SIGNIFICANCE: The INFORM-Africa Consortium, a research hub of the NIH-funded DS-I Africa, will leverage the Data Management and Analysis Core (DMAC) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Core to ensure effective data management and analysis. The DMAC will capture and analyse data, making it accessible to collaborators across multiple African countries and future research hubs. The aim is to increase access to high-quality, reproducible data that can be used to engage policymakers and better prepare for future pandemics, while also removing barriers to data sharing and integration across institutions. Ultimately, this goal will facilitate data-driven decision-making and advance public health initiatives.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo reunir evidências sobre a adequação do Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12) no Brasil, considerando uma amostra aleatória de médicos brasileiros. Especificamente, objetivou-se: (1) testar uma estrutura bifactor em comparação com modelos alternativos, (2) verificar invariância fatorial em relação ao gênero e ao diagnóstico de transtornos mentais e comportamentais, e (3) conhecer a associação com indicadores de saúde precária (por exemplo: pensamentos suicidas, diminuição da libido e uso de medicamentos). Participaram do estudo 1.085 médicos, com média de idade de 45,7 (DP = 10,6), maioria de sexo masculino (61,5%), casados (72,6%) e católicos (59,2%). Eles responderam ao QSG-12, ao Inventário de Ideação Suicida Positiva e Negativa e a questões demográficas. O modelo de melhor ajuste foi a estrutura bifactor (composta por ansiedade, depressão e uma dimensão geral), que apresentou alfa de Cronbach, ômega de McDonald e confiabilidade composta superior a 0,70 apenas para o fato geral. Pontuações de sofrimento psicológico se correlacionaram a ideação suicida e indicadores negativos de saúde e satisfação sexual. O instrumento foi psicometricamente adequado e pode ser utilizado em termos de sua pontuação total, mas seus fatores específicos precisam ser utilizados com cautela.

Abstract This study aimed to gather evidence on the adequacy of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Brazil, considering a random sample of Brazilian physicians. Specifically aimed: (1) to test the GHQ-12 bifactor structure compared to alternative models, (2) to check its factorial invariance regarding to gender and the diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders, and (3) to know the association of this measure with indicators of poor health (e.g., suicidal thoughts, decreased libido, medication use). The study included 1,085 physicians with a mean age of 45.7 (SD = 10.6), mostly male (61.5%), married (72.6%) and Catholic (59.2%). They answered the GHQ-12, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory, and demographic questions. The best fit model was the bifactor structure composed of anxiety and depression, in addition to a general dimension, which presented Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s ω and composite reliability higher than 0.70 just for a general fact. Psychological distress scores correlated with suicidal ideation and indicators of health and sexual satisfaction. This is a psychometrically suitable instrument that can be used in terms of its total, but its specific factors need to be used with caution.

