RESUMO A variabilidade espacial dos atributos físicos do solo é importante para indicar o manejo localizado, em áreas agrícolas. Objetivou-se analisar correlações espaciais entre o rendimento de grãos de soja e atributos da relação massa/volume do solo, visando a selecionar qual atributo está correlacionado com o rendimento, bem como avaliar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo e componentes de produção desta cultura, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico manejado sob plantio direto. Os atributos do solo analisados (0,0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m) foram: densidade (métodos do anel volumétrico e do torrão parafinado), densidade de partícula (métodos do balão volumétrico e do balão volumétrico modificado) e porosidade total. Os componentes de produção da soja avaliados foram: rendimento de grãos, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por vagem, massa de cem grãos, massa de grãos por planta, população de plantas e estatura de plantas. A porosidade total do solo, calculada pela relação entre a densidade do solo (método anel volumétrico) e a densidade de partícula (método do balão volumétrico), na camada de 0,10-0,20 m, foi o melhor indicador de rendimento de grãos de soja sob plantio direto.

ABSTRACT The spatial variability of soil physical attributes is important to indicate management practices that best suit agricultural areas. This study aimed to analyze spatial correlations between soybean grain yield and soil mass-volume relationships, in order to select which attribute is correlated with yield, as well as to evaluate the spatial variability of soil attributes and yield components of this crop, in an Oxisol under no-tillage system. The soil attributes analyzed (0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m) were the following ones: soil bulk density (paraffin-coated clod and volumetric ring methods), particle density (volumetric flask and modified volumetric flask methods) and total porosity. The soybean yield components were evaluated as it follows: grain yield, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, mass of 100 grains, grain mass per plant, plant population and plant height. The total soil porosity, calculated by the relations between the bulk density (volumetric ring method) and particle density (volumetric flask), in the 0.10-0.20 m layer, was the best indicator of soybean grain yield under no-tillage conditions.

Abstract An unresolved question about the use of animal waste in agriculture is its effect on the physical and chemical attributes of soil, especially in commercial grain producing areas that have adopted direct seeding system (DSS). Aiming at contributing to the clarification of this question, we conducted a study in the mid-north region of the Mato Grosso state, Brazil, in a soybean and maize commercial area consolidated in DSS. Different doses of liquid swine manure (LSM) were applied and compared with NPK mineral fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of the soil and the productive potential of the soybean and maize crops under LSM doses and NPK fertilizer. Results indicated an increase in levels of K, P, Zn and Cu exchangeable with LSM fertilization of 80 m3.ha-1. Fertilizers with mineral NPK and LSM at 80 and 60 m3.ha-1, respectively, show soil porosity improvements and decreased soil penetration resistance. Moreover, the use of LSM also provided the highest increases in soybean and maize grain yield.

Resumo Uma das questões pouco esclarecidas sobre o uso de resíduos animais na agricultura, é seu efeito sobre os atributos físicos e químicos do solo, principalmente em áreas comerciais produtoras de grãos que adotam o sistema de semeadura direta (DSS). Visando contribuir com o esclarecimento desta questão, realizamos um estudo na região médio-norte do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em uma área comercial de soja e milho consolidada em DSS. Aplicou-se diferentes doses de dejetos líquidos de suínos (LSM) e as comparou com adubação mineral NPK. O objetivo foi avaliar a qualidade física e química do solo e o potencial produtivo das culturas soja e milho sob as doses de LSM e NPK como fertilizantes. Os resultados indicaram aumento nos teores de K, P, Zn e Cu trocáveis com adubação de 80 m3 ha-1 de LSM. As adubações com fertilizante mineral NPK e LSM nas doses de 80 e 60 m3 ha-1 proporcionam melhorias na porosidade do solo e diminuíram a resistência do solo à penetração. O uso de LSM também proporcionou os maiores incrementos na produtividade de grãos de soja e de milho.

