Resumo Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da temperatura e motilidade embrionária sobre o desenvolvimento esquelético de jacaré-do-pantanal (Caiman yacare). Os ovos foram incubados com 90% de umidade e empregou-se a temperatura de 29°C por 45 dias. Após, para a incubação do Grupo I a temperatura continuou em 29°C, mas associou-se à injeção de 4-aminopiridina (29°C-4AP, n = 15) aplicada nos dias 46, 47, 48 e 49, do Grupo II permaneceu em 29°C (n = 14) e do Grupo III elevou-se para 33°C (n = 14). A movimentação foi mensurada através do monitor digital Egg Buddy® nos dias 30, 35, 42, 49, 56 e 60 dias. Aos 60 dias, os embriões foram eutanasiados e coletadas amostras embrionárias. Na análise estatística não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos para o fator temperatura sobre a motilidade embrionária no desenvolvimento esquelético. Em contraste, a motilidade evidenciou diferença estatística no dia 49 para o Grupo I (P < 0,001) e apresentou maiores proporções de nariz e mão. Esses dados demonstraram pela primeira vez que o aumento na motilidade, induzidos farmacologicamente resultam em divergências fenotípicas na proporção de segmentos anatômicos durante a ontogenia pré-natal, podendo alterar efetivamente a adaptação dos animais em ambientes específicos.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether skeletal development of the Pantanal Caiman (Caiman yacare) is similarly influenced by temperature variation and controlled increases in embryo motility. All eggs were incubated at 90% humidity and 29 °C for the first 45 days. Thereafter, the incubation temperature was either maintained at 29 °C and embryos were treated with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on days 46, 47, 48, and 49 (Group I, 29 °C 4-AP, n = 15); maintained at 29 °C (n = 14; Group II); or at 33 °C (n = 14, Group III). Embryonic movement was measured using an Egg Buddy® digital monitor on days 30, 35, 42, 49, 56, and 60, at which point embryos were euthanized and samples were collected for analysis. No differences were observed between groups with varying incubation temperatures. In contrast, embryonic motility was greater in embryos treated with 4-AP (P < 0.001) on day 49, and this was associated with higher proportions of snout-vent and hand lengths. This study demonstrates for the first time that pharmacologically induced increases in embryo motility result in phenotypic changes to the proportion of elements during prenatal ontogeny, thereby effectively altering the adaptation of the species to specific environments.

ABSTRACT Purpose: This study investigates the protective effect of cilostazol on the development and evolution of diabetic retinopathy in rats. Methods: Sixty male rats were divided into four groups: untreated nondiabetic rats, untreated diabetic rats, cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats, and cilostazol-treated diabetic rats. The thickness of the internal limiting membrane to the outer limiting membrane, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer nuclear layer were measured. The number of cell nuclei per 50-μm length in retinal sections was counted to quantify the degree of retinal cell loss. Results: The number of nuclei in the ganglion cell layer was significantly higher in untreated nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). The mean number of nuclei in the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that in the cilostazol-treated diabetic rats (p<0.05). The cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats had a significantly higher mean nuclei count in the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer as compared with the other groups (p<0.05). The total mean retinal thickness of the cilostazol-treated nondiabetic rats was significantly higher than that of cilostazol-treated diabetic rats and untreated diabetic rats (p<0.05). Conclusion: By decreasing the loss of ganglion cells and reducing the sensorineural atrophy in the internal retinal layers, cilostazol had a protective effect against changes caused by diabetic retinopathy in diabetic rats.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito protetor do cilostazol no desenvolvimento e na evolução da retinopatia diabética em ratos. Métodos: Sessenta ratos machos foram divididos em 4 grupos: ratos não-diabéticos não-tratados, ratos diabéticos não-tratados, ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol e ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol. A espessura da membrana limitante interna à membrana limitante externa, a camada plexiforme interna, a camada nuclear interna e a camada nuclear externa foram medidas. Para quantificar o grau de perda de células da retina, foi contado o número de núcleos de células por 50 μm de comprimento em secções retinianas. Resultados: O número de núcleos no GCL foi significativamente maior em Ratos não-diabéticos não-tratados com cilostazol (p<0,05). O número médio de núcleos em Ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que em Ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol (p<0,05). A contagem média de núcleos em camada nuclear interna e camada plexiforme interna de ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que nos outros grupos (p<0,05). A espessura retiniana média total de Ratos não-diabéticos tratados com cilostazol foi significativamente maior do que em Ratos diabéticos tratados com cilostazol e Ratos diabéticos não-tratados (p<0,05). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que o cilostazol teve um efeito protetor contra as alterações causadas pela retinopatia diabética em ratos diabéticos, diminuindo a perda de células ganglionares e reduzindo a atrofia neurossensorial nas camadas retinianas internas.

