Abstract Changes in climate, which can be understood as fluctuations in climate patterns as a reflection of natural or anthropic interventions, can generate changes in the environment and consequently affect the diversity of organisms. Fungi are extremely important in organic matter cycling in different environments, mainly forest areas, decomposing dead wood. To better understand the effects of climate change on two wood-degrading Agaricomycetes, their potential neotropical distribution was modeled using known occurrence data, available in the GBIF database and in specific literature, and associated with predictor variables extracted from Worldclim. A modeling package in R environment was used to analyze the present and future suitability for the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The results indicate the climate as an important factor in the distribution of Auricularia brasiliana and Megasporoporia neosetulosa. The suitability factors for the metrics used indicate that the models can be used to analyze climatic areas and that temperature and precipitation strongly influence the permanence of species in these locations. The results also indicate areas that can be affected by climatic effects, consequently causing a decrease in the occurrence and permanence of these fungi in the Neotropics. Our models can be useful as future guidelines in conservation studies for fungi. interventions organisms environments wood wooddegrading degrading Agaricomycetes data literature Worldclim scenarios neosetulosa locations Neotropics

Benzimidazole and its derivatives are molecules that have diverse biological properties, therefore we synthesized and studied a new benzimidazole to understand their physical/chemical properties. The compound was obtained through a new synthetic route, using graphite oxide, in the absence of solvent, with crystalline packaging supported by C-H…N and C-H…π interactions. According to the frontier molecular orbitals, the compound is kinetically stable while the molecular electrostatic potential map confirms the site of molecular interactions involving nitrogen atoms and the π-system. This comprehensive study on synthesis, structural description and theoretical calculations can support ongoing studies in pharmaceutical science.

RESUMO Introdução: o câncer de mama é a neoplasia maligna mais comum em mulheres no mundo. A cirurgia tem sido o tratamento tradicional e, geralmente consiste em mastectomia com linfadenectomia, podendo causar dor pós-operatória. Por isso, buscamos estudar técnicas anestésicas regionais que possam minimizar esse efeito, como o bloqueio interpeitoral (PEC). Métodos: estudo controlado randomizado com 82 pacientes com câncer de mama submetidos à mastectomia com linfadenectomia de Janeiro de 2020 a Outubro de 2021, em hospital oncológico. Intervenções: dois grupos randomizados (controle - anestesia geral exclusiva e grupo PECS - anestesia geral e bloqueio PEC com levobupivacaína/ropivacaína). Aplicou-se um questionário com Escala Visual Analógica da dor 24h pós-cirurgia. Utilizamos os testes de Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney e Quiquadrado e analisamos os dados em R versão 4.0.0. Estudo registrado em Ensaios Clínicos Brasileiros (REBec). Resultados: no grupo PEC, 50% não apresentava dor 24 horas após a cirurgia enquanto no grupo controle, 42,86% negava quadro álgico. A maioria que apresentou dor classificou-a como dor leve (EVA de 1 a 3) - (42,50%) grupo PEC e (40,48%) controle (p=0,28). Apenas 17,50% consumiram opioides no grupo PEC, semelhante ao grupo controle com 21,43%. (p=0,65), (17,50%) grupo PEC e (21,43%) grupo controle (p=0,65). Houve baixo índice de complicações como PONV (náuseas, vômitos, cefaleia) em ambos os grupos. Na análise de subgrupo, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos que usaram Levobupivacaína ou Ropivacaína quanto a dor pós-operatória e o consumo de opioides. Discussão: o grupo estudado apresentou baixa taxa de dor no pós-operatório e isso influenciou na análise estatística. Não houve diferença estatística quanto a dor pós-operatória entre grupos. Conclusão: não foi possível demonstrar melhores resultados com a associação do bloqueio PEC com analgesia intravenosa total. São necessários novos estudos para avaliar a eficácia do bloqueio anestésico no intraoperatório e pós-operatório.

