ABSTRACT. Black spot (Asperisporium caricae) is one of the main foliar fungal diseases of papaya crops. This disease acts directly on leaves and fruits causing leaf area reduction and fruit deterioration. The quantification of diseases is a fundamental part of the disease management and control process; therefore, a scale is required to help quantify black spot disease. The objective of this work was to propose a standardized methodology to quantify black spot severity in papaya leaves. A scale was developed considering the maximum and minimum values of the disease in the field that included eight levels of severity: 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 2.3, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0%. Without the aid of a scale the disease is often overestimated, with absolute errors of approximately 75%. When the scale was used, 100% of the evaluators showed improved accuracy and precision, and absolute error was reduced to the 10% range. The scale also provided good repeatability and high reproducibility. The use of the scale provided an improvement in the R2 values, with mean values of 93 and 92 in the second and third evaluations, respectively, demonstrating that the scale is useful for different aspects of the pathosystem of A. caricae, such as for determining the efficiency of fungicides, characterization of varietal resistance, construction of the disease progression curve, and estimation of damage.

ABSTRACT The agricultural sector is considered an important source of greenhouse gases, in which the coffee crop has an important contribution, participating in the dynamics of soil C and CO2 emissions. In this way, the aim of this study was to analyze and quantify CO2 emissions in different phenological phases in soil cultivated with conilon coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner), and compare it with CO2 flow in forest and pasture area. The experiment was conducted in the Experimental Area of the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Southeastern Brazil, in an experimental plot of 0.5 ha cultivated with conilon Vitória coffee clones. The quantification of soil CO2 flux was performed between July 2016 and June 2017, this period comprising all the seasons of the year, using in two rounds of ratings (day and night), with five replicates each. For comparison purposes, another measurement of the CO2 stream was conducted in June 2017 with an evaluation period of 24 h. The highest CO2 emission occurred during the harvest phases of the fruit (206.7 mg CO2 m-2 h-1). The lowest daily CO2 flow records were observed in the rest and flowering phases with values of 82.1 and 83.6 CO2 mg m-2 h-1, respectively. The CO2 emission from the forest was higher than the emissions that occurred in the area planted with conilon coffee and pasture, during dry season

ABSTRACT Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis by helminths and protozoa is still today a global public health problem mainly affecting people living in conditions of social vulnerability, including rural communities. Objective: Describe human intestinal parasitosis and environmental contamination with helminths and protozoa in the Quilombola community of Quartel do Indaiá (of African descent) in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of stool and soil samples by spontaneous sedimentation, and of plant samples by centrifugation sedimentation, to detect intestinal helminths and protozoa. Water samples were analyzed for total and fecal coliforms. Results: Helminths and protozoa were found in 45.5% of the people (n = 66). The species detected were Ascaris lumbricoides (18.2 %), Entamoeba coli (18.2%), Endolimax nana (18.2 %), ancylostoma (6.1 %), Iodamoeba butschlii (4.6 %), Giardia duodenalis (3%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.5 %). More than one species were present in 19.7 % of the samples. In 18 of the 39 sites sampled, the soil was contaminated with E. coli, E. nana, A. lumbricoides, I. butschlii and/or Enterobius vermicularis. Vegetables (n = 135) were contaminated in 75 samples with 7 of the 8 species analyzed. The contaminants were E. coli cysts, A. lumbricoides eggs and ancylostoma. All water samples were contaminated with total and fecal coliforms. Conclusions: The Quilombola community of Quartel do Indaiá had high levels of human infection and high environmental contamination with intestinal parasites or protozoa, probably due to lack of appropriate sanitary conditions. It is necessary to improve the access to treated water and sanitation.

