Resumen El artículo analiza los efectos del gasto social y sus componentes desagregados sobre la distribución del ingreso en México usando un panel de las 32 entidades federativas. Se especifica un modelo de determinantes que explica el comportamiento del coeficiente de Gini en términos del gasto social, la pobreza y el crecimiento del país. Se estima un panel dinámico en la modalidad Arellano-Bond para el periodo 2008-2020 y se identifica que los gastos públicos en educación y salud poseen importantes efectos en la reducción de la desigualdad más allá de los efectos de las transferencias condicionadas y del gasto en servicios básicos.

Abstract We analyze the effects of social expenditure components on income distribution in Mexico using a panel of the 32 states. A model of determinants is specified to explains the Gini coefficient behavior by means of social spending, poverty, and growth. We use a dynamic panel and the Arellano-Bond estimator for the period 2008-2020 and show that public expenditures on education and health have effects on reducing inequality that are greater than the effects of conditional transfers and spending on basic services.

The Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique is an important method of evaluating material strain fields. Composite materials have inherently heterogeneous elastic properties, in the function of the different phases present in the composition, whereat the traditional techniques of deformation evaluation may not be sufficient to determine the mechanisms that eventually contribute to the failure of the material. The present work were evaluated, the tensile mechanical properties of polyester matrix composites loaded with an industrial residue of red mud, with a mass fraction of 20%. The properties were surveyed using the conventional technique of strain gauge and compared with the data obtained through DIC. The results showed that the DIC technique was accurate in monitoring the displacements and determining the average deformation of the tested specimens, in addition to providing ample deformation fields, for the evaluation of failure mechanisms throughout the sample request process.

Abstract Domestic violence is a persistent social problem in several countries in the world. Portugal is not an exception to this trend and has therefore been developing several programs to deal with this problem, adopting a territorialized approach. However, these programs have been having limited success considering the still high figures. Using the Integrated Model of Implementation from Soren Winter as a theoretical framework, this study aims to identify the main challenges in the implementation of the policy to deal with domestic violence in two Portuguese municipalities, one urban and one rural, thus trying to understand if there are significant differences between them. Thereunto, we analyzed official documents and interviews with implementing actors. The analysis enables us to understand that the main challenges are the existence of teams of street-level workers in an insufficient and unstable number and sometimes without proper training, as well as little mobilization from the “target groups” due to a patriarchal culture and neighbors’ pressure. On the other hand, the territorialized approach, the definition of national and local plans and the articulation of networks of actors are identified as key factors for some successes.

Resumo A violência doméstica é um problema social persistente em diferentes países do mundo. Portugal não é exceção a esta tendência e por isso tem desenvolvido diversos programas de enfrentamento deste problema, apostando numa abordagem territorializada, embora com sucesso limitado considerando as ainda elevadas cifras. Ao recorrer ao Modelo Integrado de Implementação de Soren Winter como framework teórica, este estudo pretende identificar os principais desafios da implementação da política de enfrentamento da violência doméstica em dois municípios portugueses, um urbano e outro rural, tentando, com isso, perceber se existem diferenças significativas entre estes dois contextos. Para tal, recorreu-se à análise de documentos oficiais e de entrevistas com atores implementadores. A análise dos dados permite perceber que os principais desafios são a existência de equipas de técnicos no terreno em número insuficiente e instável e, por vezes, sem formação adequada, bem como a pouca mobilização dos “grupos-alvo” fruto da cultura patriarcal e de “pressão de vizinhança”. Por outro lado, a estratégia territorializada, a definição de planos nacionais e locais e a estruturação de redes de atores são identificados como fatores-chave de algum sucesso.

Abstract: Spending on public investment financed by debt is analyzed, considering the interaction between macroeconomic and fiscal variables to establish the intertemporal path of solvency and the conditions of fiscal compliance that determine a sustainable fiscal policy. Empirically, a response impulse function is proposed to analyze the dynamics situation of Mexican economy. The results show a positive response in the fiscal position resulting from the imposition of a fiscal rule of indebtedness to finance public investment, where the primary balance allows conditions of slack for the stimulation of economic activity.

