O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar um caso de miocardite clostridial em um bovino no Brasil, com ênfase nos achados patológicos, isolamento e identificação molecular do agente e visualização in situ de C. chauvoei. O animal, um macho da raça Brangus com nove meses de idade, foi encontrado morto sem sinais clínicos prévios. Foram observadas áreas de necrose multifocal e coalescente no miocárdio, com a presença de bastonetes imunomarcados para C. chauvoei nas fibras musculares cardíacas. Uma estirpe de C. chauvoei foi isolada do tecido e sua identidade foi confirmada por reação em cadeia da polimeras (PCR).

The aim of this study was to report a case of clostridial myocarditis in a bovine in Brazil with emphasis on the pathological findings, isolation and molecular identification associated with the in situ localization of C. chauvoei. The animal, a male Brangus bull with nine months of age, was found dead without prior clinical signs. Multifocal and coalescent areas of necrosis were observed in the myocardium. Rod cells in the cardiac muscle fibers were positive immunostaining for C. chauvoei, while this bacterium was also isolated and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Introduction Despite the known importance of Clostridium difficile as a nosocomial pathogen, few studies regarding Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in Brazil have been conducted. To date, the diagnostic tests that are available on the Brazilian market for the diagnosis of CDI have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to compare the performances of four commercial methods for the diagnosis of CDI in patients from a university hospital in Brazil. Methods Three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and one nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) were evaluated against a cytotoxicity assay (CTA) and toxigenic culture (TC). Stool samples from 92 patients with suspected CDI were used in this study. Results Twenty-five (27.2%) of 92 samples were positive according to the CTA, and 23 (25%) were positive according to the TC. All EIAs and the NAAT test demonstrated sensitivities between 59 and 68% and specificities greater than 91%. Conclusions All four methods exhibited low sensitivities for the diagnosis of CDI, which could lead to a large number of false-negative results, an increased risk of cross-infection to other patients, and overtreatment with empirical antibiotics.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a frequência de testes anti-HIV realizados no pré-natal e de testes rápidos solicitados para estantes internadas para o parto. MÉTODO: trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal com 711 gestantes atendidas no momento do parto no período de janeiro a julho de 2010. Excluíram-se do estudo aquelas admitidas para controle clínico e as que não permitiram que seus dados fossem incluídos na pesquisa. Utilizou-se o teste do χ² ou o teste de Fisher para comparação de proporções na análise univariada. Foram incluídas no modelo de regressão logística todas as variáveis com valor p<0,25, chamado de modelo inicial. Utilizou-se o pacote estatístico SPSS e adotou-se o nível de significância estatística de 5%. RESULTADOS: a idade média das pacientes foi de 25,77±6,7 anos, sendo a idade máxima e mínima de 44 e 12 anos, respectivamente. A média da idade gestacional no momento do atendimento foi de 38,41±6,7 semanas. Destas pacientes, 96,3% (n=685) tinham acompanhamento pré-natal, sendo que 11,1% (n=79) fizeram pré-natal na Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. A média de consultas no pré-natal foi de 6,85±2,88, mas 28,1% tiveram menos de 6 consultas. Identificaram-se 10 gestantes soropositivas para o HIV (1,4%), sendo 2 pacientes sabidamente soropositivas. As demais (n=8) foram rastreadas no momento do parto e, por isso, não receberam a profilaxia ARV no pré-natal. Três pacientes foram admitidas em período expulsivo e também não receberam a profilaxia intraparto. Entretanto, todos os recém-nascidos foram avaliados e foi realizada a supressão da lactação e iniciada a formulação láctea. CONCLUSÕES: apesar das medidas estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Saúde, ainda existem falhas na abordagem destas pacientes. Somente com o envolvimento dos gestores e a capacitação dos profissionais envolvidos no atendimento será possível o correto direcionamento de ações que possibilitem a prevenção efetiva da transmissão vertical do HIV.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the frequency of HIV tests performed during prenatal care and rapid tests ordered for pregnant women admitted at the time of delivery. METHOD: this was a cross-sectional study with 711 pregnant women at delivery during the period from January to July 2010. Women admitted for clinical control and those that did not allow their clinical data to be included in the study were excluded. The χ² test or the Fisher's Exact test was used for comparison of the proportion in univariate analysis. All the variables with p<0.25 were included in the logistic regression model, called initial model. The analyses were carried out using the SPSS software, with the level of significance set at 5%. RESULTS: the mean age of the patients was 25.77±6.7 years and the maximum and minimum age was 44 and 12 years, respectively. The average gestational age at the time of attendance was 38.41±6.7 weeks. Of these patients, 96.3% (n=685) had prenatal care and 11.1% (n=79) received prenatal care at our facility. The average number of prenatal care visits was 6.85±2.88, but 28.1% had less than six visits. We identified 10 HIV-positive pregnant women (1.4%) and two patients were known to be HIV positive. The others (n=8) were screened at birth and therefore did not receive ARV prophylaxis during the prenatal period. Three patients were admitted during the expulsion period and also did not receive intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis. However, all newborns were evaluated, with lactation being suppressed and artificial milk being used. CONCLUSIONS: despite the measures established by the Ministry of Health, there are still flaws in the approach to these patients. Only with the participation of managers and professionals involved in care it will be possible to correct the direct actions that enable the effective prevention of vertical transmission of HIV.