Resumo Mutações de ocorrência natural na proteína morfogenética 15 (BMP15) estão associadas à diminuição da taxa de ovulação (TO), tamanho da ninhada (TN) e esterilidade. Estudar a BMP15 na raça Cholistani para elevar o status socioeconômico e o conhecimento da criação de ovinos Cholistani no sul de Punjab, Paquistão. Em nosso estudo, 50 ovelhas Cholistani inférteis sem parentesco sanguíneo foram rastreadas para mutações BMP15. Para tanto, um DNA de alta qualidade foi extraído do sangue dessas ovelhas, seguido de concepção do primer, amplificação da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), sequenciamento de DNA e análises in silico. Do total de 50 amostras, 9, incluindo caso 1 (T3), caso 2 (T8), caso 3 (T17), caso 4 (T22), caso 5 (T25), caso 6 (T33), caso 7 (T40), caso 8 (T44) e caso 9 (T47), foram consideradas positivas para uma variedade de mutações BMP15 novas e já relatadas. Mais análises in silico das mutações observadas mostraram o impacto funcional dessas mutações em diferentes características (peso molecular, PI teórico, meia-vida estimada, índice de instabilidade, localização subcelular e confirmação 3D) das proteínas codificadas, possivelmente alterando a funcionalidade normal. Nossos achados confirmaram o possível papel essencial das mutações BMP15 na infertilidade de ovelhas Cholistani.

Abstract Naturally occurring mutations in morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are associated with decreased ovulation rate (OR), litter size (LS), and sterility. It is of a great interest to elucidate BMP15 gene in Cholistani sheep breed to uplift socio-economic status and the knowledge of Cholistani sheep breeding in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. In our study, a total of 50 infertile Cholistani sheep aged between 2-6 years and having no blood relation were screened for BMP15 mutations. For this purpose, a high-quality DNA was extracted from the blood of sheep followed by primer designing, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification, DNA sequencing, and in silico analyses. Out of total 50 samples, 9 samples including case 1 (T3), case 2 (T8), case 3 (T17), case 4 (T22), case 5 (T25), case 6 (T33), case 7 (T40), case 8 (T44), and case 9 (T47) were found positive for a variety of already reported and novel BMP15 mutations. Further in silico analyses of the observed mutations have shown the functional impact of these mutations on different characteristics (molecular weight, theoretical PI, estimated half-life, instability index, sub-cellular localization, and 3D confirmation) of the encoded proteins, possibly altering the normal functionality. In a nutshell, findings of this study have confirmed the possible essential role of the BMP15 mutations in the infertility of the Cholistani sheep.

Resumo O presente estudo foi realizado em Hayat Abad Industrial Estate, localizado em Peshawar, para avaliar os níveis de cádmio (Cd) que estavam presentes no solo, bem como nas partes da planta (raízes e brotos). Para avaliar o potencial de fitorremediação das plantas foram determinados diferentes fatores, ou seja, Fator de Bioconcentração (BCF), Fator de Translocação (TF) e Coeficiente de Bioacumulação. Essas plantas foram cultivadas em seus habitats nativos (BAC). Analisamos a concentração de cádmio do solo coletada em 50 locais diferentes, variando de 11,54 mg/Kg (o mais baixo) a 89,80 mg/Kg (o mais alto). A concentração máxima (89,80 mg/Kg) de cádmio foi encontrada em HIE-ST-16L Marble City e HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88,51 mg/Kg) enquanto sua concentração mínima (12,47 mg/Kg) foi detectada no solo do local (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) e (11,54 mg/Kg) no local (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). A maioria das espécies de plantas mostrou um enorme potencial para abordagens baseadas em plantas, como fitoextração e fitorremediação. Eles também mostraram o potencial de fitoestabilização. Com base na concentração de cádmio, as plantas mais eficientes para fitoextração foram Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus e Anagallis arvensis. Os metais pesados de cádmio no solo examinado foram efetivamente removidos por essas espécies de plantas. Cerastium dichotomum e Chenopodium murale foram relatados como eficazes na fitoestabilização do Cd com base nas concentrações de metais selecionados nas raízes e nos valores de BCFs, TFs e BACs.

Abstract The present study was carried out in Hayat Abad Industrial Estate located in Peshawar to assess the levels of cadmium (Cd) that were present in the soil as well as the plant parts (Roots and shoots). To evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the plants different factors i.e. Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), Translocation Factor (TF), and Bioaccumulation Coefficient were determined. These plants were grown in their native habitats (BAC). We have analysed, cadmium concentration from soil which are collected from 50 different locations ranged from 11.54 mg/Kg (the lowest) to 89.80 mg/Kg (highest). The maximum concentration (89.80 mg/Kg) of cadmium was found in HIE-ST-16L Marble City and HIE-ST-7 Bryon Pharma (88.51 mg/Kg) while its minimum concentration (12.47 mg/Kg) were detected in the soil of Site (HIE-ST-14L Royal PVC Pipe) and (11.54 mg/Kg) at the site (HIE-ST-11 Aries Pharma). Most plant species showed huge potential for plant based approaches like phyto-extraction and phytoremediation. They also showed the potential for phyto-stabilization as well. Based on the concentration of cadmium the most efficient plants for phytoextraction were Cnicus benedictus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Verbesina encelioides, Conyza canadensis, Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus viridis, Chenopodiastrum murale, Prosopis juliflora, Convolvulus arvensis, Stellaria media, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Cerastium dichotomum, Chrozophora tinctoria, Mirabilis jalapa, Medicago polymorpha, Lathyrus aphaca, Dalbergia sissoo, Melilotus indicus and Anagallis arvensis. The cadmium heavy metals in the examined soil were effectively removed by these plant species. Cerastium dichotomum, and Chenopodium murale were reported to be effective in phyto-stabilizing Cd based on concentrations of selected metals in roots and BCFs, TFs, and BACs values.