Resumen: Se analiza el gasto en inversión pública financiado por deuda, considerando la interacción entre variables macroeconómicas y fiscales para establecer la trayectoria intertemporal de solvencia y las condiciones de cumplimiento fiscal que determinen las condiciones de una política fiscal sostenible. Empíricamente se propone una función impulso-respuesta (FIR) para analizar la situación de la dinámica de la economía mexicana. Los resultados muestran una respuesta positiva en la posición fiscal producto de la imposición de una regla fiscal de endeudamiento para financiar inversión pública, donde el balance primario permite condiciones de holgura para el estímulo de la actividad económica.

Resumo O propósito deste artigo é analisar, sob diferentes cenários, a trajetória da dívida pública com uma regra do teto dos gastos correntes do governo. Utilizou-se um modelo Dinâmico Estocástico de Equilíbrio Geral considerando dois cenários distintos, assumindo o cumprimento ou não da nova regra fiscal por parte do governo. No contexto em que o governo não cumpriu o teto, o resultado primário caiu de forma significativa, e a dívida pública cresceu persistentemente, mesmo diante dos choques positivos de produtividade e sobre os tributos. No cenário onde o governo cumpriu a regra do teto, a responsabilidade fiscal foi capaz de corrigir o desequilíbrio em suas contas, tanto diante do choque de produtividade, como também, frente aos choques fiscais sobre os tributos.

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze, under different scenarios, the trajectory of the public debt with a government current expenditure ceiling rule. A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium model was used considering two different scenarios, assuming compliance or not with the new fiscal rule by the government. In the context in which the government did not comply with the ceiling, the primary result dropped significantly and the public debt grew persistently, even in the face of positive shocks to productivity and taxes. In the scenario where the government complied with the ceiling rule, fiscal responsibility was able to correct the imbalance in its accounts, both in the face of the productivity shock and also in the face of fiscal shocks on taxes.

ABSTRACT In Mexico, there is an ecological deterioration caused in part by the inadequate management of natural resources. In order to collaborate in the reduction of this ecological deterioration in the soils and the environment, the objective of the work was to design an accessible vermicompost screening machine that is adaptable to the needs and requirements of small producers of this organic fertilizer in the country, so the calculation was made for the design of the main systems of the machine that are the fertilizer dosing system, the screening system and the power transmission system, developing the deployment of the QFD quality function that allows considering the demands and requirements to be satisfied, in the generation and selection of concepts and / or proposals for design, thereby improving the quality of the design. A vermicompost screening machine was designed which will make it possible to speed up and improve the working conditions in the production of this compost, thus obtaining a production of screened compost greater than that achieved manually.