ABSTRACT Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Surgery has been traditional treatment and, generally, it´s mastectomy with lymphadenectomy, that can causes postoperative pain. Therefore, we seek to study regional anesthesic techniques that can minimize this effect, such as the interpectoral block (PECS). Methods: randomized controlled study with 82 patients with breast cancer who underwent mastectomy with lymphadenectomy from January 2020 to October 2021 in oncology hospital. Interventions: two randomized groups (control - exclusive general anesthesia and PECS group - received PECS block with levobupivacaine/ropivacaine and general anesthesia). We applied a questionnaire with Numeric Rating Scale for pain 24h after surgery. We used Shapiro-Wilk, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests, and analyzed the data in R version 4.0.0 (ReBEC). Results: in the PECS group, 50% were pain-free 24h after surgery and in the control group it was 42.86%. The majority who presented pain classified it as mild pain (VAS from 1 to 3) - (42.50%) PECS group and (40.48%) control group (p=0.28). Only 17.50% consumed opioids in the PECS group, similar to the control group with 21.43%. (p=0.65). There was a low rate of complications such as PONV in both groups. In the subgroup analysis, there was no statistical difference between the groups that used levobupivacaine or ropivacaine regarding postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Discussion: the studied group had a low rate of pain in the postoperative period and it influenced the statistical analysis. There wasn´t difference in postoperative pain in groups. Conclusion: was not possible to demonstrate better results with the association of the PECS block with total intravenous analgesia. Need further studies to assess the efficacy of the nerve block.

Resumo Foram avaliadas a composição da dieta de duas espécies de Characideos (Knodus heteresthes e Moenkhausia lepidura) nos rios Teles Pires e Juruena, amostrados em setembro e outubro de 2016. Analisamos 226 estômagos de K. heteresthes e 425 de M. lepidura, sendo utilizados os métodos volumétrico e frequência de ocorrência, aplicando-se o índice de importância alimentar. Para a similaridade das dietas entre as espécies calculamos a sobreposição de nicho com índice de Pianka. Ambas as espécies no rio Juruena têm preferência alimentar por artrópodes (IAi > 0,95), no rio Teles Pires a dieta concentra-se em três fontes para ambas espécies: artrópodes (IAi > 0,52), vegetais (IAi > 0,33) e peixes (IAi > 0,12). A dieta é dissimilar quando comparados os ambientes (ANOSIM, R ≥ 0,57; p < 0,001), com alta sobreposição de nicho trófico (α > 0,97), independente do ambiente amostrado. No rio Teles Pires, ambas as espécies foram classificadas como onívoras com tendência insetívora e no rio Juruena ocorre o comportamento insetívoro.

Abstract The composition of the diet of two species of characids (Knodus heteresthes and Moenkhausia lepidura) was evaluated in the Teles Pires and Juruena Rivers, sampled in September and October 2016. We analyzed 226 stomachs of K. heteresthes and 425 of M. lepidura. The analysis of the stomach contents was based on volumetric and frequency of occurrence methods, applying the food importance index. For the similarity of the diets between the species we calculated the niche overlap with Pianka’s index. Both species in the Juruena River have a dietary preference for arthropods (IAi > 0.95). In the Teles Pires River the diet is concentrated in three sources for both species: arthropods (IAi > 0.52), vegetables (IAi > 0.33) and fish (IAi > 0.12). The diet was dissimilar when compared to environments (ANOSIM, R ≥ 0.57, p < 0.001) with high trophic niche overlap (α > 0.97), regardless of the sampled environment. In the Teles Pires River, both species were classified as omnivorous with an insectivorous tendency and in the Juruena River the insectivorous behaviour occurs.

SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of anatomical variants in the exocranial surface of the jugular foramen, specifically, the presence of single or double and complete or incomplete septation. A cross-sectional anatomical study was performed using 96 Brazilian dry human skulls (53 male and 43 female). One examiner determined the number (single or double) and type (i.e. complete or incomplete) of osseous septation at the outer surface of jugular foramens. Data went through statistical analysis on GraphPad Prism 6.01. Our results shown that Male individuals where more likely to present normal jugular foramens (male = 71.69%, female = 34.88%; p = 0.003). However, one incomplete septation occurred more often on the right side of female individuals (1 incomplete septation, male = 16.98%; 1 incomplete septation, female = 34.88%; p = 0.044). Similarly, one complete septation (i.e. the presence of two fully divided jugular compartments) also occurred more often on the right side of female individuals (1 complete septation, male = 9.43%; 1 complete septation, female = 25.58%; p = 0.038). Anatomical variants of the jugular foramen regarding single or double complete or incomplete septations were more likely to be found on the right side of female individuals, whose also presented a higher rate of jugular foramens with any type of septation than regular non-altered jugular foramens.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la presencia de variaciones anatómicas en la superficie exocraneal del foramen yugular, especificamente, la presencia de septos únicos o dobles, completos o incompletos. El estudio fue realizado en 96 cráneos secos (53 masculinos y 43 femeninos) de indivíduos Brasileños. Se determinaron septos óseos completos o incompletos y número de ellos. Los resultados obtenidos fueron tratados estadísticamente con el programa GraphPad Prism 6.01. Los sujetos de sexo masculino fueron más propensos a presentar forámenes yugulares normales (sexo masculino: 71,69%; sexo femenino: 34,88%, p= 0,003). Sin embargo, se observaron septos incompletos con mayor frecuencia en el lado derecho y en el sexo femenino (sexo masculino: 16,98%; sexo femenino: 34,88%, p=0,044). Adicionalmente, una septación completa (presencia de dos compartimientos yugulares, divididos completamente), se presentaron más frecuentemente en el lado derecho de indivíduos femeninos (sexo masculino: 9,43%; sexo femenino: 25,58%, p= 0,038). Las variantes anatómicas del foramen yugular, en relación a septos simples o dobles, completos o incompletos, se encontraron con mayor frecuencia en el lado derecho de las mujeres, las que presentaron un alto rango de forámenes yugulares con algún tipo de septos respecto a los forámenes yugulares regulares no alterados.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the following six body weight (BW) estimation methods in Campolina (CAM) horses: A - weight tape placed at three different positions on the animal’s thorax; B - Crevat and Quetelet’s formula; C - Hall’s formula; D - Hintz and Griffiths’s table; E - Santos’s table; and F - Cintra’s formula. A total of 380 CAM horses were separated according to sex, age class, and gestational stage and evaluated. To determine their accuracy, weights measured on a scale and weight estimates of the six methods were compared by paired t-test, mean prediction error (MPE), and coefficient of determination (R2), using R software. The predictive capacity of method F was lower in the 6-12 months age class, so this formula is not indicated. The BW was overestimated compared with the actual weight by methods A (with weight tape placed in position 3) and B and underestimated by method C. Methods D and E accurately estimated BW of CAM horses. Correction factors are required to accurately estimate BW in this breed using methods B and C. Method A with the weight tape placed in position 2 is the most accurate for predicting BW, including pregnant female horses, and can, therefore, be considered the most suitable method for estimating BW of CAM horses.

Resumo As raias violas Pseudobatos horkelii e Pseudobatos percellens, são listados como “Criticamente em Perigo” (CR) e “Em Perigo” (EN), respectivamente. Ambas as espécies ocorrem no Sul do Oceano Atlântico. Considerando a falta de dados sobre a estrutura genética dessas espécies, o presente estudo avaliou a variabilidade genética e a estrutura populacional de P. horkelii e P. percellens na região sudeste do Brasil e litoral norte da Argentina, com base em sequências de DNA mitocondrial, região de controle (D-loop). Amostras de 135 indivíduos de P. horkelii analisados em seis localidades, situadas no norte da Argentina e ao longo da costa dos estados brasileiros. A média da diversidade nucleotídica foi de 0.0053, o índice ΦST foi de 0.4277 e a análise demográfica de P. horkelii, indicou a existência de estabilidade das populações, com D = 0.9929, Fus = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. Em 101 exemplares de P. percellens, foram analisados em seis localidades brasileiras ao longo do litoral de Santa Catarina, Paraná e São Paulo. A diversidade nucleotídica média foi de 0.0014 e o valor ΦST de 0.2921, a análise demográfica indicou uma alta taxa de migração de P. percellens entre as localidades analisadas, com D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.

