variables on village-cooperative initiative members’ sustainable livelihoods, respectively. Finally, a hybrid model based on the qualitative and quantitative studies was designed and suggestions were made; for instance, the creation of suitable grounds for off-farm activities such as rural industries and ecotourism.

Resumo Considerando as capacidades do setor cooperativo na organização da população rural, focando principalmente na capacitação de mão de obra e na adoção de uma abordagem sustentável para os recursos básicos (água e solo), a iniciativa de cooperativa de aldeia surgiu como um novo conceito ao registrar e formar 4.565 novas cooperativas nas regiões rurais do Irã. A presente pesquisa, que foi conduzida em duas fases qualitativas e quantitativas, projetou um novo modelo integrando a nova abordagem cooperativa de aldeia junto com a teoria da estrutura de subsistência sustentável. A amostra do estudo da fase qualitativa incluiu 32 teóricos da iniciativa vila-cooperativa. Para analisar os dados, a teoria fundamentada e o processo de três etapas de codificação aberta, codificação axial e codificação seletiva foram usados o software MAXqda18. Finalmente, um modelo de paradigma foi desenhado, cujos componentes mais importantes incluíam condições causais (choques e condições sazonais), condições contextuais (tendências e apoio governamental), condições intervenientes (controle e desenvolvimento de mercado), categorias centrais (subsistência sustentável com uma abordagem cooperativa de aldeia), estratégias (enfrentamento e adaptação) e consequências (criação de empregos, estabelecimento de cooperativas, apoio à agricultura inteligente e fortalecimento do capital social). A população da fase quantitativa estatística consistiu de cooperados na iniciativa vila-cooperativa (N = 405), sendo selecionados através da fórmula de Cochran com método de amostragem proporcional totalizando 198 pessoas de cinco províncias. A ferramenta de coleta de dados foi um questionário elaborado pelo pesquisador cuja validade e confiabilidade foram confirmadas. A modelagem de equações estruturais bayesianas foi utilizada para analisar os dados. Os resultados da fase quantitativa da pesquisa mostraram que as variáveis de capital financeiro, capital físico, capital social, estratégias de enfrentamento e adaptação, capital humano e capital natural foram as variáveis mais eficazes na subsistência sustentável dos membros da iniciativa cooperativa de aldeia, respectivamente. Finalmente, um modelo híbrido baseado nos estudos qualitativos e quantitativos foi desenhado e sugestões foram feitas; por exemplo, a criação de terrenos adequados para atividades não agrícolas, como indústrias rurais e ecoturismo.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of heat treated-soybean meal, fish meal, meat meal, and an equal blend of fish and meat meal as rumen-ungradable protein (RUP) sources on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, N-utilization efficiency, and blood metabolites in high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Twelve lactating Holstein cows (DIM = 89 ± 11; mean ± SD) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design receiving four diets formulated with amounts (DM basis): (1) 3.1% heat treated-soybean meal (T-SBM), (2) 2.5% fish meal (FM), (3) 3.0% meat and bone meal (MM), and (4) an equal blend of 1.4% FM plus 1.4% MM (FMM), as dietary RUP sources. The crude protein concentration was kept constant across the treatments (16.7% of DM). The duration of each experimental period was 21 d with 15 d devoted to dietary adaptation and 6 d to data collection. Dry matter intake (24.2 kg/d), actual milk (41.8 kg/d), 4% fat-corrected milk yield (35.6 kg/d), milk composition (Fat = 3.03%, Protein = 2.90%), and blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Apparent N efficiency (29.5%) was similar across the diets. Based on our results, T-SBM, FM, MM, and mixed of FM and MM had a similar effect on productivity and N-utilization efficiency in lactating dairy cows. Based on the income over feed cost (IOFC), under our experimental conditions, use of the meat meal as a source of dietary RUP can be recommended as a feeding strategy for feed to lactating cows receiving high-concentrate diets.

It has been demonstrated that canola meal (CM) is used more efficiently than soybean meal (SBM) by lactating dairy cows. This study was conducted to determine the effects of replacing SBM with CM on production performance, blood metabolites, and ruminal fermentation parameters of high-producing dairy cows in early lactation. Twelve lactating Holstein cows (4 primiparous and 8 multiparous; 36 ± 8 days in milk) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design with three treatments and four replicates (cows) over three 21-day periods. Cows were fed diets formulated with incremental amounts of CM as 0% (CM-0), 50% (CM-50), or 100% (CM-100) of SBM replaced by CM. Experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (16.8% crude protein) and isoenergetic (NEL = 1.65 Mcal/kg DM). Dry matter intake (23.2 kg/d), milk composition, energy-corrected milk production (34.5 kg/d), total VFA, and blood metabolites were not affected by treatment. However, cows fed CM diets produced an average 2.9 kg/d more milk than control cows (CM-0). Apparent N efficiency was greatest in cows fed CM-50. Compared with the control, crude protein digestibility and ruminal ammonia concentration were greater and lower for cows fed CM-50 or CM-100, respectively. CM can be a potential substitute for SBM in dairy cow diets as its partial or complete substitution of SMB improved the production performance and nitrogen-use efficiency.