ABSTRACT Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be indicated as a strategy to mitigate salt stress in plants, so the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations and methods of application of H2O2 as a mitigator of salt stress on the growth, physiology, and quality of seedlings of yellow passion fruit. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment (screened) belonging to UFERSA, in Caraúbas - RN, Brazil, in a randomized block design and analyzed in a 2 × 4 × 3 factorial scheme, with four replications and one plant per plot. The treatments consisted of levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.5 and 3.2 dS m-1), H2O2 concentrations (0, 12, 24, and 36 μM), and H2O2 application methods (M1 = seed soaking, M2 = foliar spraying, and M3 = seed soaking + foliar spraying). Increased levels of salinity in irrigation water negatively affect seedling quality. Hydrogen peroxide at an average concentration of 24 µM mitigates salt stress in passion fruit seedlings cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo. H2O2 application to seeds associated with foliar spraying mitigates the effects of salt stress on the absolute growth rate of the leaf area of passion fruit seedlings irrigated with an ECw of 3.2 dS m-1.

RESUMO O peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) pode ser indicado como uma estratégia para mitigar o estresse salino em plantas, por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos das concentrações e métodos de aplicação de H2O2 como mitigador do estresse salino sobre o crescimento, fisiologia e qualidade de mudas de maracujá cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido (telado) pertencente a UFERSA, em Caraúbas - RN, Brasil, em delineamento em blocos casualizados e analisados em esquema fatorial 2 × 4 × 3, com quatro repetições e uma planta por parcela. Os tratamentos consistiram em: condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,5 e 3,2 dS m-1); concentrações de H2O2 (0, 12, 24 e 36 μM); e métodos de aplicação de H2O2 (M1 = embebição das sementes, M2 = pulverização foliar e M3 = embebição das sementes + pulverização foliar). O aumento dos níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação afeta negativamente a qualidade das mudas. O peróxido de hidrogênio na concentração de 24 µM mitiga o estresse salino em mudas de maracujazeiro cv. BRS Gigante Amarelo. A aplicação de H2O2 em sementes associada à pulverização foliar mitiga os efeitos do estresse salino sobre a taxa de crescimento absoluto da área foliar de mudas de maracujá irrigadas com CEa de 3,2 dS m-1.

Capillary electromigration techniques can be understood as the ones used to separate neutral compounds, solvated ions and ionized species, considering the differentiated migration among them when an electrical field is applied within a capillary column filled with a background electrolyte. Several existing capillary electrophoresis setups provide the possibility of developing reliable quantitative assays of inorganic ions, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, hormones, vitamins, macromolecules, and more. Therefore, given the chemical complexity of bodily fluid matrices, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and its variations present themselves as an advantageous strategy for enhancing traditional clinical diagnostic methods and for the development of new ones. The recent advances in the study of the human metabolome associated with technological improvements towards medical applications make CE a very useful and versatile technique for clinical laboratory assays. Within this context, this review has the purpose of presenting some traditional methods used for exams of blood, urine, saliva, feces, and sweat, and how CE can be implemented as a real alternative to enable faster, automated, and cost-effective analysis with a comprehensive perspective that shall result in better diagnostic possibilities for patients, being a powerful tool for helping physicians on the precision medicine achievements. compounds species electrolyte acids carbohydrates proteins hormones vitamins macromolecules more Therefore matrices (CE context blood urine saliva feces sweat faster automated costeffective cost effective patients achievements