Abstract The guitarfishes Pseudobatos horkelii and Pseudobatos percellens meet the criteria for threatened status as Critically Endangered (CR) and Endangered (EN), respectively. Both species occur in the Southern Atlantic Ocean. Considering the lack of data on the genetic structure of these species, the present study evaluated the genetic variability and population structure of the P. horkelii and P. percellens in the southern region of Brazil and the northern coast of Argentina, based on sequences of mitochondrial DNA, Control Region (D-loop). Samples of P. horkelii (n = 135) were analyzed in six localities situated in Northern Argentina, along the Brazilian states’ coast. The mean of nucleotide diversity was 0.0053, the ΦST was 0.4277 and demographic analysis of P. horkelii suggests the existence of stability of the populations, with D = 0.9929, FS = 2.0155, SSD = 0.0817, R = 0.2153. In P. percellens (n = 101) were analyzed from six Brazilian localities along the coast of Santa Catarina, Paraná, and São Paulo. The mean nucleotide diversity was 0.0014 and ΦST value of 0.2921, the demographic analysis indicates a high migration rate of P. percellens among the localities evaluated, with D = 0.5222, FS = 0.3528, SSD = 0.01785, R = 0.3890.

Resumo Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón (gabiroba) é uma espécie nativa comestível encontrada na Floresta Tropical Amazônica. Estudos prévios têm demonstrado a natureza flavonoídica do extrato etanólico das folhas de C. lineatifolia, além de atividade gastroprotetora e inibição do TNF. No entanto, o processo de extração utilizado foi longo e consumiu uma grande quantidade de solvente. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi obter um extrato bioativo rico em fenólicos, através de um método extrativo simples, rápido e de baixo custo de execução. As folhas de C. lineatifolia foram secas e trituradas e as extrações conduzidas em diferentes solventes / misturas (etanol, metanol, acetato de etila e água) sob banho ultrassônico, agitação eletromagnética e sistema contínuo de refluxo. A eficiência da extração foi avaliada pela concentração do componente flavonoídico majoritário nos extratos, em um método desenvolvido por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência. Ensaios de injeção e coinjeção com padrões autênticos, análises em cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada à espectrometria ultravioleta foram conduzidos para identificar a presença de catequina e quercitrina. Demonstrou-se que a extração etanólica sob sistema contínuo de refluxo e a mistura de etanol:água (8:2) sob banho ultrassônico representaram métodos otimizados na obtenção dos componentes flavonoídicos identificados. Assim, os resultados obtidos podem contribuir para a padronização químico-biológica do extrato para a avaliação da atividade antiúlcera gástrica.

Abstract Campomanesia lineatifolia (gabiroba) is a native edible species found in the Amazon Rainforest. Previous studies have demonstrated the flavonoid nature of ethanolic extract from the C. lineatifolia leaves, in addition to gastroprotective activity and TNF inhibition. However, the extraction process used was long and consumed a large amount of solvent. Therefore, the objective of this study was to obtain a bioactive extract rich in phenolics, in an extractive method of simpler, faster, and lower-cost execution. The C. lineatifolia leaves were dried and crushed, and the extractions were carried out in different solvents/mixtures (ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, and water) under ultrasonic bath (UB), electromagnetic stirring, and continuous reflux extraction (R). The extraction efficiency was evaluated by the flavonoid major compound concentration in the extracts, in a method developed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). Injection and pattern matching tests, and UHPLC analyses coupled to ultraviolet spectrometry were conducted to identify catechin and quercitrin. It has been demonstrated that the ethanolic extraction by R and the mixture of ethanol: water (8:2) by UB represented optimized methods in obtaining the flavonoid compounds identified. Thus, the results may contribute to chemical-biological extract standardization for gastric antiulcer activity evaluation.

