ABSTRACT Objective: This paper sought to determine the accumulated incidence and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of weakness acquired in the intensive care unit and its relationship to inspiratory weakness. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study at a single center, multipurpose medical-surgical intensive care unit. We included adult patients who required mechanical ventilation ≥ 24 hours between July 2014 and January 2016. No interventions were performed. Demographic data, clinical diagnoses, the factors related to the development of intensive care unit -acquired weakness, and maximal inspiratory pressure were recorded. Results: Of the 111 patients included, 66 developed intensive care unit -acquired weakness, with a cumulative incidence of 40.5% over 18 months. The group with intensive care unit-acquired weakness were older (55.9 ± 17.6 versus 45.8 ± 16.7), required more mechanical ventilation (7 [4 - 10] days versus 4 [2 - 7.3] days), and spent more time in the intensive care unit (15.5 [9.2 - 22.8] days versus 9 [6 - 14] days). More patients presented with delirium (68% versus 39%), hyperglycemia > 3 days (84% versus 59%), and positive balance > 3 days (73.3% versus 37%). All comparisons were significant at p < 0.05. A multiple logistic regression identified age, hyperglycemia ≥ 3 days, delirium, and mechanical ventilation > 5 days as independent predictors of intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Low maximal inspiratory pressure was associated with intensive care unit-acquired weakness (p < 0.001), and the maximum inspiratory pressure cut-off value of < 36cmH2O had sensitivity and specificity values of 31.8% and 95.5%, respectively, when classifying patients with intensive care unit-acquired weakness. Conclusion: The intensive care unit acquired weakness is a condition with a high incidence in our environment. The development of intensive care unit-acquired weakness was associated with age, delirium, hyperglycemia, and mechanical ventilation > 5 days. The maximum inspiratory pressure value of ≥ 36cmH2O was associated with a high diagnostic value to exclude the presence of intensive care unit -acquired weakness.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia acumulada y analizar los factores riesgo asociados al desarrollo de debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y su asociación con la debilidad inspiratoria. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo en un solo centro, unidad de cuidados intensivos médico-quirúrgica polivalente. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos, que hayan requerido ventilación mecánica ≥ 24 horas entre julio de 2014 y enero de 2016. No hubo intervenciones. Se registraron datos demográficos, diagnóstico clínico y factores relacionados con el desarrollo de debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos y Presión inspiratoria máxima. Resultados: Ciento once pacientes incluidos, 66 desarrollaron debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con una incidencia acumulada del 40,5% en 18 meses. El grupo con debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos presentó mayor edad (55,9 ± 17,6 versus 45.8 ± 16.7), además de más días con ventilación mecánica (7 [4 - 10] versus 4 [2 - 7,3]), más días en unidad de cuidados intensivos (15,5 [9,2 - 22,8] versus 9 [6 - 14]). Hubo más pacientes con delirio (68% versus 39%), con hiperglucemia > 3 días (84% versus 59%); y con balance positivo > 3 días (73,3% versus 37%). Todas las comparaciones fueron significativas con p < 0,05. La regresión logística múltiple identificó a la edad, la hiperglucemia ≥ 3 días, el delirio y la ventilación mecánica > 5 días como predictores independientes para debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. La presión inspiratoria máxima baja se asoció a debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (p < 0,001) y el punto de corte presión inspiratoria máxima < 36cmH2O obtuvo una sensibilidad y especificidad del 31,8% y 95,5% para clasificar al grupo con debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Conclusión: La debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos es una condición con un alta incidencia en nuestro medio. El desarrollo de debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos se asoció a la edad, delirio, hiperglucemia y la ventilación mecánica > 5 días. La presión inspiratoria máxima ≥ 36cmH2O demostró un alto valor diagnóstico para descartar la presencia de debilidad adquirida en la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil sociodemográfico e clínico de pacientes submetidos a eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) em um hospital geral universitário. Método: Neste estudo retrospectivo, foram revisados os prontuários de todos os pacientes submetidos a ECT entre janeiro de 1988 e janeiro de 2008 na unidade psiquiátrica do hospital geral da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Os pacientes/familiares foram contatados por telefone para a coleta de dados de seguimento. Resultados: Um total de 200 prontuários foram revisados. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 39 anos e história de hospitalização psiquiátrica prévia. As principais indicações para ECT foram depressão e catatonia. Complicações foram observadas em menos de metade dos casos, e a maioria delas teve caráter temporário e não grave. Houve resultado psiquiátrico favorável em 89,7% dos pacientes, especialmente os catatônicos (100%, p = 0,02). Trinta e nove por cento dos casos foram contatados por telefone, a uma média de 8,5 anos decorridos entre o procedimento e o contato. Entre estes, três (1,5%) relataram transtornos amnésticos persistentes e 73% consideraram a ECT um bom tratamento. Conclusão: A ECT foi realizada de acordo com diretrizes internacionais. Na grande maioria dos casos, efeitos indesejáveis foram temporários e não graves. A resposta à ECT foi positiva na maioria dos casos, especialmente em pacientes catatônicos.

Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical profile of patients who underwent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at a university general hospital. Method: In this retrospective study, records from all patients undergoing ECT between January 1988 and January 2008 at the psychiatric unit of the general hospital of Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) were reviewed. Telephone contact was made with patients/relatives to collect follow-up data. Results: A total of 200 charts were reviewed. The majority of patients were women, with a mean age of 39 years, and history of psychiatric hospitalization. The main indications for ECT were depression and catatonia. Complications were observed in less than half of the cases, and most were temporary and not severe. There was a good psychiatric outcome for 89.7% of the patients, especially for catatonic patients (100%, p = 0.02). Thirty-four percent of the cases were later contacted by telephone calls, at a mean of 8.5 years between the procedure and the contact. Among these, three (1.5%) reported persistent memory disorders and 73% considered ECT a good treatment. Conclusion: ECT has been performed according to international guidelines. In the vast majority of cases, undesirable effects were temporary and not severe. Response to ECT was positive in most cases, particularly in catatonic patients.