ABSTRACT Rhinopathies diagnosis in small animals is challenging, especially regarding their etiology. Imaging exams are very valuable tools for diagnostic procedures. The objective here is to report a rare case of rhinitis by Microsporum canis in a 4-year-old male, SRD dog, sneezing and with chronic purulent nasal secretion two weeks after surgical correction of cleft palate, emphasizing the imaging tests importance for a final and assertive diagnosis. Skull radiographs revealed turbinate destruction and two soft tissue amorphous structures with radiopacity at nasal cavity. The presence of a foreign body in the left passage, soaked in mucopurulent secretion associated with fungal plaques, with firm texture were evidenced by rhinoscopy, and identified as M. canis colonies by microbiological examination. In association, red-brown hyperplastic areas biopsied via rhinoscopy were histologically diagnosed as transmissible venereal tumor. It is concluded that such infection can be reported as opportunistic, secondary to local immunosuppression by post-surgical foreign body and nasal TVT. This is the first case to report such a pathogen in the dog, making its insertion in the differential diagnosis of rhinopathies extremely valuable.

RESUMO O diagnóstico de rinopatias em pequenos animais é desafiador, especialmente quanto a sua etiologia. Exames de imagem são ferramentas de grande valia na condução diagnóstica. Objetiva-se relatar um caso raro de rinite por Microsporum canis, em um cão de quatro anos, macho, SRD, apresentando espirros e secreção nasal purulenta crônica, duas semanas após correção cirúrgica de fenda palatina, e enfatizar a importância dos exames de imagem no diagnóstico final e assertivo. Radiografias de crânio revelaram destruição dos turbinados e duas estruturas amorfas, de radiopacidade de tecidos moles em cavidade nasal. Presença de corpo estranho em passagem esquerda, embebido em secreção mucopurulenta, associada a placas fúngicas, de textura firme, foi evidenciada á rinoscopia, as quais foram identificadas como colônias de M. canis ao exame microbiológico. Em associação, áreas hiperplásicas vermelho-acastanhadas, biopsiadas via rinoscopia, foram diagnosticadas histologicamente como tumor venéreo transmissível. Conclui-se que tal infecção pode ser reportada como oportunista, secundária à imunossupressão local por corpo estranho pós-cirúrgico e TVT nasal. Este é o primeiro caso a reportar tal patógeno no cão, tornando de extrema valia a inserção deste no diagnóstico diferencial de rinopatias.

Objectives: To examine drug overdose records in Brazil from 2000 to 2020, analyzing trends over time in overdoses and overall sociodemographic characteristics of the deceased. Methods: Using data from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade), we identified records from 2000-2020 in which the underlying cause-of-death was one of the following codes: X40-X45 (accidental poisoning), X60-X65 (intentional poisoning), or Y10-Y15 (undetermined intentionality poisoning). The Brazilian dataset included 21,410 deaths. We used joinpoint regression analysis to assess changes in trends over time. Results: People who died of drug overdoses in Brazil between 2000 and 2020 had a mean age of 38.91 years; 38.45% were women, and 44.01% were identified as White. Of the overdose deaths, 44.70% were classified as intentional and 32.12% were classified as unintentional. Among the identified drugs, stimulants were the most common class. However, most records did not report which drug was responsible for death. Conclusion: Sociodemographic trends in overdose deaths in Brazil must guide country-specific policies. Nevertheless, data collection protocols must be improved, particularly regarding the drug used in overdoses.