BACKGROUND Opportunistic pathogenic yeast species are frequently associated with water habitats that have pollution sources of human or animal origin. Candida albicans has already been suggested as a faecal indicator microorganism for aquatic environments. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of C. albicans and other opportunistic yeasts in sand and seawater samples from beaches in Brazil to assess their correlation with Escherichia coli, and to characterise the pathogenic potential of the yeast isolates. METHODS Opportunistic species (yeasts that grow at 37ºC) were isolated from sand and seawater samples from eight beaches in Brazil during the summer and the winter. Opportunistic yeast species were evaluated for their susceptibility to antifungal drugs, virulence factors, and the in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation. Strains were selected to carry out virulence tests using BALB/c mice. FINDINGS Several water samples could be classified as inappropriate for primary contact recreation in relation to E. coli densities. C. albicans was isolated in low densities. Of the 144 opportunistic yeasts evaluated, 61% displayed resistance or dose-dependent sensitivity to at least one tested drug, and 40% produced proteinase. Strains of C. albicans and Kodamaea ohmeri exhibited the highest rates of adhesion to buccal epithelial cells. All the C. albicans strains that were tested were able to undergo morphogenesis and form a biofilm on catheter fragments in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. It was possible to confirm the pathogenic potential of three of these strains during the disseminated infection test. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The identification of opportunistic yeast species in seawater and sand samples from Brazilian beaches suggest a potential risk to the health of people who use these environments for recreational purposes.

Morcegos filostomídeos são localmente abundantes, ecologicamente diversos, e formam ricas assembleias. Eles fornecem serviços ecossistêmicos essenciais, cuja disponibilidade pode mudar ao longo do ano por flutuações na sua abundância. Nos reportamos aqui a uma assembleia de filostomídeos estudada na Reserva Biológica União (RBU), uma área com grande diversidade no sudeste do Brasil. Apresentamos uma avaliação da variação sazonal de perfis de diversidade para os componentes alfa e beta, assim como da abundância das espécies mais comuns. Variação espacial na riqueza e diversidade de filostomídeos também foi investigada a partir de dados publicados de três sítios próximos. Baseado em uma amostra de 786 capturas em redes de neblina e registros a partir do monitoramento de abrigos, a assembleia de filostomídeos da RBU inclui pelo menos 19 espécies, duas das quais reconhecidas nacionalmente como ameaçadas de extinção (Lonchorhina aurita e Lonchophylla peracchii). O perfil de diversidade da RBU mostrou-se fortemente influenciado pelas espécies mais comuns, sendo um dos mais ricos da região mas pouco diverso em função da distribuição pouco equitativa. Os perfis de diversidade alfa indicaram a ausência de diferenças sazonais. Os perfis de diversidade beta para análises espaciais e sazonais mostraram que as assembleias locais se comportam como subconjuntos de uma única assembleia, sugerindo uma relativa homogeneidade de recursos nessas dimensões. Em nível populacional, entretanto, variações sazonais já esperadas foram confirmadas (e.g., Artibeus spp. e C. perspicillata). A frequência elevada de Sturnira tildae na RBU diferencia esse site dos demais aqui analisados, reforçando sua importância para a conservação.