RESUMEN En México existe un deterioro ecológico causado en parte por el manejo inadecuado de los recursos naturales. Con el propósito de colaborar en la disminución de este deterioro ecológico en los suelos y el medio ambiente, el objetivo del trabajo fue diseñar una máquina cribadora de vermicomposta accesible y adaptable a las necesidades y requerimientos de los pequeños productores de este abono orgánico en el país, por lo que se realizó el cálculo para el diseño de los principales sistemas de la máquina que son; el sistema de dosificación de abono, el sistema de cribado y el sistema de transmisión de potencia, desarrollando el despliegue de la función de calidad QFD que permite considerar las demandas y requerimientos a satisfacer, en la generación y selección de conceptos y/o propuestas de diseño, mejorando de esta manera la calidad del diseño. Se diseñó una máquina cribadora de vermicomposta la cual permitirá agilizar y mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en la producción de este abono, obteniendo de esta manera una producción de abono cribado mayor a la alcanzada manualmente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the rate of change during exercise and during recovery in moderate-continuous exercise (MCE) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subjects and methods: Participants performed 2 sessions of exercise: thirty minutes of continuous activity on a cycle ergometer (60% of VO2max) and thirty minutes (60% VO2max) interspersed with five bouts of maximum intensity lasting ten seconds every five minutes. Capillary blood glucose was measured before and after each test. The glucose rate of change in exercise (RoCE) was calculated (final blood glucose – onset blood glucose/exercise time), and the glucose rate of change in recovery (RoCR) (blood glucose 30 minutes after exercise – end of exercise blood glucose/recovery time). Results: The study included thirty-one participants (aged 13 ± 1.88 years). A lower blood glucose reduction was observed in the HIIE group, as well as better recovery values before, after, and thirty minutes after the test, respectively (333.14 ± 69.53, 226.19 ± 68.05 and 201.77 ± 66.84 versus 211.36 ± 91.03, 155.98 ± 82,68 and 165.76 ± 72.94). Covariance analyses showed a significant difference in glycemic variation between continuous and intermittent protocols immediately after exercise (−2.90 versus −2.08) and during the recovery period (−0.677 versus −0.389). Conclusions: HIIE led to a lower glucose reduction rate per minute during exercise and better recovery in the first 30 minutes after exercise compared to MCE in children and adolescents with T1D.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Recommender systems are focused on helping users to find the information that best fits their preferences and needs, in a search space overloaded with possible options. Most of the research works in this area are focused on proposing new recommendation approaches that improve the accuracy of previous works. Methods: Based on this idea, the objective of this research is the development of new data preprocessing methods for removing natural noise in collaborative filtering recommender systems, in order to improve the accuracy of the generated recommendations. Several of the approaches proposed in this research are based on fuzzy logic for managing the uncertainty associated with the user’s preferences as a relevant part of recommender systems. As a result, four new approaches for data preprocessing methods in collaborative recommender systems were obtained, both for individual and group recommendation. Results: The methods proposed were evaluated using international databases created for this purpose, thus verifying their accuracy. Furthermore, these methods were applied in a real recommendation situation associated with Programming Online Judges in Cuba, evidencing an improvement in the recommendation accuracy in such context. These results were published in 8 Group I papers, in Web of Science Journals such as Knowledge-Based Systems and Decision Support Systems. Conclusions-The methods proposed then can be integrated into any collaborative filtering recommendation system, in order to improve its accuracy. Such methods have been clearly applied to situations such as programming online judges.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los sistemas recomendadores ayudan a los usuarios a encontrar aquella información que mejor se corresponda con sus necesidades y preferencias, en un espacio de búsqueda sobrecargado de posibles opciones. Se han detectado muy pocos trabajos enfocados en preprocesar datos inconsistentes en sistemas recomendadores, con vistas a elevar su eficacia. Métodos: El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar nuevos métodos de preprocesamiento para la eliminación de inconsistencias de tipo ruido natural en sistemas recomendadores de filtrado colaborativo, que contribuyan a mejorar la eficacia de las recomendaciones generadas. Varios de los métodos propuestos como parte de la investigación, se apoyan en el uso de la lógica difusa. Como resultado se obtuvieron 4 nuevos métodos de preprocesamiento de datos para sistemas recomendadores de filtrado colaborativo, tanto para recomendadores individuales como grupales. Resultados: Los métodos propuestos fueron evaluados utilizando bases de datos internacionales concebidas con este fin, verificando su eficacia. En adición estos métodos se introdujeron en un escenario real de recomendación que es el de los jueces en línea de programación en Cuba, mostrándose una mejora en la eficacia de la recomendación en este escenario. Estos resultados fueron publicados en 8 artículos Grupo I MES, incluyendo revistas Web of Science de alto factor de impacto como Knowledge-Based Systems y Decision Support Systems. Conclusiones. Los métodos propuestos son, por tanto, integrables a cualquier sistema recomendador de filtrado colaborativo, siendo capaces de mejorar la eficacia de los mismos. Se evidencian además, aplicaciones de los mismos a escenarios como el de los jueces en línea de programación.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar a presença e distribuição de mecA em Staphylococcus spp. no ambiente de produção leiteira em fazendas no Brasil. Foram analisadas 335 amostras de leite de vaca com mastite, 15 amostras de swabs de narinas e mãos de ordenhadores, 14 swabs de teteiras e nove swabs de baldes de ordenha. Inicialmente, as amostras foram submetidas a análises microbiológicas para detecção de Staphylococcus spp. e os isolados positivos foram identificados por PCR para S. aureus e mecA. Todos os isolados de S. aureus portadores do gene mecA foram submetidos à análise de macrorrestrição do DNA por Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). O gene mecA foi detectado em 6/335 (1,78%) de leite de vaca com mastite, 5/15 (33,3%) e 5/15 (33,3%) de swab de narinas e de mãos, e 4/14 (28,5%) de teteiras. A genotipagem de MRSA realizada por PFGE identificou um total de sete pulsotipos, que foram agrupados em dois clusters. Este estudo identificou a ocorrência e disseminação de MRSA no ambiente das fazendas leiteiras, e também a existência de perfis genéticos distintos entre os isolados.