Técnicas de estatística clássica bem como da geoestatística são ferramentas importantes para correlacionar, linear e espacialmente, a produtividade vegetal com os atributos do solo. Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar as correlações, lineares e espaciais, entre a produtividade da cana de açúcar e os atributos químicos do solo. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Rubinéia (Estado de São Paulo, Brasil), num Argissolo Vermelho eutrófico, numa área de 1,30 ha, adoptando uma malha regular com 121 pontos amostrais para a recolha de dados do solo e da planta. Os atributos foram analisados tanto linear quanto espacialmente. O atributo da planta com maior correlação com a produtividade de colmos de cana-de-açúcar foi a população de plantas. Na camada superficial (0-0,20 m) o atributo do solo que mais influenciou a produtividade de colmos de cana-de-açúcar foi o potássio extraível, enquanto que na camada de 0,20-0,40 m foi o cálcio. O potássio extraível (0,20-0,40 m) foi ainda o atributo do solo que proporcionou o melhor ajustamento semivariográfico.

Classical statistic techniques and geostatistics are important tools to correlate linearly and spatially vegetal productivity to the soil´s properties. This study aimed to analyze the linear and spatial correlations between the productivity of sugarcane and soil chemical properties. The work was conducted in the city of Rubinéia (State of São Paulo, Brazil), in a Red Ultisol, in an area of 1.30 ha, adopting a regular grid with 121 sampling points for the collection of soil and plant data. The attributes were analyzed both linearly and spatially. The attribute of the plant with the highest correlation with the yield of sugarcane stalks was the plant population. In the surface layer (0-0.20 m), the soil attribute that influenced the yield of sugarcane stalks was extractable potassium, while in the layer of 0.20-0.40 m it was calcium. Extractable potassium (0.20-0.40 m) was also the soil attribute that provided the best semivariographic adjustment.

Introduction: miltefosine ultradeformable liposomes (MIL-LUD) are an option for the topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis penetrating the skin layers to the dermis where the parasite inhabits. Objective: to design MIL-LUD and determine their in vitro activity against L. (Viannia) panamensis and L. (V.) braziliensis and to determine human skin permeation. Methods: MIL-LUD, phosphatidylcholine liposomes (MIL-LConv) and fluorescent MIL-LUD (MIL-LUD-Fluo) were prepared by lipid film rehydration method. They were physicochemically characterized to determine drug release in semisynthetic membrane, retention in skin layers and permeation on human skin membranes. Cytotoxicity in THP-1 was determined by the MTT colorimetric test and activity in promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes by microscopic counting. Results: the size, the polydispersion index, the Zeta potential and phospholipid content were 100.7 nm, 0.147, -12.0mV and 53.24mM, respectively for MIL-LUD. MIL flow through the semisynthetic membrane was greater with MIL-LUD than MIL-free treatment. MIL-LUD treatment induced lower MIL accumulation in the stratum corneum and increased permeation than MIL free treatment. The MIL-LUD and MIL-Conv maintained MIL activity in parasites and cells. The MIL-LUD was more toxic to cells than MIL-Conv and more active against intracellular amastigotes of L. (V.) braziliensis. Conclusion: prepared LUD -MIL retained the anti-leishmanial activity of the MIL and allowed the compound release in human skin and membranes. Testing of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis models to evaluate the activity of these formulations are urgently needed