ABSTRACT: Lettuce and arugula are the most cultivated leafy vegetables in hydroponic systems in the world, and the little information about Azospirillum brasilense effects in research in this system makes it necessary to verify the best method of inoculation of these bacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to verify the beneficial effects of inoculation methods of A. brasilense on plant growth and nutrition of lettuce and arugula grown in the hydroponic system. The study was conducted in a greenhouse with 30% shading. A randomized block design with five replicates in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme was used. Four A. brasilense inoculation methods (non-inoculated, foliar application, nutrient solution, and nutrient solution + foliar application) and two leafy vegetable species - arugula and lettuce - were evaluated. All inoculation methods improved plant height, shoot fresh and dry mass, root fresh and dry mass, fresh leaf yield, leaf chlorophyll index, accumulation of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, sulfur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and copper and reduced nitrate accumulation in shoot and root of arugula and lettuce. Inoculation via nutrient solution + foliar application of A. brasilense is the most suitable for hydroponic arugula cultivation because it provides greater fresh leaf yield. All inoculation methods increased leaf yield in hydroponic lettuce. Hydroponic arugula and lettuce plants showed greater accumulation of nutrients and plant growth with less nitrate accumulation in the shoot under inoculation with A. brasilense.

RESUMO A alface e a rúcula são as hortaliças folhosas mais cultivadas em sistemas hidropônicos no mundo, e as poucas informações sobre os efeitos do Azospirillum brasilense em pesquisas neste sistema torna-se necessário verificar o melhor método de inoculação dessas bactérias. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos benéficos de métodos de inoculação de A. brasilense em alface e rúcula no crescimento e nutrição das plantas em sistema hidropônico. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação com 30% de sombreamento. Foi usado o delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 5 repetições em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro métodos de inoculação de A. brasilense (não inoculado, foliar, solução nutritiva e solução nutritiva + inoculação foliar) e o segundo fator foi a aplicação em rúcula e alface. Todos os métodos de inoculação melhoraram a altura da planta, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea, massa fresca e seca da raiz, rendimento da planta, índice de clorofila foliar, acúmulo de nitrogênio, potássio, cálcio, enxofre, fósforo, ferro, manganês, cobre e redução do acúmulo de nitrato na parte aérea e raízes de rúcula e alface. A inoculação via solução nutriente + inoculação foliar de A. brasilense é a mais indicada para o cultivo hidropônico de rúcula, pois proporciona maior rendimento de folhas, e todos os métodos de inoculação foram capazes de aumentar o rendimento de folhas em alface hidropônica. Plantas hidropônicas de rúcula e alface apresentaram maior acúmulo de nutrientes e crescimento das plantas com menor acúmulo de nitrato na parte aérea sob inoculação com A. brasilense.

ABSTRACT Cowpea is a socioeconomically important legume in the Northeast region of Brazil, and the most grown and consumed type of bean, representing the main source of low-cost vegetable protein for rural and urban populations in this region. The objective of this work was to characterize the proximate composition, minerals, tannins, phytic acid, and cooking quality of whole grains of cowpea from the commercial cultivars BRS Aracê, BRS Inhuma, and BRS Xiquexique. Grain samples of the cultivars were ground in a zirconium ball mill and the flour was used for analysis. The proximate composition was carried out according to the AOAC methodology. The minerals were determined by nitro-perchloric digestion and reading in a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The anti-nutritional factors tannins and phytic acid were determined by extraction and reading in a spectrophotometer. Cooking quality was assessed using an electric pressure cooker and then a Mattson cooker. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with three treatments (cultivars) and three replications. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey's test (p<0.05). The cowpea cultivars showed significant differences (p<0.05) for most characteristics evaluated and were similar in terms of ash, lipids, total dietary fiber, and most macrominerals. The results showed that grains of the cultivars BRS Aracê and BRS Xiquexique are excellent sources of dietary fiber, proteins, and minerals and present high cooking quality, while grains of the cultivar BRS Inhuma stood out regarding carbohydrates, soluble dietary fibers, total energetic value, and low levels of factors, anti-nutritional tannins and phytic acid.