Abstract This study aimed to gather evidence on the adequacy of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) in Brazil, considering a random sample of Brazilian physicians. Specifically aimed: (1) to test the GHQ-12 bifactor structure compared to alternative models, (2) to check its factorial invariance regarding to gender and the diagnosis of mental and behavioral disorders, and (3) to know the association of this measure with indicators of poor health (e.g., suicidal thoughts, decreased libido, medication use). The study included 1,085 physicians with a mean age of 45.7 (SD = 10.6), mostly male (61.5%), married (72.6%) and Catholic (59.2%). They answered the GHQ-12, the Positive and Negative Suicidal Ideation Inventory, and demographic questions. The best fit model was the bifactor structure composed of anxiety and depression, in addition to a general dimension, which presented Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s ω and composite reliability higher than 0.70 just for a general fact. Psychological distress scores correlated with suicidal ideation and indicators of health and sexual satisfaction. This is a psychometrically suitable instrument that can be used in terms of its total, but its specific factors need to be used with caution.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo reunir evidências sobre a adequação do Questionário de Saúde Geral (QSG-12) no Brasil, considerando uma amostra aleatória de médicos brasileiros. Especificamente, objetivou-se: (1) testar uma estrutura bifactor em comparação com modelos alternativos, (2) verificar invariância fatorial em relação ao gênero e ao diagnóstico de transtornos mentais e comportamentais, e (3) conhecer a associação com indicadores de saúde precária (por exemplo: pensamentos suicidas, diminuição da libido e uso de medicamentos). Participaram do estudo 1.085 médicos, com média de idade de 45,7 (DP = 10,6), maioria de sexo masculino (61,5%), casados (72,6%) e católicos (59,2%). Eles responderam ao QSG-12, ao Inventário de Ideação Suicida Positiva e Negativa e a questões demográficas. O modelo de melhor ajuste foi a estrutura bifactor (composta por ansiedade, depressão e uma dimensão geral), que apresentou alfa de Cronbach, ômega de McDonald e confiabilidade composta superior a 0,70 apenas para o fato geral. Pontuações de sofrimento psicológico se correlacionaram a ideação suicida e indicadores negativos de saúde e satisfação sexual. O instrumento foi psicometricamente adequado e pode ser utilizado em termos de sua pontuação total, mas seus fatores específicos precisam ser utilizados com cautela.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Due to “stay at home” restrictions during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, people spent more time at home leading to an increase in home accidents, including burns. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiology of burns that occurred within homes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: This was a quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study with a non-probabilistic sample. METHODS: Data were collected through the distribution of survey links on social networking sites and websites, and through email between December 2020 and February 2021. Participants were over 18 years of age, living in Brazil. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and dispersion statistics. RESULTS: A total of 939 adults (aged > 18 years) participated in this study. The mean age was 37.2 years (standard deviation [SD] = 12.5), 75.6% were female, 70.0% self-reported white skin color, 74% had completed higher education, and 28.1% had an income of 3 to 6 times the monthly minimum wage. A total of 21.6% suffered burns during the pandemic, 44.3% from a hot object. Approximately 49.3% never had access to a burn prevention campaign. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop burn prevention strategies that reach a wider population and to strengthen public policies to reduce the prevalence of domestic burns, especially during the pandemic.

Abstract Objective To calculate the minimal important clinical difference (MICD) value for the Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores in a sample of patients submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods Primary, observational, retrospective, analytical study of participants submitted to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction from March 2019 to December 2020 by the same surgeon, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months, analysis of knee function in the pre- and postoperative period by the Lysholm and IKDC scores, and answer to an anchor question at 6 months postoperatively for the calculation of the MICD of each score. Results A total of 59 patients participated in the study, with a mean age of 27.1 ± 5.7 years old. In the comparison between pre- and postoperative scores of all groups, there was an increase in values with statistical significance after intervention. The MICD was 5.5 for the Lysholm score, and the MICD value for the IKDC score could not be determined. Conclusion For the Lysholm score, the calculation of the MICD value by the anchor question method in the sample evaluated was 5.5. It was not possible to determine the value of the MICD for the IKDC score.

