RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem do alojamento conjunto sobre sofrimento mental puerperal e oferecer subsídios para ações educativas. Método: estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado com 30 profissionais de enfermagem em hospital público de ensino, em São Paulo - BR. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021 por meio de questionário estruturado e analisados de forma descritiva. Resultados: 73,3% das enfermeiras obstétricas, técnicas e auxiliares de enfermagem tinham idade ≥40 anos e 80% tinham tempo de atuação ≥cinco anos. Predominou o conhecimento sobre o papel da enfermagem e as práticas na assistência ao sofrimento mental puerperal (maioria de respostas esperadas em 80% das questões), em contraposição ao conhecimento sobre fisiopatologia, sintomas e causas de blues, depressão e psicose puerperal (maioria de respostas esperadas em 40% das questões). Conclusão: os resultados podem subsidiar a educação permanente, visando ampliar o conhecimento da equipe de enfermagem e fortalecer o processo de cuidar.

ABSTRACT Objective: to assess the Rooming-In Nursing team’s knowledge about mental distress during the puerperium and to offer subsidies for educational actions. Method: a descriptive and quantitative study carried out with 30 Nursing professionals from a public teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The data were collected between December 2020 and January 2021 using a structured questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results: 73.3% of the nurse-midwives, nurses, and nursing technicians and assistants were aged ≥40 years old, and 80% had more than five years of working time. There was a predominance of knowledge about the role of Nursing and its respective practices in the assistance provided in cases of mental distress during the puerperium (majority of expected answers in 80% of the questions), in contrast to the knowledge about pathophysiology, symptoms and causes of puerperal blues, depression and psychosis (majority of expected answers in 40% of the questions). Conclusion: the results can support permanent education, aiming to expand the Nursing team’s knowledge and strengthen the care process.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento del equipo de Enfermería del área de Alojamiento Conjunto con respecto al sufrimiento mental durante el puerperio y ofrecer elementos de apoyo para acciones educativas. Método: estudio descriptivo y cuantitativo realizado con 30 profesionales de Enfermería en un hospital público de enseñanza de San Pablo, Brasil. Los datos se recolectaron entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021 por medio de un cuestionario estructurado y se los analizó en forma descriptiva. Resultados: el 73,3% de las enfermeras especializadas en Obstetricia, técnicas y auxiliares de Enfermería tenían al menos 40 años y el 80% estaba activa en la profesión hacía al menos cinco años. Predominó el conocimiento sobre el rol y las prácticas de Enfermería en la atención provista en casos de sufrimiento mental durante el puerperio (mayoría de respuestas esperadas en el 80% de las preguntas), en contraste con el conocimiento sobre la fisiopatología, los síntomas y las causas del blues, la depresión y la psicosis puerperal (mayoría de respuestas esperadas en el 40% de las preguntas). Conclusión: los resultados pueden sustentar la educación permanente, con vistas a ampliar el conocimiento del equipo de Enfermería y fortalecer el proceso de atención.

Resumo A apropriação de conhecimento químico se torna por muitas vezes complicada, visto que ele retrata algo não visível e necessita de imaginação e da compreensão de modelos específicos. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho é identificar como comentários feitos pelo professor permitem a evolução conceitual e o entendimento do porquê algumas substâncias possuírem cores, quando se estava debatendo sobre a interação da matéria com a radiação visível com os estudantes. Os dados foram produzidos a partir de atividades de escrita e reescrita feitas por 14 estudantes matriculados na disciplina de Química Analítica Instrumental, além da análise dos comentários. Os resultados, que foram analisados com base nos elementos da noção da relação com o saber, apontaram que é possível avaliar a aprendizagem química sobre a temática trabalhada e que a evolução conceitual é melhor alcançada quando os comentários do professor são questionadores/ provocadores, ou seja, na forma de perguntas, estabelecendo relações de saber entre estudantes e professor que melhoram o domínio da normatividade e rede de significados dos conceitos científicos envolvidos.