Phyllostomids are locally abundant, ecologically diverse, and form rich assemblages. They also provide essential ecosystem services, which may change along the year in response to changes in bat abundances. Here we report on a phyllostomid assemblage studied at Reserva Biológica União (RBU), an Atlantic Forest area with outstanding diversity in southeastern Brazil. We assessed seasonal variation in diversity profiles for alpha and beta components, as well as in the abundance of the most common species. Spatial variation in phyllostomid diversity profiles and components was also assessed, using published information from three nearby sites. Based on a sample of 786 mist net captures and records from monitored roosts, the phyllostomid assemblage at RBU was found to include at least 19 species, two of which recognized as endangered at the national level (Lonchorhina aurita and Lonchophylla peracchii). The diversity profile for RBU was heavily influenced by common species and was one of the richest but less diverse in the region due to its uneven distribution. The diversity profiles suggested no seasonal differences in alpha diversity. Beta diversity profiles for spatial and seasonal analyses showed that samples behaved as subsets of a single assemblage, suggesting a relative homogeneity of resources in these dimensions. At the population level, however, some expected seasonal variation in abundance was confirmed (e.g., in Artibeus spp. and in Carollia perspicillata). The high relative frequency of Sturnira tildae at RBUdifferentiated this site, thus reinforcing its conservation importance.

ABSTRACT Lentinus crinitus is a white-rot fungus that produces laccase, an enzyme used for dye decolorization. Enzyme production depends on cultivation conditions, mainly agro-industrial by-products. We aimed to produce laccase from Lentinus crinitus with agro-industrial by-products for dye decolorization. Culture medium had coffee husk (CH) or citric pulp pellet (CP) and different nitrogen sources (urea, yeast extract, ammonium sulfate and sodium nitrate) at concentrations of 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.8, 5.6 and 11.2 g/L. Enzymatic extract was used in the decolorization of remazol brilliant blue R. CH medium promoted greater laccase production than CP in all evaluated conditions. Urea provided the greatest laccase production for CH (37280 U/L) as well as for CP (34107 U/L). In CH medium, laccase activity was suppressed when carbon-to-nitrogen ratio changed from 4.5 to 1.56, but the other nitrogen concentrations did not affect laccase activity. For CP medium, reduction in carbon-to-nitrogen ratio from 6 to 1.76 increased laccase activity in 17%. The peak of laccase activity in CH medium occurred on the 11th day (41246 U/L) and in CP medium on the 12th day (32660 U/L). The maximum decolorization within 24 h was observed with CP enzymatic extract (74%) and with CH extract (76%).

RESUMO O objetivo com este estudo foi identificar preditores de preferência pelo feno de alfafa pelos cavalos. Foram utilizados 15 cavalos da raça quarto de milha, com idade média e peso corporal de 10 anos e 500 kg, respectivamente. Foi realizada uma avaliação para identificar a preferência pelo feno de alfafa por cavalos em testes de curto período de 10 min. Esta avaliação foi realizada em pares para cada teste de feno (1-30) em relação a cada padrão (A, B, C), até a conclusão de todas as combinações resultantes. As variáveis avaliadas foram constituídas por análises etológicas, morfológicas, microbiológicas, bromatológicas e biológicas. Os cavalos mostraram preferência pelo tipo A de feno de alfafa, seguido do tipo B e C. A preferência pelo tipo A do feno de alfafa pode ser predita pela equação: Pref . A = − 98.19 + 1 , 61 ( ADF ) + 1 , 53 ( IVDMD ) + 18 , 54 ( ST ) − 0 , 03 ( ADFxIVDMD ) − 0 , 02 ( ADFxST ) − 0 , 28 ( IVDMDxST ) , r 2 = 0,31 , P = 0,0044. Concluiu- se que os cavalos mostraram preferência ao feno de alfafa, em que os melhores fardos do tipo A podem ser identificados selecionando-os porque eles contêm baixas quantidades de espessura do caule e fibra de detergente ácido, bem como altos níveis de digestibilidade da matéria seca in vitro.