ABSTRACT: This study detected the presence and distribution of mecA in Staphylococcus spp. in the dairy production environment at farm level in Brazil. We analyzed 335 samples of mastitis cow milk, 15 samples of nostrils and hand swabs from milkers, 14 teat cup swabs, and 9 milking buckets swabs. Initially, the samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to detect Staphylococcus spp. and then S. aureus and mecA positive isolates were identified by PCR. All S. aureus isolates carrying the mecA genes were subjected to DNA macro-restriction analysis by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). The mecA gene was detected in 6/335 (1.78%) of mastitis cow milk, 5/15 (33.3%), and 5/15 (33.3%) of nostrils and hand swab, and 4/14 (28.5%) of the teat cup isolates. MRSA genotyping was performed by PFGE, a total of seven pulsotypes were grouped in two clusters. This study identified the occurrence and spread of MRSA at dairy environment of farms, and also the existence of distinct genetic profiles between isolates.

Abstract Studies of plant phenology in the Atlantic Forest can be enhanced by a greater understanding of the factors regulating vegetative and reproductive cycles. Dalbergia nigra (Vell.) Allemão ex Benth. is endemic and vulnerable in the Atlantic Forest. We analyzed abiotic aspects and plant traits that modulate the phenologies of D. nigra by monitoring 135 individuals in four subpopulations from different remnant forests for 24 months. The growth and shapes of the plants, as well as environmental variables, were determined. Circular analysis evidenced phenological variations among subpopulations and evaluation periods. Multiple factor analysis evidenced that phenological variations are mainly correlated with precipitation, temperature, and tree height. The combination of environmental conditions and plant characteristics affect synchronicity and phenological intensity. Low fruiting intensity (less than 50%) limits seed production and recruitment. We emphasize the importance of forest remnants and the need to increase D. nigra populations in future reforestation projects.

Abstract Context Aging causes a progressive worsening in postural balance, affecting functional independence and increasing the risk of falls. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of aging on the static balance in women from 50-years to 89-years of age. Design This was a cross-sectional study, with 400 irregularly active women were evaluated and grouped by age: Group 6thdecade (age 50 to 59) ‒ 58 participants; Group 7thdecade (age 60 to 69) ‒ 214 participants; Group 8thdecade (age 70 to 79) ‒ 92 participants; Group 9thdecade (age 80 to 89) ‒ 36 participants. Postural balance was evaluated using a portable force platform in a standard standing position, with Eyes Open (EO) and Eyes Closed (EC). Results In the two measurement conditions, the elderly women in Group 9thdecade presented mediolateral displacement and range, and mean velocity greater than the women's values in Groups 6thand 7thdecade. In the EO e EC situation, the displacement was higher in the elderly Group 9thdecade compared to younger groups. Group 8thhas a mean velocity greater than Group 6thdecade in the EO situation. Conclusions Posturography showed a decline in postural balance with advancing age, suggesting that the 9thdecade of life is a borderline age to this detriment due to an increase in postural instability.

ABSTRACT In this work, the objective is to design an implement to collect the plastic used in strawberry mulch, cutting it at the ground level on each side of the agricultural bed on which the strawberry is planted, and winding it on a shaft that rotates so proportional to the advance of the tractor, driven by a chain power transmission system that relates the movement of the implement tires and the winding of plastic film. As a result, the design of an implement is obtained that works at a proposed speed of 7 km h-1 and that collects the plastic, cutting the soil of the agricultural bed 10 cm on each side, in order to ensure that it cuts the plastic of the mulch. It has a width of 1.3 m and a load capacity of 646 kg of plastic that can be kept in the collection shaft before having to deposit it in a warehouse.

