Los factores de riesgo asociados con el inicio de la discapacidad cognitiva en Costa Rica son poco comprendidos, a pesar de la existencia de una considerable población de la tercera edad que ha resultado de una expectativa de vida mayor que el promedio en el hemisferio occidental. Para investigar los factores de riesgo que indican el inicio de la discapacidad cognitiva en adultos mayores de zonas rurales en Costa Rica, se les administró una versión modificada del Mini Examen del Estado Mental diseñado para poblaciones analfabetas a 90 adultos mayores residentes en San Carlos de Alajuela, Costa Rica, entre abril y mayo 2011. Posteriormente cada participante recibió una entrevista estructurada para evaluar la viabilidad de los factores de riesgo y comportamientos que podrían contribuir a un diagnóstico de discapacidad cognitiva. Los resultados mostraron una fuerte relación de dependencia entre la edad (p=0.0001), el nivel educativo (p=0.0095), la capacidad de leer (p=0.0001) y escribir (p=0.0153), la frecuencia de lectura (p=0.0011), la utilización de rompecabezas y juegos de estímulo intelectual (p<0.0001), la vocación (p=0.0225), el lugar de residencia (p<0.0001), las enfermedades mentales comórbidas (p=0.0005), un historial de derrame o de trauma cerebral (p=0.0104), los trastornos urinarios o renales (p=0.0443), la preparación de alimentos en forma consistente (p=0.0262), el número de personas con quienes convive (p=0.0299) y la susceptibilidad de desarrollar la discapacidad cognitiva. El estudio concluyó que un alto nivel de uso del intelecto, o la falta del mismo, durante la vida es un indicador del estatus cognitivo en etapas más avanzadas de la vida. Además, se encontró que las enfermedades mentales comórbidas, como el trauma neurológico provocado por un derrame cerebral, impiden la función cognitiva normal. Se recomienda que futuras investigaciones examinen la incidencia y los factores de riesgo asociados con la discapacidad cognitiva en poblaciones urbanas de mayores niveles educativos.

Risk factors for the onset of cognitive impairment in Costa Rica are not well understood, despite a substantial elderly population stemming from a higher than average life expectancy for the western hemisphere. To investigate the risk factors that predict the onset of cognitive impairment in the rural elderly of Costa Rica, a modified version of the Mini Mental State Exam-designed for illiterate populations-was administered to 90 elderly inhabitants of San Carlos, Alajuela, Costa Rica between April and May of 2011. Subsequently, each participant took a structured interview assessing viability of risk factors and behaviors potentially contributing to a diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Results showed strong dependencies between age (p=0.0001), education level (p=0.0095), the ability to read (p=0.0001) and write (p=0.0153), frequency of reading (p=0.0011), use of puzzles and mind games (p<0.0001), vocation (p=0.0225), area of residence (p<0.0001), comorbid mental diseases (p=0.0005), history of stroke or brain trauma (p=0.0104), urinary or renal problems (p=0.0443), consistent cooking practices (p=0.0262) and number of living companions (p=0.0299) in susceptibility for developing cognitive impairment. The study concluded that high intellectual use, or lack thereof, during the lifetime of a person was a predictor for cognitive status later in life. In addition, comorbid mental disorders, including neurological trauma due to stroke, impeded normal cognitive function. Future research should examine incidence and risk factors of cognitive impairment in urban, more educated populations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 869-876. Epub 2014 September 01.

This article is a transcription of an electronic symposium in which some active researchers were invited by the Brazilian Society for Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC) to discuss the last decade's advances in neurobiology of learning and memory. The way different parts of the brain are recruited during the storage of different kinds of memory (e.g., short-term vs long-term memory, declarative vs procedural memory) and even the property of these divisions were discussed. It was pointed out that the brain does not really store memories, but stores traces of information that are later used to create memories, not always expressing a completely veridical picture of the past experienced reality. To perform this process different parts of the brain act as important nodes of the neural network that encode, store and retrieve the information that will be used to create memories. Some of the brain regions are recognizably active during the activation of short-term working memory (e.g., prefrontal cortex), or the storage of information retrieved as long-term explicit memories (e.g., hippocampus and related cortical areas) or the modulation of the storage of memories related to emotional events (e.g., amygdala). This does not mean that there is a separate neural structure completely supporting the storage of each kind of memory but means that these memories critically depend on the functioning of these neural structures. The current view is that there is no sense in talking about hippocampus-based or amygdala-based memory since this implies that there is a one-to-one correspondence. The present question to be solved is how systems interact in memory. The pertinence of attributing a critical role to cellular processes like synaptic tagging and protein kinase A activation to explain the memory storage processes at the cellular level was also discussed.