Resumo Objetivo Calcular o valor da mínima diferença clinicamente importante (MDCI) para os escores de Lysholm e International Knee Documentation Commitee (IKDC) na amostra de pacientes submetidos a reconstrução de ligamento cruzado anterior. Métodos Estudo primário, observacional, retrospectivo, analítico, de participantes submetidos a reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior no período de março de 2019 a dezembro de 2020, pelo mesmo cirurgião, com seguimento mínimo de 6 meses, análise da função do joelho no período pré e pós-operatório pelos escores de Lysholm e IKDC, e resposta a uma pergunta âncora aos 6 meses de seguimento pós-operatório, para o MDCI de cada escore. Resultados Participaram do estudo 59 pacientes, com média de idade de 27,1 ± 5,7 anos. Na comparação dos escores pré- e pós-operatórios de todos os grupos, observa-se aumento dos valores com significância estatística após a intervenção. A MDCI foi de 5,5 para o escore de Lysholm, não tendo sido possível determinar o valor para o IKDC. Conclusão O cálculo do valor da MDCI pelo método da pergunta âncora, na amostra avaliada, foi de 5,5 para o escore de Lysholm. Não foi possível determinar o valor da MDCI para o IKDC.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a tendência temporal das taxas de incidência de acidentes com animais peçonhentos em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo ecológico de séries temporais, entre 2007 e 2019. Os dados foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). As séries temporais das taxas de incidência com animais peçonhentos foram estratificadas por faixa etária (crianças de 0 a 9 anos e adolescentes de 10 a 19 anos), macrorregiões brasileiras (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul) e tipo de acidente (serpente, escorpião, aranha e lagarta). Para análise de tendência, foi utilizado o modelo de Prais-Winsten e calculada a variação percentual anual das taxas (Annual Percentage Change — APC). Resultados: As séries históricas da taxa de incidência de acidentes com animais peçonhentos em crianças e adolescentes das macrorregiões Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste e Sudeste e em crianças da macrorregião Sul apresentaram tendência ascendente. As taxas de incidências anuais médias foram maiores na faixa etária de 10 a 19 anos, exceto na macrorregião Sul. Os acidentes com escorpiões, serpentes e aranhas, nesta ordem, foram os mais frequentes; as tendências das séries históricas estratificadas por tipo de animal variaram conforme a macrorregião. Conclusões: Houve tendência ascendente na taxa de incidência de acidentes com animais peçonhentos em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil, exceto nos adolescentes da macrorregião Sul do país.

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the temporal trend of the incidence rates of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents in Brazil. Methods: An ecological time-series study was carried out between 2007 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Brazilian Information System on Diseases of Compulsory Declaration (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN). The time series of incidence rates of accidents with venomous animals were stratified by age group (children aged 0 to 9 years and adolescents aged 10 to 19 years), Brazilian macro-regions (North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South), and type of accident (snake, scorpion, spider, and caterpillar). For trend analysis, the Prais-Winsten model and the Annual Percent Change (APC) were used. Results: The time series of the incidence rate of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents from the North, Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast macro-regions and in children from the South region showed an upward trend. The average annual incidence rates were higher in the age group of 10 to 19 years, except for the South macro-region. Accidents with scorpions, snakes, and spiders, in this order, were the most frequent; the trends in the time series stratified by type of animal varied according to the geographic macro-region. Conclusions: There was an upward trend in the incidence rate of accidents with venomous animals in children and adolescents in Brazil, except for adolescents in the South macro-region of the country.

RESUMO Introdução: A etapa de polimento é uma fase decisiva no planejamento da preparação de um jovem nadador para a competição. Durante esse período, não somente as cargas de treinamento, mas também a recuperação, que inclui a qualidade do sono, devem ser constantemente monitoradas. Objetivos: Este estudo objetiva investigar o comportamento do sono como variável diretamente influenciada pela carga de treinamento durante a fase de polimento do treinamento de jovens nadadores. Métodos: O exame de polissonografia foi realizado no início da fase de polimento, como base para as variáveis do sono. Em cada sessão diária de treinamento foram medidas as variáveis de sobrecarga e de recuperação. A carga interna de treinamento foi avaliada pela sessão de PSE e a carga externa, pela quantificação do treinamento. As variáveis de recuperação foram divididas em variável de recuperação, com o questionário QTR e variáveis de sono, que incluíram sonolência pela escala de Karolinska e comportamento do sono com actígrafo e diário de sono. Conclusões: Conclui-se que não há influência significativa entre as cargas de treinamento e as variáveis do sono. Entretanto, foi observada forte associação entre TTS e CE no grupo sono irregular. Nível de evidência III; Estudo de comportamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Tapering is a decisive phase in planning a young swimmer's preparation for competition. During this period, not only training loads, but also recovery, which includes sleep quality, must be constantly monitored. Objective: This study aims to investigate sleep behavior as a variable directly influenced by training load during the tapering phase of training for young swimmers. Methods: A polysomnography test was performed at the beginning of the tapering phase, as a baseline for sleep variables. In each daily training session, the overload and recovery variables were measured. The internal training load was evaluated in the PSE session and the external load by quantifying the training. The recovery variables were divided into the recovery variable, assessed using the TQR questionnaire, and sleep variables, which included sleepiness, scored using the Karolinska scale, and sleep behavior, using an actigraph and a sleep diary. Conclusion: It is concluded that there is no significant influence between training loads and sleep variables. However, a strong association was observed between TST and EL (External load), in the irregular sleep group. Level of evidence III, Study of behavior.