Abstract The present study aimed to produce a monosex population of all male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) using 17α-methyl testosterone and common carp testes (as a source of natural androgen). Trial was conducted into two consecutive phases, the first was fry (4-5 days old)administration with negative control (without hormone) and positive control (with hormone) feed viz., MT1:60mg/kg, MT2:70mg/kg (17α-MT), carp testis CT1:70% and CT2:80% for 30 days to reverse the sex of male fish and the second phase was nursing the fingerlings for two months on control diet (32% Crude protein).Results revealed a significant growth rate (P<0.05) in the control group where final weight (4.8±0.34ab) and weight gained was recorded as 0.66±0.03ac. In proximate chemical composition of body meat, CT2 treatment showed maximum retention of crude protein, crude fat, and ash whereas dry matter showed maximum retention in MT2 and CT1 treatments. Morphological and histological examination revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in phenotypic males of Nile tilapia fed with the highest percent in MT-treated diet (MT2) of 95±0.58a while MT1, CT2 and CT1 had males of 85±6.0b, 70±5.0b and 65±6.5b, respectively. It was concluded that synthetic androgen (17αMT) was more effective for masculinization but natural androgen scan be an alternative method to produce male tilapia population in an environment-friendly manner as they are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and radially available. These results suggested that synthetic and natural androgen supplementation in the diet plays a significant role in improving growth performance and body composition.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo produzir uma população monossexuada de todos os machos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis spp.) usando 17α-metil testosterona e testículos de carpa comum como fonte de andrógeno natural. O ensaio foi conduzido em duas fases consecutivas, a primeira foi a administração de alevinos (4-5 dias) com controle negativo (sem hormônio) e controle positivo (com hormônio), viz., MT1:60mg/kg, MT2:70mg/kg (17α -MT), testículos de carpa CT1:70% e CT2:80% por 30 dias para inverter o sexo dos peixes machos e a segunda fase foi amamentar os alevinos por dois meses com dieta controle (32% de proteína bruta), e analisar a taxa de crescimento (p < 0,05) no grupo controle, em que o peso final (4,8 ± 0,34 ab) e o peso ganho foram registrados como 0,66 ± 0,03 ac. Na composição química aproximada da carne corporal, o tratamento CT2 mostrou retenção máxima de proteína bruta, gordura bruta e cinzas, enquanto a matéria seca apresentou retenção máxima nos tratamentos MT2 e CT1. O exame morfológico e histológico revelou diferença significativa (p < 0,05) nos machos fenotípicos de tilápia do Nilo alimentados com o maior percentual na dieta tratada com MT (MT2) de 95 ± 0,58a enquanto MT1, CT2 e CT1 tiveram machos de 85 ± 6,0b, 70 ± 5,0 e 65 ± 6,5b, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o andrógeno sintético (17αMT) foi mais eficaz para a masculinização, entretanto os andrógenos naturais podem ser um método alternativo para produzir população de tilápias machos de maneira ecológica, pois são baratos, ecológicos e estão disponíveis radialmente. Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementação de andrógenos sintéticos e naturais na dieta desempenha um papel significativo na melhoria do desempenho do crescimento e da composição corporal.

Abstract Repeated heating of fat oil may result in the formation of highly toxic aldehyde compounds. The oils having such compounds are considered as health hazards and therefore their repeated use is banned in many countries. Since huge quantities of the used oil need urgent disposal, this work is focused on the disposal of used oil for the resource recovery. The waste fat oil was converted into useful fuel through catalytic and non-catalytic pyrolysis. The catalyst was used to lower the oxygen content and to increase the amount of the hydrocarbons in the oil product. The pyrolysis reaction was catalyzed by three catalysts of the clinker type, namely ordinary Portland cement, white cement and burnt clay/clinker powder. The pyrolysis reactions were performed using a custom-made furnace and stainless steel pyrolyzer. Optimum temperature, time and catalyst quantity were identified for high liquid and gaseous fractions and low solid residue. The oil obtained during each reaction was characterized for chemical composition by using GC-MS technique. The oil product of simple pyrolysis, cement catalyzed, white cement catalyzed and clinker catalyzed pyrolysis had the hydrocarbon contents of 3%, 19%, 51% and 93%, respectively.