RESUMEN Introducción: El parasitismo intestinal por helmintos y protozoarios todavía es un problema de salud pública mundial, que afecta sobre todo personas en condiciones de vulnerabilidad social, incluso las comunidades rurales. Objectivo: Describir la infección humana y la contaminación ambiental por parásitos/comensales intestinales en una comunidade ‘quilombola’ Quartel do Indaiá (descendentes de esclavos) del Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con análisis de muestras fecales y de tierra por sedimentación espontánea, y de vegetales por sedimentación con centrifugación para detección de parásitos o comensales intestinales. Se analizaron muestras de agua para detección de coliformes totales y fecales. Resultados: Se observó la ocurrencia de parásitos o comensales en 45.5 % de las personas (n = 66). Las especies detectadas fueron Ascaris lumbricoides (18,2 %), Entamoeba coli (18,2 %), Endolimax nana (18,2 %), anquilostomas (6.1 %), Iodamoeba butschlii (4,6 %), Giardia duodenalis (3 %), and Trichuris trichiura (1,5 %). Para 19,7 % de las muestras se detectaron más de una especie. El suelo estuvo contaminado en 18 de los 39 sitios muestreados, con presencia de E. coli, E. nana, A. lumbricoides, I. butschlii y/o Enterobius vermicularis. Los vegetales (n = 135) presentaron contaminación en 75 muestras de 7, entre 8 especies analizadas. Sus contaminantes fueron quistos de E. coli y huevos de A. lumbricoides y anquilostoma. Todas las muestras de agua estaban contaminadas por coliformes totales y fecales. Conclusiones: La comunidad ‘quilombola’ Quartel do Indaiá presentó alta infección humana y alta contaminación ambiental por parásitos o comensales intestinales, lo que se debe probablemente a la falta de condiciones sanitarias. Se necesita mejorar el acceso para agua tratada y estructuras de saneamiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as taxas de incidência de neovascularização do segmento anterior (NSA) e de glaucoma neovascular (GNV), em pacientes com edema macular secundário a oclusão de veia central da retina (OVCR), em tratamento com injeções intravítreas de triamcinolona (IVTA) ou bevacizumab (IVB). Métodos: Neste estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo mascarado e sham controlado, 35 pacientes com edema macular secundário a OVCR foram randomizados para IVB, IVTA ou para o grupo controle (sham), durante os 6 primeiros meses do estudo. O desfecho primário foi a taxa de incidência de NSA no mês 6. Os desfechos secundários foram alterações médias da acuidade visual corrigida (BCVA) e espessura foveal central (EFC) ao exame de tomografia de coerência óptica, até o mês 12. Resultados: NSA ocorreu em oito (22,86%) olhos, cinco (62,50%) olhos no grupo sham e três (37,50%) olhos no grupo tratado com injeções intravítreas de Triamcinolona, Não houve nenhum caso com NSA no grupo tratado com bevacizumab durante 12 meses de acompanhamento (p=0,009). A BCVA apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) entre os grupos, somente no mês 1. A EFC não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05) entre os grupos ao longo dos 12 meses. GNV ocorreu em um olho apesar do tratamento com laser e este paciente necessitou de intervenção cirúrgica. Conclusão: O tratamento precoce com injeções intravítreas de Anti VEGF podem diminuir as taxas de neovascularização do segmento anterior e glaucoma neovascular após oclusão de veia central da retina.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To analyze the effects of injections of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) on the incidence rates of anterior segment neovascularization (ASN) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods: In this prospective, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled study, 35 patients with macular edema following CRVO were randomized to intravitreal bevacizumab, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, or sham injections during the first 6 months of the study. The primary outcome was the incidence rate of ASN at month 6. The secondary outcomes were the mean changes from baseline in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central foveal thickness (CFT) on optical coherence tomography over time to month 12. Results: ASN developed in 8 (22.86%) eyes, including 5 (62.50%) eyes in the sham group and 3 (37.50%) eyes in the IVTA group, during 12 months of fol low-up (p=0.009). BCVA differed significantly (p<0.05) among the groups only at month 1. CFT did not differ significantly (p<0.05) among the groups over 12 months. NVG required surgery and developed in one eye despite laser treatment. Conclusion: Early treatment with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy decreases the rates of ASN and NVG after CRVO.

