RESUMEN El frijol negro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) es una especie de gran importancia para la agricultura familiar, tanto para la seguridad alimentaria como para la actividad socioeconómica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la viabilidad fisiológica y sanitaria de semillas de frijol negro almacenadas con diferentes humedades iniciales y periodos de almacenamiento en frío. El diseño utilizado fue completamente al azar, 3×5 (niveles de humedad de la semilla: 10, 13 y 16, y periodos de almacenamiento: 0, 3, 6, 9 y 12 meses en cámaras frigoríficas). Se utilizaron cuatro repeticiones en cada unidad experimental. Semillas de frijol variedade IPR88 Uirapuru fueron cultivadas en el municipio de Santa Maria, Brazil, cosechadas en marzo de 2020, y almacenadas en cámara frigorífica (15ºC y 40% HR) en bolsas de papel Kraft (tipo marrón de 1,0 kg). Se evaluaron las varieables fisiológicas y calidad sanitaria mediante pruebas de laboratorio. De acuerdo con los resultados, es posible verificar que la calidad fisiológica y sanitaria del frijol negro se vieron afectadas negativamente, con el aumento del periodo de almacenamiento, en todos los grados, sin embargo, es posible almacenar estas semillas en condiciones humedad de 10 a 13% por un periodo de hasta nueve meses en cámara frigorífica, con calidad de germinación del 70%.

ABSTRACT Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a species of great importance for family farming, both for food security and socioeconomic activity. The objective of this work was to assess the physiological and sanitary viability of black bean seeds stored with different initial moisture contents and cold storage periods. It was used a completely randomized design, 3×5 (seed moisture levels: 10, 13 and 16%, and storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in cold rooms, with four repetitions). Black bean seeds belonging to variety IPR88 Uirapuru were grown in the municipality of Santa Maria, Brazil, harvested in March 2020, and stored in a cold room (15ºC and 40% RH) in Kraft paper bags (brown type, 1.0 kg). Physiological variables and sanitary quality were assessed through laboratory tests. According to the results, it was possible to verify that the physiological and sanitary quality of black beans were negatively affected with the increase of storage period, in all grades. However, it is possible to store these seeds with moisture contents of 10 or 13% for a period of up to nine months in a cold room, with a 70% germination quality.

ABSTRACT. Nitrogen is available in insufficient quantities in Brazilian soils, and is the nutrient that raises the most cost of production of maize. Nowadays there is a more interest in the use of alternative nitrogen sources, such as biological nitrogen fixation, to supply plant demand. Among the most used bacteria in association with grasses is Azospirillum brasilense. In this way this study aimed to establish a relationship between the genetic bases of corn and the forms of A. brasilense application and the effects on the plant morphological components, grain yield, and relative nitrogen contribution. Experiments were conducted during the 2013/14 and 2014/15 crop seasons. The experiments included two single hybrids, two double hybrids, and two triple hybrids inoculated with A. brasilense via seed treatment; foliar application during phenological stages V2, V2 + V4, and V4; and a control treatment without bacteria. The response varied with the hybrid and the year. In the 2013/14 crop, a significant difference was observed in the grain yield for the single hybrid AG9045 inoculated with A. brasilense via seed and foliar application in V2. In the 2014/15 crop, inoculation with A. brasilense via seed application resulted in significant increases in the grain yield for the triple hybrid BG7051. Foliar application of A. brasilense is an efficient alternative for the improvement of plant morphological traits, and inoculation via seed and with foliar application in V2 increases the relative contribution of N.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alternativas de manejo do nitrogênio em trigo (Triticum aestivum), com uso da inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense nas sementes e nas folhas. Os tratamentos consistiram da inoculação ou não de A. brasiliense, via sementes ou folhas, associada a fertilizações de cobertura com 0, 70 e 140 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. Três cultivares de trigo foram testadas: BRS Parrudo, TBIO Quartzo e TBIO Sinuelo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Avaliaram-se as seguintes características: número de plantas emergidas, de perfilhos, de espiguetas por espigas, de grãos por espiga e de grãos por espigueta; massa de mil grãos; massa de hectolitro; e produtividade de grãos. O manejo foliar de A. brasilense apresentou melhor associação com a cultivar TBIO Sinuelo. A aplicação de A. brasilense via foliar, realizada individualmente ou associada ao tratamento de sementes, aumenta a produtividade de grãos e os componentes de produtividade das cultivares avaliadas.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate nitrogen management alternatives using Azospirillum brasilense inoculation in wheat (Triticum aestivum) by seed and foliar applications. Treatments consisted of the inoculation or not of A. brasilense, via seed and leaves, associated with topdressing with 0, 70, and 140 kg ha-1 nitrogen. Three wheat cultivars were tested: BRS Parrudo, TBIO Quartzo, and TBIO Sinuelo. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with three replicates. The following traits were evaluated: number of emerged plants, tillers, spikelets per ear, grains per ear, and grains per spikelet; 1,000-grain mass; hectoliter mass; and grain yield. The foliar management of A. brasilense showed a better association with the TBIO Sinuelo cultivar. The foliar application of A. brasilense, whether alone or combined with seed treatment, increases the grain yield and yield components of the evaluated cultivars.

O Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é o maior produtor de arroz irrigado do País, com destaque para a região da Fronteira Oeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação em plantio direto e convencional, em níveis de palha residual de arroz em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro experimentos e 10 repetições nos experimentos 1, 2 e 3 e seis no experimento 4. Os sistemas de manejo foram: experimento 1 (E1), sistema PD (E1PD) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens na camada de 0-7 cm + remaplan (E1C), em área de um ano de cultivo de arroz, após sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz e semeadura de azevém no inverno, com pastejo animal o ano todo; experimento 2 (E2), sistema PD (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; experimento 3 (E3), sistema PD (E3PD) e sistema convencional (E3C), após plantio direto de arroz irrigado durante dois anos em área de campo nativo; e no experimento 4 utilizaram-se quatro níveis de palha residual antes da semeadura do arroz. A produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação não diferiu entre os sistemas plantio direto e convencional. A massa seca residual do arroz antes da semeadura não influenciou a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação.

The State of Rio Grande do Sul is the greatest producer of flooded rice of Brazil, concentrated mostly along the western border. The objective was to evaluate soil physical properties and flooded rice yield in no-till and conventional tillage systems and rice straw levels in no-till system. The study consisted of four experiments (E), laid out in experimental design was completely randomized blocks, with four experiments (E) and 10 repetitions in experiment 1, 2 and 3 and 6 in experiment 4. The management system in E1 consisted of no-till (E1PD) and conventional tillage with two harrowings (layer 0.0-0.07) m after levelling (E1C), on soil where rice had been gown for one year followed by seven years of fallow, with rye grass sowing in the winter and grazing all year long; E2: no-till (E2PD) and conventional tillage (E2C), after native grassland; E3: no-till (E3PD) and conventional tillage (E3C) after no-tillage rice for two years on a native grassland area; E4: four rice straw levels had been used before rice sowing. The yield of flooded rice did not differ between no-till and conventional tillage. The residual dry mass of rice before sowing did not influence the flooded rice yield.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas do solo e a produtividade de arroz irrigado por inundação no sistema plantio direto, na fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, em comparação ao sistema convencional. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três experimentos e dez repetições: E1, sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno (E1PDR) e sistema convencional com duas gradagens a 0,0-0,07 m após nivelamento do terreno (E1C), sete anos de pousio do cultivo de arroz, com semeadura de azevém no inverno e pastejo animal; E2, sistema plantio direto (E2PD) e sistema convencional (E2C), após campo nativo; E3, sistema plantio direto (E3PD), sistema plantio direto após nivelamento do terreno com remaplan (E3PDR) e sistema convencional (E3C), após arroz irrigado em sistema convencional, durante um ano sob campo nativo. As propriedades físicas do solo diferiram pouco entre os sistemas de plantio direto e o sistema convencional. O cultivo continuado com arroz irrigado causou compactação do solo na camada 0,07-0,10 m. A produtividade de arroz não diferiu nos sistemas plantio direto e convencional, nos experimentos 1 e 2. No experimento 3, com maior quantidade de restos culturais de arroz, a produtividade foi superior no sistema convencional

The objective of this work was to evaluate the soil physical properties and the yield of flooded rice under no-tillage, in the west border of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, compared with the conventional tillage system. The experimental design was completely randomized, with three experiments (E) and ten replicates: E1, no-tillage after leveling (E1PDR) and conventional tillage with two harrowings at 0.0-0.07 m layer after leveling (E1C), after seven years of fallow of rice tillage, with sowing of rye grass in winter and grazing; E2, no-tillage (E2PD) and conventional tillage (E2C), after native field; E3, no-tillage (E3PD), no-tillage after leveling (E3PDR), and conventional tillage (E3C) after rice under conventional tillage, during one year under native field. The soil physical properties differed little between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage. Continued tillage with irrigated rice caused soil compaction in the 0.07-0.10 m layers. The rice yield did not differ between the no-tillage system and conventional tillage, in the experiments 1 and 2. In experiment 3, with greater amount of remaining rice straw, the yield was greater in the conventional tillage system