Os óleos essenciais das folhas, ramos finos, galhos, cascas do caule e frutos de Croton palanostigma foram analisados por CG e CG-EM. Os componentes principais determinados no óleo das folhas foram linalol (25,4%), (E)-cariofileno (21,0%), metileugenol (17,2%) e β-elemeno (6,0%); no óleo dos ramos finos foram α-pineno (41,4%), limoneno (29,0%), sabineno (11,5%) e β-pineno (5,7%); no óleo dos galhos foram metileugenol (24,1%), (E)-metilisoeugenol (15,3%), α-pineno (11,2%) e (E)-cariofileno (8,5%); no óleo das cascas do caule foram a-pineno (31,6%), metileugenol (25,6%) e (E)-metilisoeugenol (23,7%); e no óleo dos frutos foram linalol (42,7%), metileugenol (16,3%) e β-elemeno (6,4%). Análise estatística mostrou que as folhas e os frutos apresentam significante similaridade entre si, assim como os galhos e as cascas do caule. Adicionalmente, o óleo obtido das cascas do caule possui elevada atividade larvicida sobre Artemia salina (CL50, 3,71 ± 0,01 mg mL-1).

The essential oils of leaves, twigs, branches, trunk bark and fruits of Croton palanostigma were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The main compounds found in the oil of the leaves were linalool (25.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (21.0%), methyleugenol (17.2%) and β-elemene (6.0%); in the oil of the twigs were α-pinene (41.4%), limonene (29.0%), sabinene (11.5%) and β-pinene (5.7%); in the oil of the branches were methyleugenol (24.1%), (E)-methylisoeugenol (15.3%), α-pinene (11.2%) and (E)-caryophyllene (8.5%); in the oil of the trunk bark were a-pinene (31.6%), methyleugenol (25.6%) and (E)-methylisoeugenol (23.7%); and in the oil of the fruits were linalool (42.7%), methyleugenol (16.3%) and β-elemene (6.4%). Statistical analysis showed that the leaves and fruit, and the branches and trunk bark, have significant similarities between them. In addition, the trunk bark oil has high brine shrimp larvicidal activity (LC50, 3.71 ± 0.01 mg mL-1).

OBJETIVO: Realizou-se um levantamento postal anônimo com psiquiatras brasileiros afiliados à Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria (ABP) sobre uso, percepção em termos de utilidade clínica dos sistemas diagnósticos multiaxiais CID-10 e DSM-IV e, ainda, expectativas sobre as próximas revisões. MÉTODOS: A carta-convite, o questionário padronizado e um envelope selado foram enviados para 1.050 dos 3.062 psiquiatras associados da ABP, selecionados de forma randomizada. Em virtude da taxa relativamente baixa de retorno: 160 respostas (15,2%), não se pode afirmar que a amostra obtida seja representativa. resultados: Os principais resultados mostraram que, entre os respondentes, a CID-10 é o sistema diagnóstico mais utilizado, sobretudo seu eixo clínico. O DSM-IV também é amplamente empregado, principalmente os eixos I e II. A principal característica esperada de um sistema classificatório foi a confiabilidade para comunicação. As classificações são vistas como instrumentos a ser manejados pelos psiquiatras e, em menor proporção, por outros membros de equipes multidisciplinares de saúde mental. Os atuais sistemas foram considerados confiáveis para o uso transcultural no contexto brasileiro. Em relação às expectativas quanto aos futuros sistemas, os psiquiatras preferem classificações com menos de 100 rubricas diagnósticas e dividem-se entre os que acham que estas devam expressar preferencialmente causa/patogênese dos transtornos mentais e aqueles que esperam que tais categorias, sobretudo, sejam construídas de modo a subsidiar o planejamento terapêutico. CONCLUSÕES: Os sistemas diagnósticos desempenham um importante papel na prática psiquiátrica cotidiana dos psiquiatras respondentes. As opiniões dos psiquiatras brasileiros parecem refletir bem algumas controvérsias existentes acerca de questões nosográficas decisivas.

OBJECTIVE: An anonymous mail survey was carried out with Brazilian psychiatrists affiliated with Brazilian Psychiatric Association (ABP). A structured questionnaire was employed to assess use and perceived utility of current diagnostic classifications (ICD-10 and DSM-IV), as well as their expectations about the future revisions. METHODS: From the mailing list provided by ABP with 3,062 names of affiliated Brazilian psychiatrists, 1,050 were randomly selected to receive the questionnaire, along with a stamped, return address envelope. From the sample of 1,050, 160 completed questionnaires were returned, which corresponds to the following rate of response: 15.2%. No claims are made about the representativeness of the sample. RESULTS: It was found that the ICD-10 is the most frequently used system, especially its clinical axis. The DSM-IV's axes I and II are often used as well. For this sample the most important purpose of a classification is to ensure reliable inter-clinician communication. Classifications are seen as tools for psychiatric use and, to a lesser extent, for the use of a multidisciplinary team. Current diagnostic systems are perceived as reliable for cross-cultural use in our context. Regarding expectations about the future revisions, Brazilian psychiatrists prefer simpler classifications, with less than 100 diagnostic labels. They split, however, about having separate systems to account for cause/pathogenesis and to inform treat ment plans or a single classification, with many compromises, to convey information concerning causes, prognosis and treatment decisions. CONCLUSIONS: Classificatory systems play an important role in everyday psychiatric clinical practice in this sample of psychiatrists. Brazilian psychiasystems. trists' opinions seem to reflect well existing controversies regarding some key nosographic issues.