Introduction Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute neuropathy that rarely compromises bladder function. Conservative management including clean intermittent catheterization and pharmacotherapy is the primary approach for hypocompliant contracted bladder. Surgical treatment may be used in refractory cases to improve bladder compliance and capacity in order to protect the upper urinary tract. We describe a case of pure laparoscopic augmentation ileocystoplasty in a patient affected by Guillain-Barre syndrome. Presentation A 15-year-old female, complaining of voiding dysfunction, recurrent urinary tract infection and worsening renal function for three months. A previous history of Guillain-Barre syndrome on childhood was related. A voiding cystourethrography showed a pine-cone bladder with moderate post-void residual urine. The urodynamic demonstrated a hypocompliant bladder and small bladder capacity (190mL) with high detrusor pressure (54 cmH2O). Nonsurgical treatments were attempted, however unsuccessfully. The patient was placed in the exaggerated Trendelenburg position. A four-port transperitoneal technique was used. A segment of ileum approximately 15-20cm was selected and divided with its pedicle. The ileal anastomosis and creation of ileal U-shaped plate were performed laparoscopically, without staplers. Bladder mobilization and longidutinal cystotomy were performed. Enterovesical anastomosis was done with continuous running suture. A suprapubic cystostomy was placed through a 5mm trocar. Results The total operative time was 335 min. The blood loss was minimal. The patient developed ileus in the early days, diet acceptance after the fourth day and was discharged on the seventh postoperative day. The urethral catheter was removed after 2 weeks. At 6-month follow-up, a cystogram showed a significant improvement in bladder capacity. The patient adhered well to clean intermittent self-catheterization and there was no report for febrile infections or worsening of renal function. We did not experience any complication related to the intestinal anastomosis fully prepared intracorporeally. Conclusions Albeit technically challenging, pure laparoscopic enterocystoplasty was feasible and safe. Preparing the enteral anastomosis and the pouch intracoporeally may prolong surgical time and contribute to postoperative ileus. Surgical staplers can assist in the procedure, however they are not essential.

Piperine is the major alkaloid of Piper nigrum Linn., used as a spice and in folk medicine. We present a molecular docking study supporting experimental data on the enhancement in bioavailability of propranolol, theophylline, phenytoin, nevirapine, nimesulide, pyrazinamide, carbamazepine, and spartein in the presence of piperine. The complex formed with piperine and CYP3A4 was shown to be the most stable of all, with a binding energy of -8.60 kcal/mol. This explains the related mechanism of drug-herb interaction, since the better anchoring of piperine in the active site of CYP3A4 can hinder the drug-enzyme interaction, thereby increasing the bioavailability of the drugs studied.

Neste artigo, um estudo sintético assistido por irradiação de micro-ondas para produzir 2-indolizina-carbonitrila e 2-indolizina-carboxilato de metila em bons a altos rendimentos (70 e 81%) em uma etapa a partir de adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (AMBH) é apresentado. Estes compostos foram subsequentemente transformados em altos rendimentos (94-100%) em três derivados 2-indolizínicos. Os cinco compostos sintetizados foram idealizados in silico objetivando potenciais atividades seletivas como moduladores de canais iônicos. Estas atividades foram sugeridas pelos valores de pontuação usando o programa quimioinformático Molinspiration.

In this work, a microwave-assisted synthesis study by microwave irradiation to produce indolizine-2-carbonitrile and indolizine-2-carboxylate in good to high yields (70 and 81%, respectively) in one step from Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (MBHA) is presented. These compounds were subsequently transformed to high yields (94 to 100%, respectively) in three 2-indolizine derivatives. The five synthesized compounds were designed in silico aiming to present potential selective activities as ion channel modulators. These activities were suggested by the score values using Molinspiration Cheminformatics program.