Introducción: los liposomas ultradeformables de miltefosina (LUD-MIL) constituyen una opción para el tratamiento tópico en leishmaniasis cutánea penetrando los estratos de la piel hasta la dermis, sitio donde habita el parásito. Objetivo: diseñar LUD-MIL y determinar su actividad contra L. (Viannia) panamensis y L. (V.) braziliensis y la permeación en piel humana. Métodos: los LUD-MIL, liposomas convencionales de fosfatidilcolina (LConv) y LUD-MIL-fluorescente (LUD-MIL-Fluo) fueron preparados por el método de rehidratación de película lipídica. Se caracterizaron fisicoquímicamente y se determinaron: la liberación en membrana semisintéticas, la retención en las capas de la piel y la permeación en piel humana. La citotoxicidad en THP-1 fue determinada por el ensayo colorimétrico de MTT y la actividad en promastigotes y amastigotes intracelulares por recuento microscópico. Resultados: el tamaño, índice de polidispersión, potencial Z y concentración de fosfolípidos de los LUD-MIL fue de 100,7 nm, 0,147, -12,0 mV y 53,24 mM respectivamente. El flujo de MIL a través de la membrana fue mayor con LUD-MIL que con MIL-libre. El tratamiento con LUD-MIL indujo menor acumulación de la MIL en el estrato corneo y mayor permeación que el tratamiento con MIL libre. Los LUD-MIL y los LConv-MIL mantuvieron la actividad de la MIL en los parásitos y células. Los LUD-MIL fueron más tóxicos para las células que los LConv y la MIL y más activos en amastigotes intracelulares de L. (V.) braziliensis. Conclusión: los LUD-MIL preparados conservaron la actividad anti-Leishmania de la MIL y permitieron la liberación del compuesto en membranas y piel humana. Ensayos en modelos experimentales de leishmaniasis cutánea para evaluar la actividad de estas formulaciones son urgentes de realizar.

Atualmente, a cultura da cana-de-açúcar desempenha importante papel no cenário mundial, sobretudo ao aspecto relacionado às fontes energéticas alternativas. Assim, em um talhão de cana-de-açúcar na Usina Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar, Rubineia, SP, manejado sob duas formas de colheita da cana crua, com palhada (COP) e sem palhada (SEP) sobre o solo, foram estudadas as correlações Pearson e espacial entre a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar (variedade RB855035, em seu terceiro corte) e as propriedades físico-químicas do solo, objetivando verificar aquele que possui a melhor correlação com essa produtividade, assim como o melhor método de colheita. Para tanto, foram instaladas duas malhas geoestatísticas (1,30 ha e 121 pontos amostrais cada) em um Argissolo Vermelho eutrófico (declive homogêneo de 0,065 m m-1), no ano de 2011. Os atributos avaliados foram: produtividade de colmos de cana-de-açúcar, população de plantas, resistência do solo à penetração, umidade gravimétrica, densidade e estoque de carbono do solo, nas profundidades de 0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. Realizaram-se as análises descritiva, correlações lineares e geoestatística dos dados. Em ambos os tratamentos, a população de plantas apresentou a melhor correlação de Pearson (r = 0,725** em COP; r = 0,769** em SEP), com a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Entretanto, em relação ao solo, a densidade (0-0,20 m) teve a melhor correlação (r = 0,305** em COP; r = 0,211* em SEP). Da mesma forma, do ponto de vista espacial, a população de plantas melhor explicou a produtividade da cana-de-açúcar. Contudo, a densidade (0,20-0,40 m) do tratamento com palhada foi a única propriedade do solo que apresentou correlação espacial com a produtividade de colmos. O estoque de carbono do solo para o tratamento com palhada foi 11,5 % superior ao sem palhada. O tratamento com palhada foi o que possibilitou os melhores resultados, inclusive no que se refere ao manejo e à conservação do solo.

Currently, sugarcane plays an important global role, particularly with a view to alternative energy sources. Thus, in a sugarcane field of the mill Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar, Rubineia, São Paulo State, managed under two green cane harvest systems (cane trash left on and cane trash removed from the soil), Pearson and spatial correlations between the sugarcane yield (variety RB855035 in the third cut) and soil physical and chemical properties were studied to identify the property best correlated with stalk yield and the best harvest method. For this purpose, two geostatistical grids (121 sampling points on 1.30 ha) were installed on a eutrophic Red Argisol (homogeneous slope of 0.065 m m-1), in 2011, to determine the properties: stalk yield and sugarcane plant population, and soil resistance to penetration, gravimetric moisture, bulk density, and carbon stock, in the layers 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The data were analyzed by descriptive, linear correlation and geostatistical analysis. In both treatments, the property stand density was best correlated with sugarcane yield (r = 0.725 in the trash mulching treatment - TM and r = 0.769 in the trash removal treatment - TR). However, in relation to the soil properties, bulk density (0-0.20 m) was best correlated (r = 0.305 in TM, r = 0.211 in TR). Similarly, from the spatial point of view, stand density was the property that best explained the sugarcane yield. However, in the TM treatment the density (0.20-0.40 m) was the only soil property spatially correlated with stalk yield. The carbon stock in the soil of the TM was 11.5 % higher than in the TR treatment. Results of the TM treatment were best, also with regard to soil management and conservation.

