Elizabeth I, também conhecida como Gloriana, é personagem de fama duradoura, tanto na historiografia popular como na comunidade acadêmica. Diferentemente do que ocorreu na Inglaterra, o seu legado na Irlanda é assunto complexo e longe de glorioso. Boa parte dessa herança está ligada à Guerra dos Nove Anos, que dominou a década final de seu reinado. Neste artigo, detenho-me em dois aspectos que permitem lançar luz sobre o papel de Elizabeth: primeiro, a responsabilidade pelo deflagrar da guerra em si e, em segundo lugar, a influência que teve e o modo como interferiu na sua condução.

Elizabeth I still enjoys a very positive reputation, both in popular history and in the academic community. Unlike in England, her legacy in Ireland is very complex and far from glorious. Much of this legacy is related to the Nine Years War, which dominated the final decade of Elizabeth's reign. In this article I will focus on two aspects, in order to highlight Elizabeth's contribution to the war: first, her responsibility for the war itself, and second, her influence and interference in the waging of the war.

The rural world is a space of life, a place of residence for a large number of Brazilians, where they come from and where they experience the world. The theme of the paper will be the forms and social processes that assure the rural population access to the goods and services produced and available in Brazilian society. This access is assumed to be an indicator of the participation of the Brazilians living in the countryside in the results of the social progress obtained by society in general and the effective expression of the constitutional principle of equal opportunities for all citizens. The official definitions of the rural environment in Brazil always take it to be the area surrounding urban centers, many of which are small agglomerations. As a result offers of employment and services are not widely available locally, which results, on the one hand, in the precariousness that can be observed in many Brazilian rural areas and, on the other, in the need for local populations to have to travel, often covering large distances.

This paper deals with the impact of war on state formation in Ireland and England, focusing on the period from 1590 to 1691, the key turning point for the future development of the state in both countries. War played a vital role, but in a number of different ways, including in the ideological sphere, in a complex process, rather than simply causing a long-term expansion in army size and subsequent growth of the state. The author further emphasizes the dynamic nature of the state itself.

Dans cet article, on étudie l'impact de la guerre sur la formation de l'État en Irlande et en Angleterre, surtout dans la période de 1590 à 1691, période-clé pour le développement de l'État dans ces deux pays. La guerre y a joué un rôle très important sous plusieurs formes, et en particulier dans la sphère idéologique, au long d'un processus très complexe, au-delà de son rôle d'expansion et d'augmentation des armées et de sa conséquence, la croissance de l'État, dont il faut souligner la nature dynamique.

The analysis of correspondence now avaiable on a Plan for the Invasion of Bahia, sent by naval captain Antoine-René Larcher to the Directorate of the French Republic in 1797, sheds new light on episodes of the so-called Bahian Conspiracy, as much with respect to the conspirators' social penetration as in regard to aspects of wideranging attempts to the expand the French Revolution previously unknown to historiography.

The article presents some analytical possibilities for the delayed decision to acclaim D. João VI in Brazil, though the King had assumed the title of monarch following the death of his mother, the Queen D. Maria I, on 20 March 1816. The decision to hold the acclamation and the grandiose form of the ceremony almost two years later have to be analyzed in light of the changed in the European context after the defeat of Napoleon, the restoration of monarchical forces through the treaties of the Congress of Vienna, and in Brazil by taking into account the new profiles of D. João's ministers in the final years of his stay in America.

This work analyses in a comparative perspective, the differences between catholic corporativism and state corporative experiences that marked the world scenario throughout the period of the two world wars, particularly in Portugal, Spain, and Italy. To realize this investigation a specific area of interest is defined in an attempt not to allow that the catholic corporativism be misinterpreted as state corporativism, although both of them have a strong discipline appeal. The conservative side assumed this appeal during the emergency of the social problem as a matter of work. It is of paramount importance to understand how the catholic corporativism was displayed in Brazil and which were its connections and divergences with the catholic corporativism present in Europe at the same time. It is necessary yet, to understand the discoursive routes through which the Church built a totalitarian speech.