Abstract In the present paper, buckling analysis of functionally graded rectangular micro-plates, on the basis of strain gradient theory with one length scale parameter is studied. Considering the Kirchhoff plate theory and the principle of minimum total potential energy, governing equations of micro-plate subjected to in-plane loads are extracted. In accordance with functionally graded distribution of material properties through the thickness, higher order governing equation of sixth order is derived. Consequently, the stability equation is solved analytically for simply supported micro-plates and the effects of material properties, micro-structure parameters, dimensions and loading conditions are expounded on the critical buckling load. Developing the strain gradient theory for buckling analysis of micro-plates made of functionally graded material is a significant novelty of the presented study.

Abstract In this paper, a size-dependent microscale plate model is developed to describe the bending, buckling and free vibration behaviors of microplates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs). The size effects are captured based on the modified strain gradient theory (MSGT), and the formulation of the paper is on the basis of Mindlin plate theory. The presented model accommodates the models based upon the classical theory (CT) and the modified couple stress theory (MCST) if all or two scale parameters are set to zero, respectively. By using Hamilton's principle, the governing equations and related boundary conditions are derived. The bending, buckling and free vibration problems are considered and are solved through the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method. A detailed parametric and comparative study is conducted to evaluate the effects of length scale parameter, material gradient index and aspect ratio predicted by the CT, MCST and MSGT on the deflection, critical buckling load and first natural frequency of the microplate. The numerical results indicate that the model developed herein is significantly size-dependent when the thickness of the microplate is on the order of the material scale parameters.

Abstract Lavandula officinalis Chaix, Lamiaceae, extracts can inhibit inflammation and also pain induced by formalin in mice. This study evaluated the effects of L. officinalis hydro-alcoholic extract on pain induced by formalin and also cyclooxygenase (COX) type 1 and 2 activity in mice. To evaluate probable analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the extract, flowers were prepared by maceration and extraction in alcohol and their analgesic effects were studied in male mice, using formalin and hot plate tests. The effect of intraperitoneal hydro-alcoholic extracts of L. officinalis (100, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 800 mg/kg), subcutaneous morphine (10 mg/kg), dexamethasone (10 mg/kg; i.p.) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg; i.p.) on formalin induced pain were studied. Our results indicated that administration of the extract (100, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 800 mg/kg; i.p.) has inhibitory effects on inflammation induced by formalin injection into the animals hind paw. Moreover, this inhibitory effect was equal to the effects of morphine, dexamethasone and indomethacin. The extract in100, 200 and 300 mg/kg; significantly reduced heat-induced pain. The extract also reduced COX activity in dose dependent manner, where the inhibitory effect on COX1 activity was 33% and on COX2 activity was 45%. Here for the first time we show that L. officinialis extract can modulate pain and inflammation induced by formalin by inhibition of COX enzymes.

In this study, the vibration behavior of annular and circular graphene sheet coupled with temperature change and under in-plane pre-stressed is studied. Influence of the surrounding elastic medium 011 the fundamental frequencies of the single-layered graphene sheets (SLGSs) is investigated. Both Winkler-type and Pasternak- type models are employed to simulate the interaction of the graphene sheets with a surrounding elastic medium. By using the nonlocal elasticity theory the governing equation is derived for SLGSs. The closed-form solution for frequency vibration of circular graphene sheets lias been obtained and nonlocal parameter, inplane pre-stressed, the parameters of elastic medium and temperature change appears into arguments of Bessel functions. The results are subsequently compared with valid result reported in the literature and the molecular dynamics (MD) results. The effects of the small scale, pre-stressed, mode number, temperature change, elastic medium and boundary conditions on natural frequencies are investigated. The non-dimensional frequency decreases at high temperature case with increasing the temperature change for all boundary conditions. The effect of temperature change 011 the frequency vibration becomes the opposite at high temperature case in compression with the low temperature case. The present research work thus reveals that the nonlocal parameter, boundary conditions and temperature change have significant effects on vibration response of the circular nanoplates. The present results can be used for the design of the next generation of nanodevices that make use of the thermal vibration properties of the graphene.

