Resumo Os terpenóides, também chamados terpenos ou isoprenóides, são uma família de produtos naturais encontrados em todos os organismos vivos. Muitas plantas são produtoras destes metabolitos secundários, que constituem uma grande parte dos óleos essenciais. Uma das características mais importantes é que os compostos são voláteis, têm odor e podem ser utilizados numa variedade de aplicações em diferentes segmentos industriais ou na medicina tradicional. O Brasil tem uma flora rica e diversificada que pode ser utilizada como fonte de pesquisa para a obtenção de novas moléculas. Dentro desta flora, vale a pena mencionar a Caatinga como um bioma exclusivamente brasileiro que possui plantas adaptadas a uma série de condições climáticas e, portanto, um armazém de compostos a serem descritos. As infecções fúngicas são doenças cada vez mais comuns, devido a isso existe uma grande procura de novos agentes com baixa toxicidade e efeitos secundários. Os cientistas devem procurar novas moléculas que exibam atividade antifúngica para o desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos contra as infecções fúngicas. Esta revisão visa analisar dados científicos dos principais estudos publicados que descrevem o uso de terpenóides e as suas aplicações biológicas como antifúngicos. isoprenóides vivos secundários essenciais voláteis tradicional portanto descritos comuns antifúngicos

Abstract Terpenoids, also named terpenes or isoprenoids, are a family of natural products found in all living organisms. Many plants produce terpenoids as secondary metabolites, and these make up a large part of essential oils. One of most important characteristic is that the compounds are volatile, have odor and can be used in a variety of applications in different industrial segments and traditional medicine. Brazil has a rich and diverse flora that can be used as a source of research for obtaining new molecules. Within the Brazilian flora, it is worth mentioning the Caatinga as an exclusively Brazilian biome where plants adapt to a specific series of weather conditions and therefore become a great storehouse of the terpenoid compounds to be described herein. Fungal infections have become increasingly common, and a great demand for new agents with low toxicity and side effects has thus emerged. Scientists must search for new molecules exhibiting antifungal activity to develop new drugs. This review aims to analyze scientific data from the principal published studies describing the use of terpenes and their biological applications as antifungals. Terpenoids isoprenoids organisms metabolites oils volatile medicine herein common emerged drugs antifungals

Resumo Três experimentos foram realizados com diferentes tamanhos de partícula de ração para o desempenho zootécnico, taxa de aprovação e digestibilidade aparente de tambaqui juvenil (Colossoma macropomum). No primeiro, foram utilizados 200 juvenis e distribuídos em 20 tanques (220 L), 10 peixes por unidade (quatro repetições). O sistema experimental utilizado para registrar o tempo de passagem foi composto por cinco incubadoras com 200 L. No segundo, 75 juvenis foram utilizados por 55 dias (três repetições). No terceiro, 75 juvenis foram utilizados e distribuídos em cinco incubadoras de 200 L. Todos os experimentos foram realizados aleatoriamente. Diferentes tratamentos de comportamento linear foram observados para digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta; e o menor tamanho de partícula (150 μm) apresentou melhor digestibilidade dos resultados. menor tamanho de partícula do milho apresentou melhores resultados, afetou o desempenho de crescimento de tambaquis e a digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e extrato etéreo. Portanto, recomenda-se o uso de um tamanho de partícula de 150 μm de milho para o tambaqui.

Abstract Three experiments were done with different particle sizes of corn feed on its zootechnical performance, passing rate and apparent digestibility of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). In the first, 200 juveniles were used and distributed in 20 tanks (220 L), 10 fish per unit (four replicates). The experimental system used to record passage time was composed of five incubators with 200 L. In the second, 75 juveniles were used per 55 days (three replications). In the third, 75 juveniles were used and distributed in five incubators of 200 L. All experiments were performed randomly. Different linear behavior treatments were observed for apparent digestibility of crude protein; and the smaller particle size (150 μm) had better results digestibility. smaller particle size of the corn had better results, affected the growth performance of tambaqui and the apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract. Thus, is recommended that a particle size of 150 μm of corn be used for tambaqui.

Abstract The main goal of this research was to study the adsorptive capacity of an organophilic clay for the removal of textile dye Nylosan blue B113 and its further application in real textile effluent (RTE) treatment. The used clay known as Bofe was originated in the township of Boa Vista, State of Paraíba, Northeast of Brazil. Initially, the material was dried and powdered. Subsequently, the organophilic clay was synthesized by insertion of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Furthermore, the clay was characterized using the following analyses: cation exchange capacity (CEC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), surface area analysis, and pH of point of zero charge (pHpzc). Then, batch adsorption systems were performed along with equilibrium/kinetic/thermodynamic studies. At last, keeping the same weight/volume ratio, a solution of real textile effluent was treated. Results showed CEC of 54.40 mmol/100g, lamellar expansion from 1.69 to 2.01 nm, maximum adsorptive capacity of 50 mg.g-1, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 74% (RTE).