RESUMO O feijão-caupi é uma leguminosa de grande importância socioeconômica na região Nordeste do Brasil, sendo o tipo de feijão mais cultivado e consumido, representando a principal fonte de proteína vegetal de baixo custo das populações rural e urbana dessa região. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a composição centesimal, minerais, taninos, ácido fítico e a qualidade de cozimento dos grãos integrais das cultivares de feijão-caupi BRS Aracê, BRS Inhuma e BRS Xiquexique. A composição centesimal foi determinada de acordo com a metodologia AOAC. Os minerais foram determinados por digestão nitro-perclórica e leitura em espectrofotômetro de absorção atômica de chama. Os fatores antinutricionais taninos e ácido fítico foram determinados por extração e leitura em espectrofotômetro. A qualidade do cozimento foi avaliada usando uma panela de pressão elétrica e, em seguida, o cozedor de Matsson. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com três tratamentos (cultivares) e três repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). As cultivares apresentaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para a maioria das características avaliadas e similares para os teores de cinzas, lipídeos, fibra alimentar total e a maioria dos macrominerais. As cultivares BRS Aracê e BRS Xiquexique representam excelentes fontes de fibras dietéticas, proteínas e minerais, além de alta qualidade de cozimento, enquanto a cultivar BRS Inhuma destacou-se em carboidratos, fibras alimentares solúveis, valor energético total e baixos teores dos fatores antinutricionais analisados.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the reproductive phenology in a Monteverdia ilicifolia plantation, whose seedlings were produced with Trichoderma spp. and vermicompost, in order to identify the moment when the shift to the adult reproductive stage of the species occurs and possible effects of biostimulants on reproductive development of the species. The seedlings was carried out in tubes of 180 cm³ volume in a greenhouse in November 2015. For the Trichoderma spp. assay, three non-commercial strains (T1 and T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculated in commercial substrate and one treatment without Trichoderma (control) were tested, comprising four treatments with five replications each, totaling 20 plants. For the vermicompost assay, different proportions of vermicompost and non-sterile soil were tested. The percentages of vermicompost evaluated were: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 and 80% in relation to the non-sterile soil (treatments T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 and T80), being tested ten replications per treatment, totaling 60 plants. The seedlings were transplanted to the field at 330 days, at a spacing of 4.0 m x 3.5 m, constituting two trials, which were evaluated individually. The reproductive phenology of M. ilicifolia was evaluated in 2018, 2019 and 2020, using the presence/absence of flowering and fruiting method, quantified by the activity index (AI), which expresses the percentage of individuals that manifested the events in each sampling. The analyzes were carried out directly and monthly, between the months of August and December of each year. The first reproductive phenology of the species occurred 22 months after planting. The flowering activity index was more intense than the fruiting activity index during the three reproductive periods analyzed, but it is still incipient to infer about the action of biostimulants, in view of the presence of two floral types with characteristics that may have influenced the results found. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the floral typology of each cultivated individual to better understand the reproductive dynamics of the species in the study area and confirm possible effects of biostimulants.

