ABSTRACT There has long been a discussion about the effects of soil management on its structure. Since changes can occur due to management and time of use, more accurate assessments can be achieved if carried out in long-term experiments. This study investigated the long-term effects of soil management on the physical quality of a Cerrado Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho), focusing on microstructural changes. Micromorphology and computed tomography techniques were used to assess the soil's microstructure. The study compared areas under long-term and different soil management practices, including disc plowing, no-tillage, and disc harrow+subsoiler. A native Cerrado area was considered as the reference. Micromorphology revealed some changes in the pedological features of soil aggregates, but the granular structure showed good resistance even after two decades of use and management. It also indicated a decrease in larger pores and an increase in the surface soil layer micropores for the disc plowing and no-tillage treatments. These results were consistent with traditional laboratory evaluations of soil porosity. Computed tomography was limited due to increased soil bulk density in the cultivated treatments, but it showed potential for assessing soil porosity and pore connectivity. We concluded that micromorphology effectively identifies microstructural changes in Oxisols with small and strong granular structures, and the granular soil aggregates displayed resilience even after long-term management. The micromorphometric evaluation corroborates with traditional methods and suggests loss of pores associated with the disc harrow+subsoiler treatment.

Abstract Coffee crop in Brazil is typically grown as a monoculture. However, we hypothesized that agroforestry system is favorable association for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), affecting its community structure and potentially impacting crop productivity and agroecosystem health. This study evaluated how the microclimate, soil depth, macauba field spacing and distance between coffee plants and palms affect the structure of the AMF community. The structure of the AMF community was influenced by the soil depth, microclimate features, soil moisture, maximum air temperature, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). The distance at which coffee-macauba influences ecological diversity indices of AMF, and higher diversity are related to the proximity between plants. AMF diversity (Richness and Shannon) in the agroforestry system exceeded that observed in the full-sun coffee in the 0-20 soil depth layer. Our results showed that the microclimate, soil depth, plant density, and distance between coffee from macauba affected the AMF community structure.

RESUMO O Governo de Angola tem a intenção de recuperar sua alta produção de café da década de 1970, por meio de programas de financiamento agrícola direcionados especialmente aos agricultores familiares. Objetivou-se realizar o zoneamento agroclimático para a cultura do cafeeiro em território angolano. Dados ou estimativas de temperatura anual, precipitação efetiva e total, balanço hídrico climático e déficit de água anual foram avaliados para todos os 163 municípios angolanos. Os dados de precipitação efetiva e total foram utilizados para o zoneamento agroclimático da cultura do cafeeiro no país. Com o uso da precipitação efetiva, 1 %, 20 % e 79 % do território de Angola foram considerados adequado, marginal e inapto para o café Arábica, respectivamente, enquanto, para o café Robusta, esses mesmos percentuais foram de 1 %, 8 % e 91 %. Com a utilização da precipitação total, esses mesmos valores foram de 2 %, 27,5 % e 70,5 % para o café Arábica e 1 %, 11,8 % e 87,2 % para o Robusta. As áreas marginais e inaptas para a produção de café em Angola estão associadas às condições de déficit hídrico, principalmente na região sudoeste do país e ao longo da faixa costeira. Os resultados obtidos a partir do balanço hídrico climático indicam que a maior parte do território angolano é marginal ou inapta para a cultura do cafeeiro.

ABSTRACT The Angolan Government intends to recover its 1970s expressive production of coffee by means of agricultural financing programs, mainly directed to family farmers. This study aimed to perform the agroclimatic zoning for the coffee crop in the Angolan territory. Data or estimates of annual temperature, effective and total rainfall rates, climatic water balance and annual water deficit were evaluated for all the 163 Angolan municipalities. The effective and total precipitation data were used for the agroclimatic zoning of the coffee crop in the country. Based on the effective precipitation data, 1 %, 20 % and 79 % of the Angolan territory were respectively considered suitable, marginal and unsuitable for the Arabica coffee, while, for the Robusta coffee, the same rates were, respectively, 1 %, 8 % and 91 %. Based on the total precipitation data, these rates were 2 %, 27.5 % and 70.5 % for the Arabica coffee and 1 %, 11.8 % and 87.2 % for the Robusta coffee. The areas considered marginal and unsuitable for the coffee crop in Angola are related to water deficit conditions, mainly in the southwestern region and along the coastal strip. The results obtained from the climatic water balance show that most part of the Angolan territory is marginal or unsuitable for the coffee crop.