RESUMEN En este trabajo el objetivo consiste en diseñar un implemento para recolectar el plástico utilizado en acolchados de fresa, cortándolo a ras de suelo por cada lado de la cama agrícola sobre la cual se siembra la fresa, y lo enrolla en un eje que gira de manera proporcional al avance del tractor, accionado por un sistema de transmisión de potencia de cadena que relaciona el movimiento de los neumáticos del implemento y el enrollado de película plástica. Como resultado se obtiene el diseño de un implemento que trabaja a una velocidad propuesta de 7 km·h-1 y que recolecta el plástico, cortando el suelo de la cama agrícola 10 cm por cada costado, para poder asegurar que corta el plástico del acolchado, tiene un ancho de 1.3 m y una capacidad de carga de 646 kg de plástico que pueden ser mantenidos en el eje de recolección antes de tener que depositarlo en un almacén.

Resumen Este documento es un resumen de los caminos de la educación de la primera infancia en Portugal, durante 150 años, entre 1834 y el final del Estado Novo, en abril de 1974. Su objetivo es producir una lectura de la evolución del pensamiento y la acción sobre el cuidado y la educación de los niños. Se centra en el análisis de discurso oficial, el pensamiento y el debate pedagógico, así como su realización El corpus documental consiste en la producción legislativa y una colección de textos sobre educación de la primera infancia, compilados en la prensa pedagógica. Estas fuentes ofrecen una aproximación a las ideas, propuestas, proyectos e iniciativas que, ya sea a través del estado o encarnadas por la sociedad civil, se han esbozado, estirado o materializado en el largo período de construcción de la modernidad en Portugal. Al someterlas al método crítico y al análisis de contenido, su escrutinio nos permitió observar que la difusión de ideas y la implementación de políticas e instituciones educativas para este grupo de edad, profundamente marcada por las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de la formación social portuguesa, fue lenta y marcada por dificultades. En gran medida, la expresión del locus nacional tradujo una apropiación de teorías y prácticas internacionales.

Abstract This paper is a summary of the paths in early childhood education in Portugal, during 1834 and the end of the Estado Novo, in April of 1974, proposing a comprehensive reading of the evolution of thinking and action on the care and education of children in early childhood. This text also focuses on the analysis of official discourse, thought and pedagogical debate, as well as its realization. The documentary corpus used in this article, consists of the legislative production and a collection of texts on early childhood education, compiled in the education and teaching press. Those sources allow us to analyze ideas, proposals, projects and initiatives that, either through the State or embodied by civil society, were marking the long period of construction of modernity in Portugal. The documentary body was subjected to the critical method and content analysis, that showed that the diffusion of ideas and the implementation of educational policies and institutions was slow and accompanied by difficulties. Slow process that was rooted in the material and symbolic conditions of portuguese society. To a large extent, an expression of the nationa locus, translated an appropriation of international theories and practices.

Resumo O presente trabalho constitui um bosquejo dos caminhos da educação de infância em Portugal, ao longo de 150 anos, entre 1834 e o fim do Estado Novo, em abril de 1974. Visa produzir uma leitura compreensiva da evolução do pensamento e ação sobre o cuidar e educar das crianças na primeira infância. Centra-se na análise do discurso oficial, no pensamento e debate pedagógico, bem como na sua concretização. O corpus documental é constituído pela produção legislativa e por uma coletânea de textos sobre a educação infantil, compilados na imprensa de educação e ensino. Estas fontes oferecem uma aproximação às ideias, propostas, projetos e iniciativas que, seja por via do Estado ou corporizadas pela sociedade civil, se foram esboçando, estiilando ou concretizando no longo período de construção da modernidade em Portugal. Ao Sujeitas ao método crítico e à análise de conteúdo, o seu escrutínio permitiu observar que a difusão das ideias e a concretização de políticas e instituições educativas destinadas a esta faixa etária, profundamente marcadas pelas condições materiais e simbólicas da formação social portuguesa, foi morosa e eivada de dificuldades. Em larga medida, expressão do locus nacional, traduziu uma apropriação de teorias e práticas internacionais.