RESUMEN Introducción: El tapering es una fase decisiva en la planificación de la preparación de un joven nadador para la competición. Durante este período, deben monitorearse constantemente no sólo las cargas de entrenamiento, sino también la recuperación, que incluye la calidad del sueño. Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el comportamiento del sueño como variable directamente influenciada por la carga de entrenamiento durante la fase de tapering del entrenamiento de jóvenes nadadores. Métodos: Se realizó una polisomnografía al inicio de la fase de tapering como base de las variables del sueño. En cada sesión diaria de entrenamiento se midieron las variables de sobrecarga y recuperación. La carga interna de entrenamiento fue evaluada por la sesión de PSE y la carga externa mediante cuantificación del entrenamiento. Las variables de recuperación se dividieron variables de recuperación, con el cuestionario QTR y variables de sueño, que incluían somnolencia mediante la escala de Karolinska y comportamiento del sueño con un actígrafo y diario de sueño. Conclusiones: Se concluyó que no existe una influencia significativa entre las cargas de entrenamiento y las variables del sueño. Sin embargo, se observó una fuerte asociación entre TTS y el CE, en el grupo de sueño irregular. Nivel de evidencia III, Estudio de comportamiento.

RESUMO: Varronia curassavica DC. é uma espécie medicinal nativa do Brasil. Dentre os pontos críticos que influenciam a qualidade fitoquímica dos compostos bioativos destacam-se o espaçamento entre plantas, a colheita e a pós-colheita. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência do espaçamento entre plantas, da época de colheita e da temperatura de secagem das folhas na produtividade e na qualidade fitoquímica do óleo essencial de V. curassavica. O cultivo orgânico foi realizado em 2018/2019 utilizando-se os seguintes espaçamentos entre plantas: 0.6 x 1.0; 0.8 x 1.0; 1.0 x 1.0; 1.0 x 1.6 m. Os teores de macro e micronutrientes das folhas foram avaliados e não se observou alterações consideráveis. Em 2018, as colheitas foram realizadas no verão, outono e inverno, sendo as folhas colhidas imediatamente submetidas ao processo de secagem a 40 °C. Em 2019, a colheita foi realizada no inverno, sendo as folhas submetidas ao processo de secagem a 40, 50 e 60 °C. O óleo essencial foi extraído por hidrodestilação e os constituintes químicos identificados CG-MS. A produção de óleo essencial foi significativamente maior no inverno e nos espaçamentos de 0,8 x 1,0 m e 1,0 x 1,0 m entre plantas. O teor de alfa-humuleno manteve-se dentro dos padrões recomendados em todas as temperaturas analisadas. Embora as temperaturas de secagem testadas não tenham comprometido o teor de alfa-humuleno, o aumento da temperatura ocasionou redução no rendimento do óleo essencial. Assim, recomenda-se o cultivo orgânico de V. currassavica no espaçamento entre 0,8 x 1,0 m e 1,0 m x 1,0 m, e a secagem de suas folhas entre 40 e 50 °C visando obter o maior rendimento e melhor qualidade fitoquímica de óleo essencial.

ABSTRACT: Varroniacurassavica is a Brazilian native medicinal species. Among the critical points influencing the phytochemical quality of bioactive compounds is the spacing between plants, harvest and post-harvest. This research aimed evaluated the influence of plant distance, harvest season, and leaves drying temperature on the yield and phytochemical quality of V. curassavica essential oil. The organic cultivation was carried out in 2018/2019 using 0.6 x 1.0; 0.8 x 1.0; 1.0 x 1.0; 1.0 x 1.6 m spacing between plants. The macro and micronutrient contents of the leaves were evaluated and no considerable changes were observed. In 2018 the harvest was performed in summer, autumn, and winter, and the harvested leaves were immediately submitted to the drying process at 40 °C. In 2019 the harvest was performed in winter, and the leaves were submitted to the drying process at 40, 50, and 60 °C. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation and the chemical constituents were evaluated using CG-MS. The essential oil yield was significantly higher in winter and used 0.8 x 1.0 m and 1.0 x 1.0 m spacing between plants. The alpha-humulene content remained within the recommended standards at all analyzed temperatures. Although, the drying temperatures tested did not compromise the alpha-humulene content, the increasing temperature caused a reduction in the essential oil yield. Thus, it is recommended for the organic cultivation of V. currassavica the spacing of 0.8 x 1.0 m and 1.0 m x 1.0 m, and the drying of its leaves between 40 and 50 °C to earn the highest essential oil yield and phytochemical quality.