ABSTRACT In seeds of forest species, usually there is a great variation in the seed germination performance in relation to the substrate in laboratory, so it is necessary to determine the type of substrate which allows a better germination for each forest species. This study aimed at evaluating the behavior of seed germination (percentage of germination and index of germination speed - IVG) of the legume forest species Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Fabaceae - Mimosoideae), submitted to different substrates (sand, filter paper and vermiculite). The substrates that demonstrated higher values of IVG were vermiculite and filter paper, and vermiculite also allowed higher percentage of germination, indicating that this substrate is the most adequate for germination tests of seeds of A. peregrina.

RESUMO Em sementes de espécies florestais, geralmente ocorre grande variação no desempenho germinativo em relação aos substratos em laboratório, sendo necessário determinar o tipo de substrato que proporciona a melhor germinação para cada espécie florestal. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o comportamento de germinação (porcentagem de germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação - IVG) das sementes da leguminosa florestal Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. (Fabaceae - Mimosoideae), submetidas a diferentes substratos (areia, papel filtro e vermiculita). Os substratos que demonstraram maiores valores de IVG foram vermiculita e papel filtro, sendo que a vermiculita também propiciou maior porcentagem de germinação, indicando que esse substrato é o mais adequado para testes de germinação de sementes de A. peregrina.

Relatamos a síntese de 24 adutos de Morita-Baylis-Hillman (3a-3l/6a-6l) usando irradiação de microondas a 80 ºC ou protocolo convencional a 0 ºC para promover reações entre aldeídos aromáticos e acrilato de metila ou acrilonitrila (81-99%). Provamos que a reação de formação do acrilato de 2-hidroxi(4-bromofenil)metila é reversível a 120 ºC.

It is reported the synthesis of 24 Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (3a-3l/6a-6l) using microwave irradiation at 80 ºC or conventional protocol at 0 ºC to promote the reactions between aromatic aldehydes and methyl acrylate or acrylonitrile (81-99%). It is shown that the reaction of 2-hydroxy(4-bromophenyl)methyl acrylate formation is reversible at 120 ºC.

OBJETIVO: A maior prevalência de síndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) em esclerose múltipla (EM) foi recentemente assunto de algumas publicações. O presente trabalho investigou a prevalência de sintomas de SPI em pacientes com EM e em controles em quatro cidades brasileiras. Além disto, uma revisão sistemática da literatura e metanálise dos dados foi feita considerando o tema SPI-EM. MÉTODO: Pacientes com EM e controles foram investigados com relação aos quarto sintomas típicos de SPI. Um questionário avaliando a intensidade da SPI também foi utilizado para pacientes e controles que apresentassem os quatro sintomas para critério diagnóstico de SPI. A revisão sistemática e meta-análise do tema foram realizadas de acordo com os rígidos critérios internacionais. RESULTADOS: No presente estudo, a associação de SPI-EM foi confirmada como sendo mais que coincidência nos pacientes brasileiros com EM, através do estudo caso-controle multicêntrico. Os pacientes com EM também apresentaram maior gravidade dos sintomas de SPI que os controles. A revisão sistemática e metanálise da literatura mostraram que os pacientes com EM tiveram quatro vezes mais chance de apresentar SPI do que controles. CONCLUSÃO: Embora os mecanismos envolvidos na associação SPI-EM ainda sejam motivo de discussão, existe uma clara associação entre estas duas condições neurológicas.