RESUMO O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a fenologia reprodutiva em um plantio de Monteverdia ilicifolia, cujas mudas foram produzidas com Trichoderma e vermicomposto, visando identificar o momento em que ocorre a mudança para a fase adulta reprodutiva da espécie e possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes no desenvolvimento reprodutivo das plantas. A semeadura foi realizada em tubetes de 180 cm³ de volume em casa de vegetação em novembro de 2015. Para o ensaio com Trichoderma spp., foram testadas três cepas não-comerciais (cepas T1 e T2: Trichoderma asperelloides; T10: Trichoderma virens) inoculadas em substrato comercial e um tratamento sem Trichoderma (controle), constituindo quatro tratamentos com cinco repetições cada, totalizando 20 plantas. Para o ensaio com vermicomposto, foram testadas diferentes proporções de vermicomposto e solo não-estéril. Os percentuais de vermicomposto avaliados foram: 0; 20; 40; 50; 60 e 80% em relação ao solo não-estéril (tratamentos T0, T20, T40, T50, T60 e T80), sendo testadas dez repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 plantas. O transplante das mudas para o campo ocorreu aos 330 dias, em espaçamento 4,0 m x 3,5 m, constituindo dois ensaios, os quais foram avaliados individualmente. A fenologia reprodutiva de M. ilicifolia foi avaliada em 2018, 2019 e 2020, pelo método presença/ausência de floração e frutificação, quantificados pelo índice de atividade (IA), que exprime o percentual de indivíduos que manifestaram os eventos em cada amostragem. As análises foram realizadas de forma direta e mensalmente, entre os meses de agosto a dezembro de cada ano. A primeira fenologia reprodutiva da espécie ocorreu 22 meses após o plantio. O índice de atividade de floração foi mais intenso que o índice de atividade de frutificação no decorrer dos três períodos reprodutivos analisados, mas ainda são incipientes para inferir sobre a ação dos bioestimulantes, tendo em vista a presença de dois tipos florais com características que podem ter influenciado nos resultados encontrados. Por isso, é necessário avaliar a tipologia floral de cada indivíduo cultivado para compreender melhor a dinâmica reprodutiva da espécie na área de estudo e confirmar possíveis efeitos dos bioestimulantes.

ABSTRACT An adequate N supply is essential for plant growth, and changing plant density increases nitrogen demand. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of top-dressing nitrogen fertilization on quality and yield of onions grown under three plant densities. The experiment was conducted from June to October, in Oratórios, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, using the hybrid Superex. A randomized block experimental design was used, with a split-plot arrangement and four replications. N rates (0, 60, 120, and 240 kg ha-1) were evaluated in the plots and plant densities (40 plants m-2 - one seedling per cell; 80 plants m-2 - two seedlings per cell; and 120 plants m-2 - three seedlings per cell) were evaluated in the subplots. The yield found for the treatment with 80 plants m-2 and 171 kg ha-1 of N was 51.28 Mg ha-1 of marketable bulbs, with approximately 75% class 3 and 17% class 4 bulbs. Bulb weight decreased with increasing plant density. Top-dressing nitrogen fertilization increases the quality and yield of onions, regardless of the plant density. The highest yield was found when using 80 plants m-2 and 240 kg ha-1 of N. A density of 80 plants m-2 (two seedlings per cell) and 171 kg ha-1 of N is recommended when intending to obtain class 3 and 4 bulbs.

RESUMO O suprimento adequado de N é essencial ao crescimento das plantas e a alteração na densidade de plantio pode aumentar a demanda por nitrogênio. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio na qualidade e na produtividade de cebola em três densidades de plantio a partir de uma, duas e três mudas por célula de bandeja. O experimento foi conduzido no período de junho a outubro de 2012 em Oratórios-MG, com o híbrido Superex. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados e m parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas avaliou-se doses de N (0, 60, 120 e 240 kg de N ha-1) e nas subparcelas a densidade de plantio: 40 plantas m-2 (uma muda por célula), 80 plantas m-2 (duas mudas por célula) e 120 plantas m-2 (três mudas por célula). Com 80 plantas m-2 e 171 kg ha-1 de N, a produtividade foi 51,28 Mg ha-1 de bulbos comercializáveis com cerca de 75% de bulbos na classe 3 e 17% de bulbos na classe 4. A massa de bulbos reduziu com o aumento da densidade de plantio. A a d u b ação com nitrogénio, em cobertura, aumenta a qualidade e o rendimento da cebola, independentemente da densidade das plantas. A maior produtividade foi observada com 80 plantas m-2 e 240 kg ha-1 de N. Recomenda-se a densidade de 80 plantas m-2 (duas mudas por célula) e 171 kg ha-1 de N para atender a preferência por bulbos das classes 3 e 4.