BACKGROUND: Rifampicin resistance missed by commercial rapid molecular assays but detected by phenotypic assays may lead to discordant susceptibility results and affect patient management OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the causes of rifampicin resistance missed by the GenoType MTBDRplus and its impact on the programmatic management of tuberculosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa METHODS: We analysed routine tuberculosis programme data from January 2014 to December 2014 on isolates showing rifampicin susceptibility on the GenoType MTBDRplus assay but resistance on the phenotypic agar proportion method. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on a subset of these isolates RESULTS: Out of 505 patients with isoniazid mono-resistant tuberculosis on the MTBDRplus, 145 (28.7%) isolates showed both isoniazid and rifampicin resistance on the phenotypic assay. The mean time from MTBDRplus results to initiation of drug-resistant tuberculosis therapy was 93.7 days. 65.7% of the patients had received previous tuberculosis treatment. The most common mutations detected in the 36 sequenced isolates were I491F (16; 44.4%) and L452P (12; 33.3%). Among the 36 isolates, resistance to other anti-tuberculosis drugs was 69.4% for pyrazinamide, 83.3% for ethambutol, 69.4% for streptomycin, and 50% for ethionamide CONCLUSION: Missed rifampicin resistance was mostly due to the I491F mutation located outside the MTBDRplus detection area and the L452P mutation, which was not included in the initial version 2 of the MTBDRplus. This led to substantial delays in the initiation of appropriate therapy. The previous tuberculosis treatment history and the high level of resistance to other anti-tuberculosis drugs suggest an accumulation of resistance

ABSTRACT. The objective was to evaluate levels of replacement of corn silage with extruded forage (Foragge®) in sheep feeding. Twenty adult Santa Inês ewes in maintenance, and 55.8 kg average weight were housed in metabolic cages, and the treatments consisted of 20, 40, 60 and 80% replacement of corn silage with Foragge® extruded forage with 60% Uruchloa brizantha in the diet. The design was completely randomized, with regression analysis and non-parametric analysis at 5% probability. The supply of up to 80% extruded roughage to replace corn silage increased dry matter intake and digestibility, and fecal output in dry matter (p < 0.05). Also, it increased the efficiency of ingestion, rumination and chewing activities of sheep, but did not alter urinary parameters and energy metabolites (p > 0.05). However, it reduced the concentration of uric acid (p < 0.05). Foragge® extruded roughage can replace corn silage by up to 80% with changes in intake, digestibility, fecal parameters, ingestive behavior and concentration of uric acid and urea, with no modifications in urinary parameters and energy metabolites.

Abstract: Introduction: Self-regulated learning (SRL) is the active process that students perform to achieve their learning goals. In medical education, the development of SRL is favoured by the clinical environment, hence there is potential benefit in applying this tool in the teaching-learning process, although the differences in its application scenarios require deeper analysis. Objective: The aim of this article is to present a literature review on the development of SRL, its applicability and evaluation in medical students using a validated scale, and the factors that influence it, such as teaching methods and demographic and sociocultural issues. Method: A search was performed on the Pub-med and Scielo platforms and the online Medical Education Journal for articles in English published between 2010 and 2021 using the descriptors “Self-regulated learning”. Results: The database search resulted in 198 articles, of which 100 were selected for critical analysis. Of these, 31 articles were selected based on meeting the criteria of this review. Conclusions: SRL is a contemporary educational concept and considered a pillar in the educational process. It is a valuable tool in educational psychology. Its applicability in the context of medical education proves to be effective and brings with it specificities in relation to the self-regulation of medical students. However, further studies on the subject are necessary to allow for the development of effective instructional methods to support its use.

