Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs) encompass a wide variety of tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells, which produce bioactive substances. The incidence of NETs increased significantly lately, becoming one of the most common tumors of the digestive tract. Their clinical presentation is as diverse as their capacity for hormone production. Carcinoid syndrome is the most common hormonal syndrome produced by NETs and is characterized by diarrhea, flushing and cardiac valvular lesions. New research brought multiple changes in the classification of these neoplasms and a new understanding about their diagnosis and treatment, promoting a multidisciplinary approach. Somatostatin analogues, radiation, biological, and cytotoxic drugs have improved the prognosis of these patients, which entails a great challenge for healthcare providers.

Abstract In the context of changes in the ways in which young people are linked with the State as citizens, this paper aims to identify and analyze the distinctive dimensions that could provide greater depth and extent to the category of Citizenship, from the perspective of young women, making visible the particularities associated to their status as youth and women. Using an integrated methodology, this exploratory study carries out the processing of the answers of 156 young women to an on-line mixed questionnaire about citizenship and gender. The vision of rights prioritized by women as citizens is analyzed, the specific issues they consider necessary to push from a citizens’ agenda and special emphasis is placed on situations or areas perceived as spaces of gender discrimination by women, which are usually unnoticed in citizenship studies, which do not incorporate the gender dimension in their analysis. The later allows us to give account for a greater conceptual complexity, to look at citizenship beyond traditional conceptions.

Resumen En el marco de los cambios producidos en las formas en que los y las jóvenes se vinculan en su calidad de ciudadanos/as con el Estado, el presente trabajo tiene como propósito identificar y analizar las dimensiones distintivas que pudieran otorgar una mayor profundidad y amplitud a la categoría ciudadanía, desde la perspectiva de las mujeres jóvenes, visibilizando las particularidades asociadas a su doble condición, de jóvenes y de mujeres. Utilizando una metodología integrada, en este estudio exploratorio se llevó a cabo un procesamiento de 156 respuestas de mujeres jóvenes a un cuestionario on-line sobre ciudadanía y género. A partir de ello, se evidencia la visión de los derechos que las jóvenes priorizan como ciudadanas y mujeres, los temas específicos que consideran necesarios de impulsar desde una agenda ciudadana y se pone especial énfasis en las situaciones o ámbitos percibidos como espacios de discriminación de género para las mujeres jóvenes, y que habitualmente, quedan inadvertidos en estudios sobre ciudadanía, que no incorporan la dimensión de género en su análisis. Esto permite dar cuenta de una mayor complejidad conceptual para mirar la ciudadanía, más allá de las concepciones tradicionales.

Los resultados de este artículo son producto de una investigación mayor sobre participación política. En él se analizan los discursos de jóvenes universitarios respecto de la formación ciudadana recibida en la escuela, en su vínculo con la participación política. Se realizaron tres focus group con estudiantes de primer año de carreras de la Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. Los resultados apuntan que la visión de los jóvenes sobre la formación recibida es más bien crítica. Por un lado, se identifica la necesidad de una formación ciudadana, que permite abordar la complejidad de la actividad política. Por otro, se constata que la formación escolar no responde a esta necesidad, puesto que se califica como deficiente y sesgada. Para los estudiantes, la educación debe asumir un rol politizador, entregando insumos para incidir en el cambio social.

Os resultados deste artigo são produto duma investigação maior sobre participação política. Nele analisam-se os discursos dos jovens universitários a propósito da formação em cidadania recebida na escola, e a sua ligação com a participação política. Realizaram-se três focus group com estudantes do primeiro ano dos cursos da Universidade de Bío-Bío, Chile. Os resultados apontam para que a visão dos jovens sobre a formação recebida é muito crítica. Por um lado, identifica-se a necessidade duma formação em cidadania que permita abordar a complexidade da actividade política. Por outro, constata-se que a formação escolar não responde a esta necessidade, uma vez que a qualificam como deficiente e tendenciosa. Para os estudantes, a educação deve assumir um papel politizador, trazendo achegas para influir na mudança social.