OBJECTIVE: The increased prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in multiple sclerosis (MS) has recently been the subject of a few papers. The present study investigated the prevalence of RLS symptoms in MS patients and in controls in four Brazilian cities. Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature was carried out on the subject of RLS-MS. METHOD: MS patients and controls were investigated regarding the presence of the four typical symptoms of RLS. A questionnaire assessing RLS severity was also used for patients and controls presenting the four RLS symptoms criteria. The systematic review and meta-analysis on the subject were carried out according to the strict international criteria. RESULTS: In the present report, the RLS-MS association was confirmed as being more than fortuitous in Brazilian MS patients, in a multicenter case-control study. MS patients also presented RLS symptoms of greater severity than did the control population. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature showed that MS patients had a fourfold higher chance of presenting RLS than did the controls. CONCLUSION: Although underlying mechanisms to explain the association RLS-MS are still a matter of discussion, there is a clear association of these two neurological conditions.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de reconstruir trocas de vegetação (com referências climáticas) que ocorreram durante o Holoceno na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Estado de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa utilizou-se de análises geoquímicas (minerais, elementar), isótopos do carbono (δ13C, 14C) e análises polínicas em solos e sedimentos coletados na Lagoa da Viração e no manguezal do Sueste. Os isótopos do carbono dos solos indicaram que não houve trocas significativas de vegetação durante os últimos 7400 anos AP, sugerindo que o clima não foi um fator determinante para a dinâmica da vegetação. A análise polínica dos sedimentos da Lagoa da Viração mostrou ausência de elementos quaternários no período entre 720 AP e 90 AP. A análise mineralógica das camadas mais profundas mostrou a presença de diopsídeo, indicando que este material foi desenvolvido"in situ". Somente na parte superficial do testemunho foram encontrados palinomorfos de plantas similares à vegetação moderna. Os resultados geoquímicos e isotópicos, em associação com o tipo de sedimento e as análises polínicas das amostras de sedimento do Manguezal do Sueste, indicaram variações na vegetação e na sua localização desde o Holoceno médio. Tais variações podem estar associadas a eventos climáticos e oscilações do nível do mar e também a eventos antrópicos considerando os últimos quinhentos anos.

The aim of this research was to reconstruct vegetation changes (with climate inferences) that occurred during the Holocene in the Fernando de Noronha Island, Pernambuco State, northeastern Brazil. The research approach included the use of geochemical (mineralogy, elemental), carbon isotopes (δ13C, 14C) and pollen analyses in soil organic matter (SOM) and sediments collected in Lagoa da Viração and Manguezal do Sueste. The carbon isotopes data of SOM indicated that there was no significant vegetation changes during the last 7400 BP, suggesting that the climate was not the determinant factor for the vegetation dynamics. The pollen analysis of the sediment of a core collected in the Lagoa da Viração showed the absence of Quaternary material in the period between 720 BP and 90 BP. The mineralogical analysis of deeper layer showed the presence of diopside indicating this material was developed "in situ". Only in the shallow part of the core were found pollen of similar plant species of the modern vegetation. The geochemistry and isotope results, in association with the sediment type and pollen analyses of sediment samples of Manguezal do Sueste, indicated variations in the vegetation and in its location since the middle Holocene. Such variations can be associated with climatic events and sea level oscillations and also with anthropogenic events considering the last five hundred years.

As criações de Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) são freqüentemente infestadas pelo ácaro Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross e Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar doses de enxofre, acaricida eficaz contra A. lacunatus, não-prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento de R. dominica. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de placas de Petri contendo 30 g de grãos de trigo infestados com 30 adultos de R. dominica. Os tratamentos consistiram na utilização de doses de enxofre sobre os grãos, correspondentes a 0,0; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 3,0; 6,0; 12,0; 24,0 e 48,0mg i a g-1, em dez repetições. As unidades experimentais foram armazenadas por 60 dias a 30±1°C, 60±5% UR e escotofase de 24h. O desenvolvimento de R. dominica foi afetado pela utilização de doses de enxofre maiores que 3,0mg i a g-1.

The laboratory rearing of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is frequently infested by the parasite mite Acarophenax lacunatus (Cross and Krantz) (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae). This study was aimed at evaluating the sulfur doses, an effective acaricide against A. lacunatus, not harmful to the development of with R. dominica. The experimental units were Petri dishes containing 30g of whole wheat grains powdered with the different doses of the sulfur (0.0, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, 24.0 and 48.0mg a i g-1) infested with 30 adults of R. dominica, in ten replicates. All treatments were maintained under controlled conditions (30±1°C, 60±5% r h and 24h scotophase) for 60 days after the insect infestation. Sulfur doses higher than 3.0mg a i g-1 negatively affected R. dominica development.