Resumo: Introdução: A aprendizagem autorregulada (self-regulated learning - SRL) é o processo ativo que o aluno realiza para atingir seus objetivos de aprendizagem. No ensino médico, pelo fato de o ambiente clínico ser propício para o desenvolvimento da SRL, há potencial benefício na aplicação dessa ferramenta no processo de ensino-aprendizado, embora as diferenças em seus cenários de aplicação exijam uma análise mais aprofundada. Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre o histórico do desenvolvimento da SRL, sua aplicabilidade e avaliação em estudantes de Medicina por meio de escala validada, além dos fatores que a influenciam, como métodos de ensino e questões demográficas e socioculturais. Método: Realizou-se uma busca com o descritor self-regulated learning nas plataformas PubMed e SciELO e na revista Medical Education Online para artigos em inglês publicados entre 2010 e 2021. Resultado: A busca nas bases de dados resultou em 198 artigos, dos quais foram selecionados 100 para a análise crítica. Desses 100 artigos, selecionaram-se 31 que preenchiam os critérios desta revisão. Conclusão: A SRL é um conceito contemporâneo considerado pilar no processo educacional. Trata-se de ferramenta de grande valor em psicologia educacional. A aplicabilidade da SRL no contexto do ensino médico demonstra-se efetiva e traz consigo especificidades sobre a autorregulação do estudante de Medicina. Contudo, são necessários novos estudos acerca do tema, de modo a permitir o desenvolvimento de métodos instrucionais eficazes com sua utilização.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular risk factors are prognostic factors in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and have been scarcely studied in Brazil. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the outcomes of patients admitted for COVID-19. Methods From July 2020 to February 2021, 200 patients from two public hospitals were enrolled. Patients were included if they had typical symptoms or signs of COVID-19, a positive real-time polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) for COVID-19, and an age above 18 years. This is a prospective, observational, and longitudinal study. Data were collected within 24 h of admission. The primary endpoint was a combination of hospital lethality, mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, or length of hospital stay >28 days. Continuous variables were compared with the Student’s t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney test. For comparisons of proportions, the χ 2 test was applied. ROC curves and survival curves were constructed. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of events. The level of significance was 0.05. Results There were 98 (49%) events during the hospital course, and 72 (36%) died in the hospital. Patients with a primary endpoint were older and more likely to have a history of hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vital signs at admission associated with events were diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in ambient air (O 2 Sat). Serum creatinine >1.37 mg/dL at admission had a sensitivity of 51.6 and a specificity of 82% to predict the primary endpoint, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68. In multivariate analysis, age, diabetes, CKD, and COPD were independent predictors of the primary endpoint. Age and CKD were independent predictors of in-hospital lethality. Conclusion Cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes and CKD, were related to a worse prognosis in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in this sample from two public hospitals in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

ABSTRACT Brazilian producers have been seeking to improve garlic productivity and quality via vernalization at negative temperatures. However, more concrete information about the application and effects of this technique on the productivity and quality of noble garlic varieties is lacking. Moreover, there are also questions about the use and influence of seed cloves at different maturation points on this crop’s yield. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of vernalization temperatures and different maturation points of seed cloves on the yield and quality of noble garlic cultivars. Three experiments were conducted using the Ito cultivar over three garlic planting seasons in Cristalina, GO, Brazil. The experimental design followed a 3 x 3 factorial scheme: three vernalization temperature ranges (-1 to -3 °C; 1 to 3 °C; and 2 to 4 °C) and three seed clove maturation points (normal, early and late). Plant height, aboveground fresh mass, bulbar ratio, and bulb yield and quality were evaluated after harvesting. The negative vernalization temperature had significant results with the highest garlic yields occurring in all three planting seasons, with a considerable increase in the quantity of bulbs with better commercial value (‘class 6’) and a decrease in the quantity of ‘discard’ bulbs. In comparison to the other temperatures, negative vernalization temperatures also yielded higher fresh plants in all evaluated seasons. The normal maturation point resulted in gains in total bulb yield. The use of below-zero vernalization temperatures increased the productivity of the garlic cultivar Ito under the conditions found in Brazil.