Abstract The appropriation of chemical knowledge is a lot complicated for students to do, because the chemistry involves something that is not visible and requires specific models and imagination. The goal this work is identify how the teacher comments allow the conceptual evolution and the understanding of why some substances have color, when discussing the interaction of matter with visible radiation with the students. The dates were produced from writing and rewriting activities had done for 14 students enrolled in the discipline of Analytical Chemistry Instrumental, beyond comments analyses. The results pointed out that it is possible to evaluate the chemical learning about the thematic studied according the elements of relationship with knowledge notion and the conceptual evolution is better when the teacher comments were questioner (in the form of the questions) what establishing relationship of knowledge among students and teacher to improve of the normativity and network of meanings domain of the scientific conceptual involved.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente estudo determinar a concentração de metais pesados em cascas de árvores da espécie Poincianella pluviosa no município Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro. Foram coletadas cascas de oito árvores, com três repetições de cada, nos setores 1 (W), 2 (S), 3 (E) e 4 (N) do centro de Volta Redonda correspondente aos pontos cardeais. A digestão das amostras foi realizada em mistura nitro-perclórica e a determinação dos teores de Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe e Mn por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. A análise de agrupamento (AA) formou 12 grupos, entre eles o grupo 3 (G3) demonstrou a concentração dos sete elementos analisados no setor 1 e o grupo 8 (G8) agrupou os elementos Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni e Mn no setor 2. Os testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Bonferroni demonstraram que todos os elementos apresentaram valores estatisticamente diferentes entre os quatro setores comparados (p > 0,05). Os setores 1, 2 e 3 apresentaram as maiores concentrações de metais pesados, que estar diretamente associados ao fluxo de veículos, linha férrea e as atividades da siderurgia que se concentram nesses setores. O uso da casca de árvore pode ser utilizado com um método eficaz para o monitoramento da poluição atmosférica em áreas urbanas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine heavy metal concentrations in the tree bark of the species Poincianella pluviosa in Volta Redonda municipality, Rio de Janeiro. Four sets of barks of eight trees with three replicates each from sectors 1 (W), 2 (S), 3 (E), and 4 (N) of the Volta Redonda center corresponding to the cardinal points were collected. The samples were digested in a nitroperchloric mixture and the lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) contents were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The cluster analysis (CA) formed 12 groups; among them, group 3 (G3) showed the presence of all seven elements in sector 1 and group 8 (G8) showed the presence of Pb, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Mn in sector 2. Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni tests showed that all elements presented statistically different values among the four sectors when compared with each other (p > 0.05). Sectors 1, 2, and 3 had the highest concentrations of heavy metals, which are directly associated with vehicle and railroad flow and iron and steel activities that are concentrated in these sectors. Bark can be used as an effective method for the monitoring of air pollution in urban areas.

ABSTRACT Carnivorous plant species, such as Utricularia spp., capture and digest prey. This digestion can occur through the secretion of plant digestive enzymes and/or by bacterial digestive enzymes. To comprehend the physiological mechanisms of carnivorous plants, it is essential to understand the microbial diversity related to these plants. Therefore, in the present study, we isolated and classified bacteria from different organs of Utricularia breviscapa (stolons and utricles) and from different geographic locations (São Paulo and Mato Grosso). We were able to build the first bacterium collection for U. breviscapa and study the diversity of cultivable bacteria. The results show that U. breviscapa bacterial diversity varied according to the geographic isolation site (São Paulo and Mato Grosso) but not the analyzed organs (utricle and stolon). We reported that six genera were common to both sample sites (São Paulo and Mato Grosso). These genera have previously been reported to be beneficial to plants, as well as related to the bioremediation process, showing that these isolates present great biotechnological and agricultural potential. This is the first report of an Acidobacteria isolated from U. breviscapa. The role of these bacteria inside the plant must be further investigated in order to understand their population dynamics within the host.

Resumo O Objetivo deste estudo é identificar potenciais fatores associados à confirmação de abuso sexual infantil no exame médico legal. Foram revisados os laudos de sexologia forense realizados em crianças menores que 12 anos que relataram abuso sexual no Instituto Médico Legal de Salvador, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009. Análise multivariada foi utilizada para identificar fatores relacionados à confirmação de abuso sexual pelo exame médico forense. A proporção de casos confirmados pelo médico legista com base em evidencia material foi de 10,4%. A análise ajustada demostrou que as variáveis naturalidade, tipo do relato de abuso, parentesco com o agressor, e intervalo entre o abuso relatado e a perícia não estão independentemente relacionadas à confirmação de abuso sexual em exame de corpo de delito. A presença de relato de penetração estava associada a uma chance cinco vezes maior de confirmação, e a faixa etária de 10 a 11 anos apresentou uma chance duas vezes maior de ter casos confirmados do que crianças menores. Estes dados devem ser levados em conta no planejamento de diretrizes para a avaliação multidisciplinar de crianças com suspeita de serem vítimas de abusos sexual e na decisão de encaminhamento para exame de corpo de delito.