ABSTRACT The application of silicon (Si) represents one of the alternatives that can be used to mitigate the deleterious effects caused by salinity on plants in fertigated cultivation. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different levels of water salinity, associated with the use of sodium silicate on the production parameters and nutrient levels in the leaf and stem of mini watermelon in a protected environment. To conduct the experiment, a randomized block design was adopted, in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme, with 4 repetitions, with six levels of irrigation water salinity (1.05; 2.12; 3.26; 4.41; 5.91 and 7.32 dS m-1) and two types of Si application: without Si and in foliar solution. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf and stem fresh and dry mass; biometric variables and total soluble solids content in the fruits; and nutrient contents in leaves and stem. The use of Si associated with fertigation with different salinity levels promoted a positive response for peel thickness, ºBrix, fresh and dry mass of leaves, and Si accumulation in leaves and stem. Salinity alone promoted an increase in pulp weight, ºBrix of the fruits and potassium content in the stem, besides increasing the manganese content and inhibiting the zinc content in the leaves. There was a significant interaction for the manganese content in the stem, with a positive response in the absence of foliar-applied Si and a negative response in the presence of foliar-applied Si under different levels of salinity.

RESUMO A aplicação de silício (Si) representa uma das alternativas que podem ser utilizadas para mitigar os efeitos deletérios às plantas pela salinidade em cultivo fertirrigado. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis de salinidade da água, associado ao uso de silicato de sódio sobre os parâmetros produtivos e os teores de nutrientes na folha e no caule da mini melancia em ambiente protegido. Para condução do experimento adotou-se delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6 x 2, com 4 repetições, sendo seis níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (1,05; 2,12; 3,26; 4,41; 5,91 e 7,32 dS m-1) e dois tipos de aplicações de silício: sem silício e aplicação em solução via foliar. Foram avaliados: a altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, peso da matéria fresca e seca de folhas e caule; variáveis biométricas e teor de sólidos solúveis totais nos frutos; e teor de nutrientes nas folhas e caule. O uso do silício associado a fertirrigação com diferentes níveis de salinidade proporcionaram resposta positiva para espessura de casca, ºBrix, massa fresca e seca de folhas e, acúmulo de silício nas folhas e caule. A salinidade isolada proporcionou aumento para peso de polpa, ºBrix dos frutos e teor de potássio no caule e, incrementou o teor de manganês e inibiu teor de zinco nas folhas. Houve interação significativa para o teor de manganês no caule, com resposta positiva na ausência de silício foliar e negativa com aplicação foliar de silício sob diferentes níveis de salinidade.

Abstract Objective Few studies have addressed the use of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) in the treatment of patients with multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFD). So, we evaluated the functional outcomes and level of satisfaction with SNS in selected patients with one or multiples PFD. Methods A prospective database was used to collect information on eligible patients treated for PFD with SNS, and severity of symptoms was assessed with scores and satisfaction rates by visual analogue scale (VAS) at baseline and by the end of follow-up. Results We recruited 70 patients, 98.6% of whom responded positively during the evaluation period (Global Response Assessment ≥ 50% for at least one type of PFD), resulting in the implantation of a permanent SNS device. Additionally, 49 of the patients (71%) had a single PFD (fecal incontinence [FI] = 38; constipation/obstructed defecation syndrome [C/ODS] = 11), while 20 (29%) had more than one PFD (double incontinence/n = 12; double incontinence + C/ODS/n = 8). All scores improved significantly between baseline (pre-SNS) and the end of follow-up (post-SNS), as did VAS in all groups (single and multiple PFD). The pre-SNS scores were higher in patients with a single PFD, including FI (Cleveland clinic Florida incontinence score [CCF-FI]) and C/ODS (Cleveland clinic constipation score [C-CCF] and the Renzi ODS score). The pre-SNS impact of VAS scores was similar in all groups (single and multiple PFD), but the VAS (post-SNS) was significantly lower (better response) for FI alone compared with multiple PFD. Conclusion The SNS technique is an effective and safe option for patients with one or more PFD refractory to conservative measures. Response was positive for at least two PFD, based on reduced correspondent scores and satisfaction rate.