In this paper, the effect of the temperature change on the vibration frequency of mono-layer graphene sheet embedded in an elastic medium are studied. Using the nonlocal elasticity theory, the governing equations are derived for single-layered graphene sheets. Using Levy and Navier solutions, analytical frequency equations for single-layered graphene sheets are obtained. Using Levy solution, the frequency equation and mode shapes of orthotropic rectangular nanoplate are considered for three cases of boundary conditions. The obtained results are subsequently compared with valid result reported in the literature. The effects of the small scale, temperature change, different boundary conditions, Winkler and Pasternak foundations, material properties and aspect ratios on natural frequencies are investigated. It has been shown that the non-dimensional frequency decreases with increasing temperature change. The present analysis results can be used for the design of the next generation of nanodevices that make use of the thermal vibration properties of the nanoplates.

Recently, graphene sheets have shown significant potential for environmental engineering applications such as wastewater treatment. In the present work, the posbuckling response of orthotropic single-layered graphene sheet (SLGS) is investigated in a closed-form analytical manner using the nonlocal theory of Eringen. Two opposite edges of the plate are subjected to normal stresses. The nonlocality and geometric nonlinearity are taken into consideration, which arises from the nanosized effects and mid-plane stretching, respectively. Nonlinear governing differential equations (nonlocal compatibility and equilibrium equations) are derived and presented for the aforementioned study. Galerkin method is used to solve the governing equations for simply supported boundary conditions. It is shown that the nonlocal effect plays a significant role in the nonlinear stability behavior of orthotropic nanoplates. Unlike first and second postbuckling modes, nonlocal effects decrease with the increase of lateral deflection at higher postbuckling modes. It is also observed that the nonlocality and nonlinearity is more pronounced for higher postbuckling modes.

In this paper, the free vibration behavior of post-buckled functionally graded (FG) Mindlin rectangular microplates are described based on the modified couple stress theory (MCST). This theory enables the consideration of the size-effect through introducing material length scale parameters. The FG microplates made of a mixture of metal and ceramic are considered whose volume fraction of components is expressed by a power law function. By means of Hamilton's principle, the nonlinear governing equations and associated boundary conditions are derived for FG micro-plates in the postbuckling domain. The governing equations and boundary conditions are then discretized by using the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method before solving numerically by the pseudo-arclength continuation technique. In the solution procedure, the postbuckling problem of microplates is investigated first. Afterwards, the free vibration of microplates around the buckled configuration is discussed. The effects of dimensionless length scale parameter, material gradient index and aspect ratio on the on the postbuckling path and frequency of FG microplates subject to arbitrary edge supports are thoroughly discussed.

O presente trabalho descreve um procedimento para emulsificação-microextração de quantidades traço de íons cobalto e manganês sem uso de ligantes, assistido por ultrasom, em amostras de água. Os metais extraídos foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica em chama (FAAS). Foram estudados e otimizados diversos fatores que influenciam a eficiência de extração de íons cobalto e manganês, tais como tipo e volume do solvente de extração, pH, tempo de extração, temperatura de extração e força iônica. Íons cobalto e manganês foram extraídos em um meio emulsificado acusticamente com 20,0 μL de tetracloreto de carbono. Os limites de detecção foram 0,8 e 0,5 ng mL-1 para Co(II) e Mn(II), respectivamente (3 Sb/m). Oito determinações em replicata de uma mistura de 100,0 ng mL-1 de cobalto e 50,0 ng mL-1 de manganês resultaram em absorbâncias média de 0,055 e 0,061 com desvios padrão relativos de 3,2% e 2,9%, respectivamente. O procedimento proposto foi aplicado com sucesso na determinação de cobalto e manganês em amostras de água.

The present work reports a procedure based on ligandless-ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction of trace amounts of cobalt and manganese ions in water samples prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination (FAAS). Different factors influencing the extraction efficiency of cobalt and manganese ions, such as type and volume of the extraction solvent, pH, extraction time, extraction temperature, and ionic strength were studied and optimized. Cobalt and manganese ions were extracted in an acoustically emulsified media by 20.0 μL carbon tetrachloride. The limits of detection were 0.8 and 0.5 ng mL-1 for Co(II) and Mn(II), respectively (3Sb/m). Eight replicate determinations of a mixture of 100.0 ng mL-1 cobalt and 50.0 ng mL-1 manganese gave a mean absorbance of 0.055 and 0.061 with relative standard deviations of 3.2 and 2.9%, respectively. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to determination of cobalt and manganese in water samples.

High spin states in the neutron rich 188Os and 190Os nuclei have been populated using the 82Se + 192Os deepinelastic reaction. The level schemes are extended up to spin I <FONT FACE=Symbol>»</FONT>21. The observed new structures are tentatively interpreted as fragments of rotational bands built on multi-quasiparticle configurations.