O sistema cultivo mínimo, por possibilitar pouca movimentação de solo, menor número de operações agrícolas sem incorporação dos resíduos vegetais, apresenta vantagens em razão do menor custo de preparo e da redução das perdas de solo e água. No ano agrícola de 2006/2007, na Fazenda de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil - FEIS/UNESP, situada nas condições do Cerrado Brasileiro, objetivou-se analisar a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação de forragem (guandu+milheto) (MSF), em função de atributos físicos do solo, tais como resistência à penetração (RP), umidade gravimétrica (UG), umidade volumétrica (UV) e densidade do solo (DS) nas profundidades de 0,0-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,30 m. Para tanto, foi instalado um ensaio, contendo 117 pontos amostrais, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob pivô central, numa área experimental de 1600 m² sob cultivo mínimo. A análise estatística constou de análise descritiva inicial dos atributos e análise das correlações lineares simples entre eles, e, finalmente, de análise geoestatística. Do ponto de vista da correlação espacial, o atributo que mais bem explica a produtividade de massa de matéria seca da consorciação é a densidade do solo na camada de 0,20-0,30 m, com uma correlação inversa, indicando que as espécies se desenvolvem bem em solos adensados.

The minimum tillage system allows little soil movement, fewer farm operations without incorporation of crop residues, thus, it has advantages due to lower cost of preparation and the reduction of soil and water losses. This study aimed to analyze the yield of dry mass of intercropping forage (millet+pigeonpea-DM) as a function of soil physical characteristics in the crop year 2006/2007. The experiment was conducted in the Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Engineering of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil, FEIS/UNESP, located in the Brazilian Cerrado conditions. Soil penetration resistance (PR), gravimetric moisture (GM), volumetric water content (VW) and bulk density (BD) at depths of 0 to 0.10 m, 0 0.10 to 0.20 m and 0.20 to 0.30 m were determined. A trial consisting of 117 sampling points in an Oxisol under center pivot was carried out in an experimental area of 1600 m² under minimum tillage. The results were initially evaluated by descriptive statistics of the attributes and simple linear correlations between them, and finally, by geostatistical analysis. The spatial correlations showed that the attribute that best explains the yield of dry mass of the intercropping species was the density of the soil layer from 0.20 to 0.30 m, with an inverse correlation, indicating that the species grows well in dense soils.

Volatile oils from the leaves of Verbenaceae species Aloysia virgata, Lantana camara, Lantana trifolia, Lantana montevidensis, Lippia brasiliensis and Lippia sericea were investigated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity. The volatile oils were characterized by a high content of sesquiterpenes of which (E)-caryophyllene (10-35%), germacrene-D (5-46%) and bicyclogermacrene (7-17%) were the major components for all studied species. For the flowers, a higher concentration of monoterpenes was observed for the species L. camara, L. trifolia and L. brasiliensis. These compounds probably act as attractive to specific pollinators. The volatile oils from A. virgata was the most active, exhibiting moderate antimicrobial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.

The essential oils of seven Myrtaceae species were investigated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity. The volatile oils were characterized by a high content of monoterpenoids of which 1,8-cineole (88.0, 65.0 and 77.0% for Melaleuca hypericifolia, Callistemon viminalis and Callistemon citrinus respectively), terpinen-4-ol (47.0 and 49.8% for Melaleuca thymifolia and Callistemon polandii respectively) and α-pinene (54.5% for Kunzea ericoides) were the major components. The oil from M. linariifolia was characterized by a high concentration of methyleugenol (87.2%). The oil from Melaleuca thymifolia was the most active, exhibiting high antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria.

