ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify yeasts species isolated from fish feed and the intestinal tracts of tambatinga fish (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus brachypomum) cultivated in a Brazilian fish farm. Twenty tambatingas and 30 fish feed samples from different brands were acquired from two commercial establishments in the state of Piauí, Brazil. The sampled guts were divided into three equal parts, namely the anterior, medium and posterior portions, totaling 60 samples. Molecular identification was performed by PCR amplification and sequencing of the D1/D2 regions of the large rRNA subunit gene. Sixteen Candida nivariensis strains in the gut were identified. The fish feed samples showed a higher variability of yeast species, with the following species isolated: Hyphopichia burtonii (23.08%), Lodderomyces elongisporus (15.39%) and Trichosporon asahii (15.39%), Candida nivariensis (7.69%), C. orthopsilosis (7.69%), C. parapsilosis (7.69%), Rhodotorula minuta (7.69%), Sterigmatomyces elviae (7.69%), Cryptococcus liquefaciens (7.69%). Yeast found in feed, however, was not always isolated from tambatinga gut. Molecular identification allowed for the isolation of yeast species not previously reported in fish feed and gut samples.

The aim of the present study was to determine fungal genera, Aspergillus, Pénicillium and Fusarium species and aflatoxin B1 contamination from raw materials and finished feed intended for fish farm localized in Piaui, Brazil. Aspergillusflavus and P. citrinum were isolated with a high relative density from all samples. In general, a high percent of samples exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (CFU g-1) according to Good Manufacture Practice. Aflatoxin B1 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All raw materials and finished feed showed aflatoxin B1 levels. Although in this study AFB1 levels below recommended limits (20 μg kg-1) were found, it is important to emphasize the feed intake with toxin in low concentrations along time, since it produce chronic deleterious effects in animal production. This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of chronic aflatoxicosis in aquaculture, to reduce the economic losses and to minimize hazards to animal health.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar géneros fúngicos, especies de Aspergillus, Pénicillium y Fusarium y la contaminación de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) en materias primas y alimento terminado destinado a la cría de peces en el estado de Piauí, Brasil. Aspergillus flavus y P. citrinum fueron aisladas con alta densidad relativa. En general, un alto porcentaje de muestras excedieron los niveles fúngicos propuestos como límite de calidad higiénica (CFU g-1) según las buenas prácticas de manufactura. Aflatoxina B1 fue analizada por ensayos inmuno-enzimáticos. Todas las materias primas y el alimento terminado mostraron niveles de contaminación con AFB1. Aunque en este estudio los niveles de AFB1 estuvieron por debajo del límite recomendado (20 μg de toxina kg-1 de alimento), es importante enfatizar la ingesta de alimento con bajas concentraciones de toxina a lo largo del tiempo ya que produce efectos crónicos en animales de producción. Este factor requiere monitoreo periódico para prevenir la incidencia de aflatoxicosis crónica en acuacultura, reducir las pérdidas económicas y minimizar los riesgos de la salud animal.

O metabissulfito de sódio (SMB) é usado na carcinicultura para evitar a melanose e a concentração de 5,0ppm de cloro (CL), utilizada no beneficiamento do camarão, é eficiente como bactericida, porém não há comprovação da eficácia destes compostos químicos como fungicida. Desse modo, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito in vitro do metabissulfito de sódio (SMB) e cloro (CL) sobre o crescimento de espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium isolados de camarão marinho em diferentes estágios de processamento. As amostras foram coletadas de uma indústria de processamento de camarão congelado, localizada no Estado do Piauí, Brasil. Fungos totais e ocorrência das espécies de Aspergillus e Penicillium foram avaliados. Para o teste in vitro de sensibilidade pelo método disco-difusão em ágar, foram utilizadas cinco concentrações de SMB (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% e 10%) e seis de CL (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5µg mL-1). As contagens fúngicas nos diferentes estágios de processamento variaram de 1,74 a 3,38UFC g-1. Foram isoladas 29 cepas de Aspergillus, prevalecendo o A. versicolor (59,3%) e 22 de Penicillium, prevalecendo o P. citrinum (74%). Uma cepa de A. flavus era produtora de AFB1. Todas as cepas de P. citrinum isoladas produziram citrinina. Todas as espécies testadas foram sensíveis in vitro a 3% do SMB, com exceção do A. flavus. A concentração de 10% do SMB inibiu in vitro o crescimento de todas as cepas. As concentrações de CL testadas não inibiram o crescimento das espécies isoladas e concentrações de SMB acima de 3,0% inibiram in vitro o crescimento das linhagens testadas.

