Resumen Este texto busca presentar una visión general de la autopista BR-319 (de Manaos a Porto Velho, Brasil) a partir de un análisis geopolítico del transporte y de los frentes pioneros, con el fin de destacar el papel del Estado en la Amazonia y en el proceso de integración territorial brasileño. También se consideran las actividades de transporte de mercancías y pasajeros organizadas a lo largo de este eje, destacando la existencia de frentes pioneros con diferentes temporalidades. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica e histórica, que incluyó la consulta de periódicos publicados entre 1960 y 2000 y un trabajo de campo entre 2014 y 2022. Tras la realización del trabajo de campo, fue posible identificar la organización de las actividades de transporte y el desarrollo de frentes pioneros en la porción sur de la carretera en el distrito de Realidade, en el municipio de Humaitá-AM.

Abstract This paper aims to provide an overview of the BR-319 highway (connecting Manaus and Porto Velho, Brazil) through a geopolitical analysis of transportation and pioneer fronts. The objective is to highlight the State’s role in the Amazon and the process of Brazilian territorial integration. It also points out considerations on cargo and passenger transport activities organized along this corridor and highlights the existence of pioneer fronts with various temporalities. Bibliographic and historical surveys were conducted, involving the examination of newspapers from the decades 1960 to 2000. Additionally, fieldwork was undertaken between 2014 and 2022. Following the completion of the fieldwork, the study identified the organization of transport activities and the development of pioneer fronts in the southern segment of the highway in the district of Realidade, within the municipality of Humaitá-AM.

Resumo Este texto busca apresentar um panorama da rodovia BR-319 (Manaus a Porto Velho, Brasil) a partir de uma análise geopolítica dos transportes e das frentes pioneiras para fins de evidenciar o papel do Estado na Amazônia e no processo de integração territorial brasileiro. Alem disso, são apresentadas considerações sobre as atividades de transporte de cargas e passageiros organizadas ao longo desse eixo, ressaltando a existência de frentes pioneiras com diversas temporalidades. Foram realizados levantamentos bibliográficos e históricos com consulta em jornais das décadas de 1960-2000 e realização de trabalho de campo entre os anos de 2014 até 2022. Após a realização dos trabalhos de campo foi possível identificar a organização das atividades de transporte e o desenvolvimento das frentes pioneiras na porção Sul da rodovia no distrito de Realidade, no município de Humaitá-AM.

Subclinical or asymptomatic infection is documented in individuals living in endemic areas for leishmaniasis suggesting that the development of an appropriate immune response can control parasite replication and maintain tissue integrity. A low morbidity indicates that intrinsic factors could favor resistance to Leishmania infection. Herein, leishmanial T-cell responses induced in subjects with low susceptibility to leishmaniasis as asymptomatic subjects were compared to those observed in cured cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL) patients, who controlled the disease after antimonial therapy. All of them have shown maintenance of specific long-term immune responses characterized by expansion of higher proportions of CD4+ as compared to CD8+ Leishmania reactive T-lymphocytes. Asymptomatic subjects had lower indexes of in vitro Leishmania induced lymphoproliferative responses and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in comparison to CCL patients. On the other hand, interleukin (IL-10) production was much higher in asymptomatics than in CCL, while no differences in IL-5 levels were found. In conclusion, long lived T-cell responses achieved by asymptomatic individuals differed from those who had developed symptomatic leishmaniasis in terms of intensity of lymphocyte activation (proliferation or IFN-gamma) and regulatory mechanisms (IL-10). The absence of the disease in asymptomatics could be explained by their intrinsic ability to create a balance between immunoregulatory (IL-10) and effector cytokines (IFN-gamma), leading to parasite destruction without producing skin tissue damage. The establishment of profiles of cell-mediated immune responses associated with resistance against Leishmania infection is likely to make new inroads into understanding the long-lived immune protection against the disease.