SUMMARY The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of preference for alfalfa hay by equines. A total of 15 quarter horses, at average age and body weight of 10 years and 500 kg were used, respectively. It was conducted an evaluation to identify the preference for alfalfa hay by horses by short-period tests of 10 min. This evaluation was conducted in pairs for each test hay (1-30), available on the market, against each standard (A, B, C), until the completion of all resulting combinations. Alfalfa hays classified as A, B and C, contained on average 22.88, 17.78 and 13.16% of crude protein, respectively. The evaluated variables were constituted by ethological, morphological, microbiological, bromatological and biological analysis. The horses showed a preference for the type A of alfalfa hay, followed by type B and C. The preference for alfalfa hay type A can be predicted by the equation: Pref . A = − 98.19 + 1.61 ( acid detergent fiber ) + 1.53 ( in vitro dry matter digestibility ) + 18.54 ( stem thickness ) − 0.03 ( acid detergent fiber x in vitro dry matter digestibility ) − 0.02 ( acid detergent fiber x stem thickness ) − 0.28 ( in vitro dry matter digestibility x stem thickness ) , r 2 = 0.31 , P = 0.0044. It was concluded that horses showed preference to alfalfa hay, wherein the best type A bales. Therefore to predict of preference of the equines for high quality alfalfa hay it's necessary to select bales with lower values of stem thickness and fiber in acid detergent, as well as presenting high level of dry matter digestibility.

Introducción: Melissa Officinalis, de la familia Lamiaceae, es una hierba utilizada en la medicina popular. Es conocido en Brasil como erva cidreira, melisa, y melitéia cidrilha. Teniendo en cuenta que M. Officinalis L. se utiliza ampliamente en la medicina popular, entre ellos para uso antibacteriano, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la actividad antibacteriana y modulador de extracto de metanol y hexano rodar el tallo de M. officinalis L. frente a las cepas de bacterias normas y las bacterias multirresistentes. Materiales y métodos: se analizó el extracto de metanol y hexano del tallo rodadura M. Officinalis L. para la actividad antibacteriana por una prueba de microdilución para la determinación de la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (MIC) y la modulación de aminoglucósidos (gentamicina y amikacina). Resultados: en la evaluación de la MIC los resultados obtenidos fueron ≥1024 μg/ml con contra las bacterias (Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus) en ambos extractos. El extracto de metanol mostró resultados significativos en combinación con efecto potenciador gentamicina contra E. coli y s. Aureus cuando se combina con amikacina, esta bacteria era antagonismo. Ya extracto de hexano dio lugar a una reducción de la MIC de amikacina y gentamicina contra cepas de E. coli, que muestra el efecto antagónico con cepas de la cuenta de amikacina de S. Aureus. Conclusión: se concluye que el material vegetal influye en el comportamiento de los antimicrobianos, lo que hace este trabajo importante como parámetro para futuros estudios que puedan combatir la creciente resistencia de las bacterias.

Introduction: Melissa officinalis, of the Lamiaceae family, is a herb commonly used on folk medicine. In Brazil it is known as Melissa, erva cidreira, cidrilha and meliteia. Considering that the M. Officinalis L is widely used in folk medicine, as for antibacterial use, among others, the main objective of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial and modulating activity of methanolic and hexanic extracts of M. officinalis L against pattern and multidrug resistant bacterial strains. Material and methods: The methanolic and hexanic extracts of the stem of puff pastry of M. officinalis L were analized to determine antibacterial activity by using the microdiluition for establishing the minimal inibitory concentration (MIC) and aminoglycosides (gentamicin and amikacin) modulation. Results: In the MIC evaluation, the results obtained were ≥1024 μg/mL against bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) in both extracts. The methanolic extract showed important results when associated with gentamicin, since it potentiates its effect against E. coli and S. aureus when associated with amikacin, where antagonism was found. As to the hexanic extract, it showed a MIC reduction of amikacin and gentamicin against S. aureus strains. Conclusion: It was concluded that the plant material influences the antimicrobial behavior, a fact that makes this study an important parameter to deeper studies to combat the increase of pathogenic multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Introdução: Melissa officinalis, da família Lamiaceae, é uma erva comumente utilizada na medicina popular. É conhecida no Brasil como Melissa, erva cidreira, cidrilha e melitéia. Tendo em vista que M.officinalis L é largamente utilizada na medicina popular, dentre elas para uso antibacteriano, este trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e modulatória de extratos metanólico e hexânico do caule folhado de M. officinalis frente a cepas de bactérias padrões e multirresistentes. Materiais e métodos: Os extratosmetanólico e hexânico do caule folhado de M. officinalis L foram analisados para a atividade antibacteriana por meio de teste de microdiluição para determinação de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e modulação de aminoglicosídeos (gentamicina e amicacina). Resultados: Na avaliação DACIM foram obtidos resultados ≥1024 μg/mLcontra as bactérias (Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus) em ambos extratos. O extrato metanólico mostrou resultados relevantes em associação com gentamicina potencializando o efeito contra E. coli e S. aureus quando associado à amicacina, nesta bactéria houve antagonismo. Já o extrato hexânico, resultou em uma redução da CIM de amicacina e gentamicina frente a linhagens de E. coli, mostrando efeito antagonista com a amicacina conta cepas de S. aureus. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o material vegetal influencia no comportamento dos antimicrobianos, tornando este trabalho importante como parâmetro para estudos mais aprofundados que possam combater a crescente resistência de bactérias patogênicas.