The sodium metabisulphite (SMB) is used in shrimp farming to prevent melanosis and the 5.0 ppm chlorine (CL) concentration used in the shrimp processing is efficient as a bactericide, but there is no evidence of the effectiveness of these chemical compounds as fungicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of sodium metabisulphite (SMB) and chlorine (CL) on the growth of Aspergillus and Penicillium species isolated from marine shrimp in different stages of processing. The samples were collected from a frozen shrimp processing industry, located in Piauí State, Brazil. The total fungi and occurrence of Aspergillus and Penicillium species were evaluated. For in vitro sensibility test using the diffusion disk in agar method, five concentrations of SMB (0%, 1%, 3%, 5% and 10%) and six of CL (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 µg mL-1) were used. The fungal counts in the different processing stages ranged from 1.74 to 3.38 CFU g-1. Twenty-nine Aspergillus strains were isolated, prevailing A. versicolor (59.3%) and twenty-two of Penicillium, prevailing P. citrinum (74%). One strain of A. flavus was AFB1 producer. All the isolated strains of P. citrinum produced citrinin. All tested species were in vitro sensitive to 3% of SMB, except the A. flavus. The 10% concentration of SMB inhibited the in vitro growth of all strains. The CL concentrations tested did not inhibit the studied species growth and SMB concentrations above 3.0% inhibited in vitro the growth of the tested strains.

No presente trabalho foram analisados aspectos legais concernentes à invasão de áreas de preservação permanente pela mineração de areia. Escolheu-se como estudo de caso a mineração de areia no médio Iguaçu, especificamente na região do município de União da Vitória, Estado do Paraná, onde há concentração de empresas mineradoras que foram objeto de procedimentos investigatórios do Ministério Público Estadual. A invasão de APPs (áreas de preservação permanente) ocorre em todos os areais instalados na região, sob todas as formas de exploração, ou seja, nas explorações do leito do rio, nas planícies de aluvião e nas encostas de morro. Esse problema é tratado como de menor importância em todos os trabalhos técnicos, relatórios e planos de recuperação ambiental das áreas degradadas apresentados ao órgão ambiental estadual, sendo desconsiderado, em todos eles, que a invasão de APP é crime ambiental. Os Procedimentos Investigatórios do Ministério Público do Estado do Paraná foram pesquisados pelos autores, principalmente em seus aspectos técnicos relativos à degradação e recuperação dos solos, com o objetivo de discutir soluções para o problema.

This study analyzed legal aspects concerning the invasion of permanent preservation areas by sand mining. A sand mine in the middle Iguaçu river, more exactly in the region of the county of União da Vitória, state of Paraná, was chosen as study case. In this region there is a concentration of mining companies that had been under investigation on behalf of the Ministry for Environment. The invasion of APPs (permanent preservation areas) occurs in all "areais" (sand depositions) in the region, using all forms of exploitation, in other words, mining in the river bed, alluvial plains and hill slopes. In all technical studies, reports and plans of environmental recovery of the degraded areas presented before the Ministry for Environment, the problem is understated. The fact that the invasion of an APP is an environmental crime is not taken into consideration by any of them. The Proceedings of investigation of the Ministry for Environment of the state of Paraná were scrutinized by the authors, mainly in the technical aspects related to soil degradation and recovery, with the objective of discussing solutions to the problem.