This paper describes 2D-QSAR and 3D-QSAR studies against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neofarmans for a set of 20 bisbenzamidines. In the studies of 2D-QSAR with C. albicans it was obtained a correlation between log MIC-1 and lipolo component-Z (r² = 0.68; Q² = 0.51). In the case of C. neofarmans a correlation between log MIC-1 and lipolo component-Z and of Balaban index (r² = 0.85; Q² = 0.6) was obtained. 3D-QSAR studies using CoMFA showed that the steric fields contributed more to the predicted activities for Candida albicans (94.9%) and Cryptococcus neofarmans (97.9%).

This work presents the experimental results of the facing turning of an Al-Mg alloy. This aluminium alloy was mechanically and metallurgically modified, by means of cold rolling reduction and refining grain size previous to machining. The samples were cut and compared with samples in the as-received form, machined under the same cutting conditions. Surface finishing and work hardening were measured. Results show that theoretical surface roughness values are always smaller than the measured ones for all samples. Also, the surface roughness of the as-received samples is larger than that of mechanically modified samples. This difference of surface roughness was attributed to the swelling effect of the material. Microhardness values of the machined samples showed a decreasing trend with increasing loads. The surface of the cold rolled sample did not present a detectable microhardness alteration. Optical microscopy was used to observe qualitative aspects of the machined surface.

Foi determinada a concentração de cálcio em frutos de feijão-vagem cultivares: Xera, Paulista, Florence, 274, F-15, Nerina, Anseme e UEL-1, em dois experimentos, em 1997 e 1998 em Londrina. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as vagens classificadas como número 4 (8,3 a 9,4 mm de diâmetro). As concentrações de cálcio das cultivares foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a P < 0,05. Nos dois anos analisados, a cultivar Xera apresentou as maiores concentrações de cálcio, média de 6,1 mg de cálcio/g de matéria seca, enquanto que a menor concentração foi encontrada na cultivar Nerina, 4,5 mg de cálcio/g de matéria seca. Concluiu-se que o acúmulo de cálcio na vagem foi influenciado pelo genótipo da cultivar independentemente do ano agrícola estudado.

The calcium concentration in the pods of several snap beans was studied in two experiments carried out in 1997 and 1998 in Londrina, Paraná state, Brazil. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Pods classified as number four (8.3 to 9.4 mm diameter) were assessed. The calcium concentrations in the cultivars Xera, Paulista, Florence, 274, F-15, Nerina, Anseme and UEL-1 were compared by the Duncan test at P < 0.05. In the two years analyzed, the Xera cultivar presented the greatest calcium concentration with an average of 6.1 mg calcium/g dry matter, while the Nerina cultivar showed the lowest concentrations with 4.5 mg calcium/g dry matter. It was concluded that calcium accumulation in the pod was influenced by the genotype of the cultivar regardless of the agricultural year studied.

Combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a tool to circumvent a major problem of pharmaceutical industries to discover new lead compounds. A rapid and massive evaluation of a myriad of newly synthesised compounds can be carried out. Combinatorial synthesis leads to high throughput screening en masse towards another myriad of biological targets. The design of a set of compounds based upon combinatorial chemistry may be envisaged by using of QSPR-SIMCA and QSAR-SIMCA as tools for classification purposes. This work deals with the definition and establishment of a spanned substituent space (SSS) that reduces the analogue numbers with no exclusion of global content. The chemical diversity may be set properly within a specified pharmacological field. This allows a better use of its potentiality without loosing information.

QSAR studies based on flow microcalorimetric bioassay data for interaction of homologous series of m-alkoxyphenols and p-hydroxybenzoates with E. coli cells were carried out applying factorial design. Results for both series showed a linear relationship between log(dose)max and log Po/w. Analysis of these data allows the identification of contributions toward the derived bioactivity from the parent structures (the molecule minus n-CH2 groups present in the side-chain) and the lipophilic groups, CH2. These results are discussed with respect to drug quantitative structure-relationship.