Abstract The aim of this study is identify potential factors associated with child sexual abuse confirmation at forensic examinations. The forensic files of children under 12 years of age reporting sexual abuse at the Nina Rodrigues Institute of Forensic Medicine in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil between January 2008 and December 2009 were reviewed. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with finding evidence of sexual abuse in forensic examinations. The proportion of cases confirmed by the forensic physician based on material evidence was 10.4%. Adjusted analysis showed that the variables place of birth, type of abuse reported, family relationship between the child and the perpetrator, and the interval between the reported abuse and the forensic examination were not independently associated with finding forensic evidence of sexual abuse. A report of penetration was associated with a five-fold greater likelihood of confirmation, while the victim being 10-11 years of age was associated with a two-fold of abuse confirmation than younger children. These findings should be taken into consideration when drawing up guidelines for the multidisciplinary evaluation of children suspected of being victims of sexual abuse and in deciding whether to refer the child for forensic examination.

Resumo O Objetivo deste estudo é identificar potenciais fatores associados à confirmação de abuso sexual infantil no exame médico legal. Foram revisados os laudos de sexologia forense realizados em crianças menores que 12 anos que relataram abuso sexual no Instituto Médico Legal de Salvador, Brasil, no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009. Análise multivariada foi utilizada para identificar fatores relacionados à confirmação de abuso sexual pelo exame médico forense. A proporção de casos confirmados pelo médico legista com base em evidencia material foi de 10,4%. A análise ajustada demostrou que as variáveis naturalidade, tipo do relato de abuso, parentesco com o agressor, e intervalo entre o abuso relatado e a perícia não estão independentemente relacionadas à confirmação de abuso sexual em exame de corpo de delito. A presença de relato de penetração estava associada a uma chance cinco vezes maior de confirmação, e a faixa etária de 10 a 11 anos apresentou uma chance duas vezes maior de ter casos confirmados do que crianças menores. Estes dados devem ser levados em conta no planejamento de diretrizes para a avaliação multidisciplinar de crianças com suspeita de serem vítimas de abusos sexual e na decisão de encaminhamento para exame de corpo de delito.

Abstract The aim of this study is identify potential factors associated with child sexual abuse confirmation at forensic examinations. The forensic files of children under 12 years of age reporting sexual abuse at the Nina Rodrigues Institute of Forensic Medicine in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil between January 2008 and December 2009 were reviewed. A multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with finding evidence of sexual abuse in forensic examinations. The proportion of cases confirmed by the forensic physician based on material evidence was 10.4%. Adjusted analysis showed that the variables place of birth, type of abuse reported, family relationship between the child and the perpetrator, and the interval between the reported abuse and the forensic examination were not independently associated with finding forensic evidence of sexual abuse. A report of penetration was associated with a five-fold greater likelihood of confirmation, while the victim being 10-11 years of age was associated with a two-fold of abuse confirmation than younger children. These findings should be taken into consideration when drawing up guidelines for the multidisciplinary evaluation of children suspected of being victims of sexual abuse and in deciding whether to refer the child for forensic examination.

In the last decade, the research works on microbial as a potential source of lipid for biodiesel production have been growing. In this work, the potential of a sludge from high-rate lagoons in urban sewage treatment, composed mainly by Chlorella sp., as oil source for biodiesel production, was studied. The potential of Chlorella sp. growth in photobioreactor under controlled conditions was also investigated. Low lipid content (up to 3%) was observed in both cases. The composition of both oils showed high amount of fatty acids and fatty acid based compounds, however there are also other non-fatty acid based lipids. Density and viscosity of biodiesel from biosolid oil were determined and the results showed that these physico-chemical properties do not match the specification required for biodiesel. The results showed that sewage sludge from Samambaia treatment station (DF, Brazil) and Chlorella sp. cultivated under the conditions described in this work are not potential sources of fatty material for biodiesel production.

The actinobacteria Streptomyces wadayamensis A23, an endophitic strain, was recently sequenced and previous work showed qualitatively that the strain inhibits the growth of some pathogens. Herein we report the genome analysis of S. wadayamensis which reveals several antibiotic biosynthetic pathways. Using mass spectrometry, we were able to identify desferoxamines, several antimycins and candicidin, as predicted. Additionally, it was possible to confirm that the biosynthetic machinery of the strain when compared to identified known metabolites is far underestimated. As suggested by biochemical qualitative tests, genome encoded information reveals that the strain A23 has high capability to produce antibiotics.