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy characterized by unregulated and clonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow; these cells produce and secrete an anomalous monoclonal immunoglobulin, or a fragment of this, called M protein. The clinical manifestations of MM result from the proliferation of these plasmocytes, the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulin and the suppression of normal humoral immunity, leading to hypercalcemia, bone destruction, renal failure, suppression of hematopoiesis and humoral immunity, increasing the risk for the development of infections. The increase in life expectancy of the world population led to a concomitant increase in the prevalence of MM, a pathology that usually affects the elderly population. The aim of this review is to update the reader on epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis with other monoclonal gam-mopathies, systemic treatment and prognosis of MM.

Resumo O mieloma múltiplo (MM) constitui neoplasia maligna de origem hematológica caracterizada pela proliferação desregulada e clonal de plasmócitos na medula óssea; estas células produzem e secretam imunoglobulina monoclonal anômala, ou um fragmento desta, denominado proteína M. As manifestações clínicas do MM decorrem da proliferação destes plasmócitos, da produção excessiva de imunoglobulina monoclonal e da supressão da imunidade humoral normal, levando à hipercalcemia, destruição óssea, insuficiência renal, supressão da hematopoiese e da imunidade humoral,aumentandooriscoparaodesenvolvimento de infecções. O aumento na expectativa de vida da população mundial levou a concomitante incremento na prevalência do MM, patologia que habitualmente acomete a população idosa. O objetivo desta revisão é atualizar o leitor sobre a epidemiologia, critérios diagnósticos, diagnóstico diferencial com outras gamopatias monoclonais, tratamento sistêmico e prognóstico do MM.

This work describes a green synthesis, the characterization, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The AgNPs suspension was synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of Eucalyptus grandis, which presented a characteristic band at 407 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. The AgNPs presented a spherical shape and size of 9.7 ± 0.3 nm. The nanoparticles were stable over a month, indicating that E. grandis’ extract is suitable for their preparation and stabilization. The X-ray analysis showed that the crystallinity of AgNPs corresponded to the centered face phase of silver. The antibacterial and leishmanicidal activities of AgNPs were evaluated. The AgNPs presented antibacterial activity on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli at 53.9 µg mL-1. The leishmanicidal activity evaluation against promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum, Leishmania amazonensis, and Leishmania braziliensis showed that the biological response is dependent on the volume of AgNP suspension. It was demonstrated that L. infantum was more sensitive to the nanoparticle’s treatment than L. amazonensis and L. braziliensis. The treatment of L infantum promastigotes with 150 µL of AgNP suspension reduced parasite growth by 67.9%, a result which was similar to the treatment with 1 (66.7%) or 2 µL (70.6%) of amphotericin B used as a positive control.

Anacardic acid (AA) is a bioactive phytochemical found in the nutshell of Anacardium occidentale, a tropical plant originally from Brazil. In this work, cross-linked anacardic acid nanocapsules (NC) were obtained by interfacial polymerization carried out using the inverse miniemulsion technique with 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI). For this purpose, a functionalized monomer from AA was synthesized for formation of lipase-cleavable ester linkages by coupling of amino acids. The synthesis was planned so that when these ester linkages get exposed to an enzyme, they are broken down and released AA. Furthermore, the N-termini of the coupled amino compounds were used as sites for the polyaddition with TDI at the droplet interface in the inverse miniemulsion. The permeability of the shell was studied on the fluorescent dye, sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), using fuorescence spectroscopy After redispersion in water, the enzymatic cleavage of NC and the release of the SR101 were both monitored in real time. The released AA was proven to be active in vitro against Bacillus subtilis colonies in the bacterial tests. The results indicate that the use of NC is a promising strategy, which can make feasible the application of AA for therapeutic purposes and as nanocarriers for the delivery of active components.