The purpose of this article is to outline a life and work brief anthology of historian Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen (1816-1878), who lived mainly out of Brazil. I try to relate part of his extensive work to a distant look, as an effect of his continuous movement in search of files and documents on Brazil's history and geography which were found abroad. In addition, i intend to emphasize the relevance of journeys and in locu wiews as cognitive resources for writing history in a context characterized by the emergence of history as a science and its claim for narrative objectivity and for historians impartiality.

Analisando as capitanias/províncias do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo entre os séculos XVII e XIX, o artigo se ocupa basicamente de concepções de trabalho no passado brasileiro, destacando diferentes abordagens sobre o tema, assim como tenta matizar a idéia de que o defeito mecânico estigmatizava trabalhadores, principalmente forros e descendentes de escravos. Propõe-se que a mobilidade social é intragrupal e que nem todos os grupos sociais se pautavam sobre a noção aristocrática do defeito mecânico. Ademais, mesmo entre membros das elites tal noção apresentava fluidez no tempo e no espaço.

This article analyses the Seventeenth- to the Twentieth-century Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo capitanias/provinces with an underlining concern about labor conceptions in Brazil by then, highlighting different approaches of the theme as well as trying to intertwine the idea that the mechanical handicap stigmatized workers, especially for freed people and for slaves' descendants. We propose that social mobility happens at the intragroupal level, and that not every social group was based on the aristocratic notion about the mechanical handicap. Moreover, such notion proved some flexibility of time and space even among the elite members.

O artigo aborda as ambigüidades que envolvem a noção de "liberdade de trabalho" no século XIX, partindo de uma discussão comparativa não apenas sobre a história e a historiografia da escravidão, mas abrangendo a história social, econômica e institucional do trabalho de um modo geral. Parte-se do princípio de que uma abordagem deste tipo permite formular de modo mais agudo uma interpretação sobre a experiência coletiva dos trabalhadores livres e escravos, evitando algumas das armadilhas do modelo de "transição" utilizado - muitas vezes acriticamente - pela historiografia no Brasil e nas Américas para explicar a relação entre sujeição e liberdade na esfera do trabalho. Algumas das questões levantadas na primeira parte do trabalho são articuladas na discussão de uma amostra de "contratos de locação de serviços" envolvendo ex-escravos e patrões, registrados nos cartórios de notas da cidade do Desterro entre as décadas de 40 e 80 do século XIX.

This article examines the ambiguities raised by the concept of "labor freedom" in the XIXth century, through a comparative perspective of not only the history and historiography of slavery, but also the social, economic, and institutional history of labor. It considers that this approach will allow a better understanding of the collective experience of free laborers as well as slaves, in order to criticize the "transition" model that is still used - often without any criticism - by the historiography on slavery and free labor in Brazil and in the Americas to explain the relationship between freedom and bondage in labor history. Some of the questions raised in the first part of the article will be used to analyze a sample of labor contracts between formal slaves and their formal masters or new bosses, notarized in the city of Desterro, in Southern Brazil, between the 1840s and the 1880s.

A reconquista da cidade de Salvador pelas forças da Monarquia Católica em 1625 foi um grande feito bélico. A abundância de testemunhos, relatos e histórias da batalha são tantos elementos que certificam a importância do acontecido para os seus contemporâneos. Um exame detido dessa literatura é capaz de mostrar uma oposição, ainda que dissimulada, entre fidalgos portugueses e castelhanos; eles disputavam a proeminência nos feitos bélicos e a honra do desempenho vitorioso. Festejada, narrada e comemorada, a batalha da Bahia acabou por se transformar num acontecimento revelador de tensões de tensões entre fidalgos de Portugal e de Castela, que iria alimentar uma dissensão mais que secular e que viria a tomar corpo em dezembro de 1640.

The reconquering of the city of Salvador by the Catholic Monarquic Forces was a belic enterprise of great impact. The abundance of narrations, stories and live accounts of the battle testify to its importance for their contemporaries. A detailed exam of this literature shows the opposition, even if veiled, between the "Fidalgos" from Portugal and from Castela: they both claimed proeminence of belic achieviments and the merit of victorious deeds. The Battle of Bahia, narrated and celebrated to great extent, turned out to be revealing of the tensions between the "fidalgos" of Portugal and Castela, which in turn would give rise to a discussion more than secular eventually embodying itself in December 1640.