Polyketides and non-ribosomal peptides are natural products widely found in bacteria, fungi and plants. The biological activities associated with these metabolites have attracted special attention in biopharmaceutical studies. Polyketide synthases act similarly to fatty acids synthetases and the whole multi-enzymatic set coordinating precursor and extending unit selection and reduction levels during chain growth. Acting in a similarly orchestrated model, non-ribosomal peptide synthetases biosynthesize NRPs. PKSs-I and NRPSs enzymatic modules and domains are collinearly organized with the parent gene sequence. This arrangement allows the use of degenerated PCR primers to amplify targeted regions in the genes corresponding to specific enzymatic domains such as ketosynthases and acyltransferases in PKSs and adenilation domains in NRPSs. Careful analysis of these short regions allows the classifying of a set of organisms according to their potential to biosynthesize PKs and NRPs. In this work, the biosynthetic potential of a set of 13 endophytic actinobacteria from Citrus reticulata for producing PKs and NRP metabolites was evaluated. The biosynthetic profile was compared to antimicrobial activity. Based on the inhibition promoted, 4 strains were considered for cluster analysis. A PKS/NRPS phylogeny was generated in order to classify some of the representative sequences throughout comparison with homologous genes. Using this approach, a molecular fingerprint was generated to help guide future studies on the most promising strains.

The entomopathogenic fungi of the genus Metarhizium have several subtilisin-like proteases that are involved in pathogenesis and these have been used to investigate genes that are differentially expressed in response to different growth conditions. The identification and characterization of these proteases can provide insight into how the fungus is capable of infecting a wide variety of insects and adapt to different substrates. In addition, the pr1A gene has been used for the genetic improvement of strains used in pest control. In this study we used quantitative RT-PCR to assess the relative expression levels of the pr1A gene in M. anisopliae and M. acridum during growth in different culture conditions and during infection of the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius. We also carried out a pathogenicity test to assess the virulence of both species against D. saccharalis and correlated the results with the pattern of pr1A gene expression. This analysis revealed that, in both species, the pr1A gene was differentially expressed under the growth conditions studied and during the pathogenic process. M. anisopliae showed higher expression of pr1A in all conditions examined, when compared to M. acridum. Furthermore, M. anisopliae showed a greater potential to control D. saccharalis. Taken together, our results suggest that these species have developed different strategies to adapt to different growing conditions.

Bundle methods are often the algorithms of choice for nonsmooth convex optimization, especially if accuracy in the solution and reliability are a concern. We review several algorithms based on the bundle methodology that have been developed recently and that, unlike their forerunner variants, have the ability to provide exact solutions even if most of the time the available information is inaccurate. We adopt an approach that is by no means exhaustive, but covers different proximal and level bundle methods dealing with inexact oracles, for both unconstrained and constrained problems.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor crônica é queixa muito frequente nas consultas, principalmente entre os idosos. Na tentativa de buscar terapêuticas mais eficazes e com menos efeitos adversos, nessa população, especialmente considerando idosos com dor neuropática e musculoesquelética, tem-se observado estudos que vêm relacionando a vitamina D a quadros dolorosos, o que poderia propô-la como uma alternativa analgésica. O objetivo deste estudo foi rever, na literatura, o papel da vitamina D na dor crônica neuromusculoesquelética em idosos. CONTEÚDO: Realizada a revisão bibliográfica na base de dados do Pubmed, Medline, LILACS, Biblioteca Cochrane e Scielo, contemplando os últimos 10 anos, títulos em português e inglês. Os descritores usados na busca inicial foram "vitamina D" e "dor crônica", resultando 220 artigos, dos quais apenas os que se tratavam de dor neuromusculoesquelética em idosos foram utilizados. Destes, somente 10 preenchiam os critérios estabelecidos e foram analisados, resultando: um estudo de revisão sistemática, cinco estudos analíticos transversais, dois estudos retrospectivos do tipo série de casos, um estudo observacional prospectivo e um trial clínico randomizado e controlado. Observou-se em cinco estudos uma relação significativa entre a hipovitaminose D e dor crônica musculoesquelética, em três estudos uma melhora da dor após suplementação com vitamina D, e, em outros dois, não haver melhora da dor com esta suplementação. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos relacionando a vitamina D e a dor crônica em idosos ainda são escassos e bastante heterogêneos. A avaliação do déficit de vitamina D deveria estar mais presente nas consultas geriátricas, pois este tem sido correlacionado com certas síndromes dolorosas e sua adequação poderia trazer beneficio terapêutico em alguns casos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chronic pain is a frequent complaint during medical visits, especially among the elderly. In the attempt to find more effective therapies with less adverse effects in this population, especially considering elderly people with neuropathic and musculoskeletal pain, there are studies relating vitamin D to pain, which could propose it as an analgesic alternative. This study aimed at reviewing in the literature the role of vitamin D in chronic musculoskeletal pain in the elderly. CONTENTS: Pubmed, Medline, LILACS, Cochrane Library and Scielo databases were queried for the last ten years, looking for studies in Portuguese and English. Initial search keywords were "vitamin D" and "chronic pain", resulting in 220 articles, of which only those addressing musculoskeletal pain in the elderly were selected. From those, only ten met established criteria and were analyzed, resulting in: one systematic review, five transversal analytical studies, two case-series retrospective studies, one prospective observational study and one randomized and controlled clinical trial. Five studies have shown significant relationship between vitamin D deficit and chronic musculoskeletal pain; three studies have shown pain improvement after vitamin D supplementation and two have not observed pain improvement with such supplementation. CONCLUSION: Studies relating vitamin D to chronic pain in the elderly are still scarce and highly heterogeneous. The evaluation of vitamin D deficit should be more frequent during geriatric consultations, because this has been correlated to some painful syndromes and its correction could bring therapeutic benefits in some cases.