RESUMO Os produtores brasileiros têm buscado melhorar a produtividade e a qualidade do alho, aplicando a técnica de vernalização com temperaturas negativas. No entanto, faltam informações mais concretas sobre os efeitos e aplicação desta técnica na produtividade e qualidade do alho nobre. Existem dúvidas também sobre o uso de bulbilhos-sementes com diferentes pontos de maturação e sua influência na produção desta cultura. Portanto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de temperaturas de vernalização, incluindo temperaturas negativas e diferentes pontos de maturação do bulbilho-semente, sobre a produtividade e a qualidade do alho-nobre. Foram conduzidos 3 experimentos, em três épocas de plantio de alho, com a variedade Ito, nas condições de Cristalina, GO, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo três faixas de temperatura de vernalização (-1 a -3 ºC; 1 a 3 ºC e 2 a 4 ºC) e três pontos de maturação de bulbilho-semente (precoce, normal e tardio). Foram avaliadas altura de plantas, massa fresca da parte aérea e razão bulbar, além de produtividade e qualidade de bulbos, após a colheita. Nas três épocas de plantio, a temperatura negativa de vernalização proporcionou, significativamente, as maiores produtividades de alho, elevando consideravelmente a quantidade de bulbos de melhor valor comercial (‘classe 6’), e reduzindo a quantidade de bulbos do tipo ‘descarte’. As temperaturas negativas de vernalização também proporcionaram maior massa de plantas, em todas as épocas avaliadas. O ponto de maturação normal proporcionou ganhos de produtividade total de bulbos. O uso de temperaturas negativas na vernalização proporciona incrementos na produtividade de alho cultivar Ito, nas condições brasileiras.

Abstract A cyclone occurred off the southern Brazilian coast between 30/06/2020 and 01/07/2020, moving eastwards from land towards offshore. The system was registered in numerical models and in-situ observations (buoy and ship) from the day it started until dissipated. The goal of this work is to use the data collected during this extreme environmental condition in a statistical comparison with the atmospheric operational model Global Forecast System (GFS) and a local implementation of the WAVEWATCH III (WW3) wave model, which used the GFS as one of the inputs, to understand the limitations of these models. Initially, the results showed that the system near the southern Brazilian coast was a strong explosive cyclone according to the Sanders and Gyakum (1980) classification. We found that the GFS and WW3 models exhibited greater errors when compared with the buoy data during the 48 h period of explosive weather conditions, while for the GFS model, the greatest errors around the ship occurred after that period. The WW3 errors may be explained by the difference between the buoy and WW3 gridpoint depth and the GFS errors at this location.

Resumo Ocorreu um ciclone na costa sul do Brasil entre 30/06/2020 e 01/07/2020, movendo-se do continente em direção ao mar. O sistema foi registrado em modelos numéricos e observações in-situ (boia e navio) desde o dia em que se formou até se dissipar. O objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar os dados coletados durante essa condição ambiental extrema em uma comparação estatística com o modelo atmosférico operacional Global Forecast System (GFS) e uma implementação local do modelo de ondas WAVEWATCH III (WW3), que utiliza o GFS como um dos inputs, para entender as limitações desses modelos. Inicialmente, os resultados mostraram que o sistema próximo à costa sul do Brasil era um ciclone explosivo forte de acordo com a classificação de Sanders e Gyakum (1980). Descobrimos que os modelos GFS e WW3 apresentaram maiores erros em comparação com os dados da boia durante o período de 48 horas de condições meteorológicas explosivas, enquanto para o modelo GFS, os maiores erros ao redor do navio ocorreram após esse período. Os erros do WW3 podem ser explicados pela diferença entre a profundidade da boia e o ponto da grade do WW3, e os erros do GFS nessa localização.