O processo na indústria têxtil, principalmente nas etapas de tingimento e acabamento, requer um grande volume de água. A eliminação desses produtos tóxicos é atualmente um dos mais importantes assuntos em controle de poluição, o que tem levado os pesquisadores a buscar novas técnicas e ferramentas mais poderosas para diminuir ou eliminar a toxicidade dos efluentes líquidos formado em seus distintos processos, sempre levando em conta a eficiência, baixo custo e as regulamentações e legislações voltadas à proteção ambiental. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a aplicação de um resíduo argiloso em processos de tratamento de efluentes de indústrias têxteis para remoção de corantes. Foi realizado um estudo de caracterização do adsorvente através da análise da área superficial e do volume poroso (BET), assim como também a análise de presença de minerais do grupo da esmectita (difração de raios-X). Também foi realizada a otimização do processo adsortivo através da técnica de planejamento fatorial para os corantes Nylosan Azul Brilhante e Azul Anil Op. A análise de BET mostrou que o tratamento térmico provocou uma redução na área superficial de 13,3%, todavia provocou um aumento no tamanho dos poros de 21,2%. A análise dos difratogramas de raios X das amostras in natura indicou a presença dos grupos minerais esmectita, caulinita e mica (ilita). Foi observada, ainda, a participação do mineral quartzo (d001 = 3,35 Å) no conjunto dos minerais presentes na argila. Com o auxílio do planejamento fatorial para os dois corantes, verificou-se a influência significativa no processo da variável massa, velocidade de agitação e temperatura. Obtiveram-se resultados satisfatórios na redução da concentração por adsorção, mostrando-se que a amostra em estudo é eficaz para a remoção dos corantes ácido Nylosan Blue e reativo Azul anil Op.

The textile industry process, especially in dyeing and finishing steps, requires a large volume of water. The elimination of these toxic products is currently one of the most important subjects in pollution control, which has led researchers to seek new techniques and more powerful tools to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of wastewater formed in its different processes, always taking into account efficiency, low costs and the laws and regulations aimed at environmental protection. In this study we evaluated the application of a clay waste in processes of wastewater treatment for removal of textile dyes. A study was conducted to characterize the adsorbent through the analysis of surface area and pore volume (BET), as well as the analysis of the presence of smectite group minerals (X-ray diffraction). The optimization of the adsorptive process through the technique of factorial design was used. The BET analysis showed that the heat treatment caused a reduction in the surface area of 13.3%. However caused an increase of 21.16% in the pore size. The analysis of X-ray diffractograms of the samples indicated in nature, therefore, the presence of mineral groups smectite, kaolinite and mica (illite). The mineral quartz participation (d001 = 3.35 Å) was also observed in all the minerals found in clay. With the help of factorial design for the two dyes, there was a significant influence in the process of variable mass, agitation speed and temperature. We obtained satisfactory results in the reduction of concentration by adsorption, being effective for the removal of acid dyes and reactive Nylosan Blue Indigo Blue Op

Anion adsorption/desorption dynamics was studied as individual processes on surface of particles of a gibbsitic clay. The data suggest a remarkable gibbsite role as nitrate leaching retardant in soil. The opposite behavior of gibbsite towards adsorption/desorption of silicate and phosphate suggests the need of an adequate compromise solution regarding interval and rate applications of anions in cultivated gibbsitic soils. The high P adsorption verified in pH values lower than that reported for the point of zero charge of synthetic Al-hydroxides implies that this process takes place in pedogenic gibbsites through inner sphere complexation.

Robot Calibration is a term applied to the procedures used in determining actual values that describe the geometric dimensions and mechanical characteristics of a robot or multibody structure. A robot calibration system must consist of appropriate robot modeling techniques, accurate measurement equipment, and reliable model parameter determination methods. For practical improvement of a robot's absolute accuracy, error compensation methods are required that use calibration results. Important to robot calibration methods is an accurate kinematic model that has identifiable parameters. This parameterized kinematic model must be complete, continuous and minimal. This work concerns to the implementation of techniques to optimize kinematic models for robot calibration through numerical optimization of the mathematical model. The optimized model is then used to compensate the model errors in an off-line programming system, enhancing significantly the robot kinematic model accuracy. The optimized model can be constructed in an easy and straight operation, through automatic assignment of joint coordinate systems and geometric parameter to the robot links. Assignment of coordinate systems by this technique avoids model singularities that usually spoil robot calibration results.

One of the problems that slows the development of off-line programming is the low static and dynamic positioning accuracy of robots. Robot calibration improves the positioning accuracy and can also be used as a diagnostic tool in robot production and maintenance. A large number of robot measurement systems are now available commercially. Yet, there is a dearth of systems that are portable, accurate and low cost. In this work a measurement system that can fill this gap in local calibration is presented. The measurement system consists of a single CCD camera mounted on the robot tool flange with a wide angle lens, and uses space resection models to measure the end-effector pose relative to a world coordinate system, considering radial distortions. Scale factors and image center are obtained with innovative techniques, making use of a multiview approach. The target plate consists of a grid of white dots impressed on a black photographic paper, and mounted on the sides of a 90-degree angle plate. Results show that the achieved average accuracy varies from 0.2mm to 0.4mm, at distances from the target from 600mm to 1000mm respectively, with different camera orientations.