Medicações, álcool e fumo podem gerar danos fetais. Este estudo transversal foi realizado entre 2006 e 2007, com 326 puérperas do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, para avaliar o uso de medicamentos, álcool e fumo na gestação e potencial teratogênico relacionado a diferentes características populacionais. Incluíram-se as puérperas com partos no local da pesquisa e excluíram-se as que não tinham seus filhos internados. Na análise, utilizaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado e t de Student, adotando p < 0,05. O consumo de medicamentos ocorreu em 96,6% (2,8 medicamentos/gestante), e 11,3% automedicaram-se. Solteiras utilizaram mais medicações com alto risco teratogênico (p = 0,037). Foram observados 11 casos de malformação fetal, sendo cinco expostos a elevado risco teratogênico, na gestação. O tabagismo ocorreu em 11,3%, e o etilismo em 16%. Observou-se como fator de risco para exposição a maior risco teratogênico o estado civil solteira. Outras variáveis sociodemográficas e a qualidade do pré-natal não se mostraram relacionadas ao risco teratogênico das exposições.

Medications, alcohol and smoking can cause fetal damage. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 326 mothers of the Fortaleza General Hospital to evaluate the use of drugs, alcohol and smoking during pregnancy and its relation to teratogenic potential in different population characteristics, between 2006 and 2007. Postpartum women who had their babies in the research site were included and those whose babies were not admitted as hospital inpatients were excluded. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used in the analysis, with a p value <0.05 considered significant. 96.6% of the mothers took medications (2.8 drugs/ pregnancy) and self-medication occurred in 11.3% of the cases. Single women took more drugs with high teratogenic potential (p=0.037). 11 cases of fetal malformation were observed, five of them were exposed to high teratogenic risks. Smoking occurred in 11.3% and alcohol use in 16%. Being single was found to be a risk factor for exposure to high teratogenic potential. Quality of prenatal care and other sociodemographic variables weren't related to exposure to teratogenic risks.

Medicamentos, alcohol y tabaco pueden causar daño fetal. Estudio transversal, realizado entre 2006 y 2007, con 326 madres del Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, para evaluar uso de drogas, alcohol y tabaco durante el embarazo y potencial teratogénico en relación con distintas características de la población. Madres con partos en sitio de investigación fueron incluidos y las que no tienen niños hospitalizados excluidas. En análisis, se utilizaron los test chi-cuadrado y t de Student, considerando p<0,05. Consumo de medicamentos se produjo en un 96,6% (2,8 drogas/embarazo) y automedicación en un 11,3%. Solteras utilizan más medicamentos de alto riesgo teratogénico (p=0,037). Se observaron 11 casos de malformación fetal, con cinco expuestos a riesgo teratogénico elevado. Fumar se produjo en un 11,3% y un 16% bebía alcohol. Se señaló como factor de riesgo de exposición a alto potencial teratogénico en el estado civil soltero. Otras variables sociodemográficas y calidad de la atención prenatal no se relacionaron con el riesgo teratogénico de exposición.