This paper describes the synthesis of four new organotin compounds of general formula: (Ph4P)[Sn(Cy)3(RSO2N=CS2)] [Ph4P = tetraphenylphosphonium cation, Cy = cyclohexyl, R = C6H5 (1), 4-ClC6H4 (2), 4-BrC6H4 (3) and 4-IC6H4 (4)]. They were obtained by the reaction between four different potassium N-R-sulfonyldithiocarbimate salts and tricyclohexyltin chloride in methanol, and were isolated as tetraphenylphosphonium salts. The elemental analyses of C, H, N and the data of high-resolution mass spectrometry were consistent with the proposed formulae. The 119Sn NMR spectra and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopic data were consistent with the presence of tetracoordinated tin(IV) species in solution and in the solid state. The electrolytic molar conductance and the integration curves in the 1H NMR spectra are in accord with the 1:1 proportion between the tetraphenylphosphonium cations and the complex anions. The activity of the new compounds in the vulcanization of nitrile rubber was evaluated and the results were compared to those achieved with the commercial accelerators: N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (TBBS), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) and zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZEDC).

RESUMO Mensurar força muscular e função motora é parte da avaliação em distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). A relação entre essas variáveis é controversa. Objetivo Investigar a relação entre força muscular, função motora e idade. Método Força muscular foi medida pela Medical Research Council (MRC), e função motora pela escala Medida da Função Motora (MFM), em 40 pacientes cadeirantes. Teste de Spearman investigou as relações entre força muscular, função motora e idade. Resultados O escore total da escala MRC e da MFM foram fortemente relacionados entre si (r = 0,94; p < 0,001), mas não com a idade (r = -0,19; r = -0,31, respectivamente; p > 0,05). Foram encontradas correlações fortes e moderadas entre os escores parciais de força muscular e função motora. As relações mais fortes ocorreram entre os escores totais, Dimensão 2 (controle axial/proximal) e 3 (controle distal) da escala MFM. Conclusão Força muscular e função motora estão fortemente correlacionadas e parecem diminuir proporcionalmente na DMD.

ABSTRACT Measuring muscle strength and motor function is part of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) assessment. However, the relationship between these variables is controversial. Objective To investigate the relationship between muscle strength and motor function and between these variables and age. Method Muscle strength was measured by Medical Research Council (MRC) scale and motor function, by Motor Function Measure (MFM), in 40 non-ambulatory patients. Spearman tests investigated the relationships between muscle strength, motor function and age. Results Total MRC and MFM scores were strongly related to each other (r = 0.94; p < 0.001), but not to age (r = -0.19, r = -0.31, respectively; p > 0.05). Strong and moderate relationships between partial muscle strength and motor function scores were found. Higher correlation coefficients were found between total scores and Dimensions 2 (axial/ proximal control) and 3 (distal control) of MFM. Conclusion Muscle strength and motor function are strongly correlated and seem to decrease proportionally in DMD.