Medications, alcohol and smoking can cause fetal damage. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 326 mothers of the Fortaleza General Hospital to evaluate the use of drugs, alcohol and smoking during pregnancy and its relation to teratogenic potential in different population characteristics, between 2006 and 2007. Postpartum women who had their babies in the research site were included and those whose babies were not admitted as hospital inpatients were excluded. Chi-square tests and t-tests were used in the analysis, with a p value <0.05 considered significant. 96.6% of the mothers took medications (2.8 drugs/ pregnancy) and self-medication occurred in 11.3% of the cases. Single women took more drugs with high teratogenic potential (p=0.037). 11 cases of fetal malformation were observed, five of them were exposed to high teratogenic risks. Smoking occurred in 11.3% and alcohol use in 16%. Being single was found to be a risk factor for exposure to high teratogenic potential. Quality of prenatal care and other sociodemographic variables weren't related to exposure to teratogenic risks.

Medicamentos, alcohol y tabaco pueden causar daño fetal. Estudio transversal, realizado entre 2006 y 2007, con 326 madres del Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, para evaluar uso de drogas, alcohol y tabaco durante el embarazo y potencial teratogénico en relación con distintas características de la población. Madres con partos en sitio de investigación fueron incluidos y las que no tienen niños hospitalizados excluidas. En análisis, se utilizaron los test chi-cuadrado y t de Student, considerando p<0,05. Consumo de medicamentos se produjo en un 96,6% (2,8 drogas/embarazo) y automedicación en un 11,3%. Solteras utilizan más medicamentos de alto riesgo teratogénico (p=0,037). Se observaron 11 casos de malformación fetal, con cinco expuestos a riesgo teratogénico elevado. Fumar se produjo en un 11,3% y un 16% bebía alcohol. Se señaló como factor de riesgo de exposición a alto potencial teratogénico en el estado civil soltero. Otras variables sociodemográficas y calidad de la atención prenatal no se relacionaron con el riesgo teratogénico de exposición.

Medicações, álcool e fumo podem gerar danos fetais. Este estudo transversal foi realizado entre 2006 e 2007, com 326 puérperas do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, para avaliar o uso de medicamentos, álcool e fumo na gestação e potencial teratogênico relacionado a diferentes características populacionais. Incluíram-se as puérperas com partos no local da pesquisa e excluíram-se as que não tinham seus filhos internados. Na análise, utilizaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado e t de Student, adotando p < 0,05. O consumo de medicamentos ocorreu em 96,6% (2,8 medicamentos/gestante), e 11,3% automedicaram-se. Solteiras utilizaram mais medicações com alto risco teratogênico (p = 0,037). Foram observados 11 casos de malformação fetal, sendo cinco expostos a elevado risco teratogênico, na gestação. O tabagismo ocorreu em 11,3%, e o etilismo em 16%. Observou-se como fator de risco para exposição a maior risco teratogênico o estado civil solteira. Outras variáveis sociodemográficas e a qualidade do pré-natal não se mostraram relacionadas ao risco teratogênico das exposições.

Apesar da comum utilização das analogias em livros de ciências em geral, estudos envolvendo essa presença em livros de Ensino Superior não são usuais. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo apresenta um estudo sobre as analogias encontradas nos livros de Química Geral voltados ao Ensino Superior, na tentativa de fazer um paralelo com estudos cujas análises se deram para livros de Ensino Médio. Após a leitura integral das obras, identificou-se 212 analogias, as quais foram classificadas conforme sistema de categorias adaptado de outros estudos. Foi observada maior presença de analogias nas obras do Ensino Superior, diferenças no tipo de relação analógica e menor presença de analogias ilustrativas. Também foram discutidos apontamentos sobre um uso mais adequado de algumas das analogias, assim como sobre o papel do professor.

Although analogies are commonly used in Science textbooks, studies on textbooks used in undergraduate courses are unusual. Taking this into account, this paper presents an analysis on the analogies found in General Chemistry textbooks, aiming to establish a parallel with studies whose focus was on high school textbooks. After reading the textbooks, 212 analogies were identified. They were classified according to a system of categories adapted from studies present at the literature. Undergraduates' textbooks presented more analogies than high school textbooks, differences in analogical relation and a minor presence of illustrative analogies. This work also discusses directions for an adequate use of some analogies, as well as aspects related to the teachers role.