The results of this paper are the product of a broader research on political participation. The expressions of young university students are there analyzed about civic education received at school related to political participation. Three focus groups were held with freshmen at Universidad del Bio-Bio, Chile. The results show that the vision of young people about the formation received is rather critical. On the one hand, the need for civic education is identified as that which allows to address the complexity of political activity. Secondly, it is found that school education does not respond to this need, since it is qualified as poor and biased. For students, education must play a politicizing role, providing inputs to influence social change.

Les résultats de cet article sont le produit d'une recherche plus intensive sur la participation politique. Ici, on analyse les discours de jeunes universitaires en ce qui concerne la formation des citoyens reçue dans l'école, dans son lien avec la participation politique. On a effectué trois groupes cible focusgroup avec des étudiants de première année dans les carrières de l'Université du Bio-Bio, au Chili. Les résultats signalent que la vision des jeunes sur la formation reçue est plutôt critique. D'une part, on identifie la nécessité d'une formation des citoyens, ce qui permet d'aborder la complexité de l'activité politique. D'autre part, on constate que la formation scolaire ne répond pas à cette nécessité, puisqu'elle est considérée comme faible et biaisée. Pour les étudiants, l'éducation doit assumer un rôle politisateur, en rendant des contributions pour influencer le changement social.

OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro shear bond strength (SBS) of different orthodontic adhesives in bonding and repeatedly rebonding metal brackets, and to evaluate the bond failure site with the adhesive remnant index (ARI). METHODS: Specimens consisted of 90 extracted human first premolars, randomly divided into three groups (n=30). The adhesives Alpha Plast (AP), ConciseTM (CO) and TransbondTM XT (TB) were used in each group. Three SBS tests were performed, i.e., one at T0 (initial) and the other two at T1 and T2 (first and second rebondings, respectively), observing a 24-hour interval. The tests were performed in a Shimadzu AG-I (10kN) SBS testing machine, at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. RESULTS: SBS data were subjected to ANOVA, Tukey's test and Bonferroni test (p<0.05). For the ARI, the Kruskal Wallis test was performed, followed by the Dunn test. The results revealed that at T0 groups AP and CO showed SBS values that were near, but above TB values; and at T1 and T2, the highest SBS values were observed for the AP group, followed by the CO and TB groups. CONCLUSION: Statistically significant differences were found in SBS between groups AP, CO and TB during bonding and repeated rebondings of unused metal brackets, with group AP achieving the highest SBS value. Regarding ARI, adhesive AP exhibited bond failure at the enamel-adhesive interface, with a higher enamel fracture frequency.

Introduction: Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a severe complication oceurring mostly in haemato-oncological (H-O) patients and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) receptors. Our aim was to describe the IFD oceurring in our H-O and HSCT patients according to the EORTC/MSG revised criteria. Patients and Methods: IFD surveillance was performed in adult patients of the Hospital Clínico Universidad Católica, Santiago, Chile, from January 2004 to January 2008. Results: A total of 41 IFD episodes were identified in 39 patients; mean age was 46.6 ± 9.9 years, and 87.8% and 12.2% oceurred in H-O and HCTS patients respectively. 15/41(36.6%) episodes were proven, 36.6% probable and 11/41 (26.8%) possible. In 26 (63.4%) episodes aspergillosis was diagnosed (20 pulmonary, 3 sinus, 1 laryngeal and 1 case with pulmonary and cerebral involvement). In 7 patients (17.1%) candidiasis was diagnosed, 5 with a proven bloodstream infection and 2 with possible hepatosplenic candidiasis; mucormyeosis was diagnosed in 4 (9.8%) Fusarium infection was demonstrated in 2 patients (4.9%), and Mucor and Aspergillus pulmonary coinfection and Alternaría sp rhino-sinusitis in one patient each. The frequency of IFD among febrile neutropenic patients was 26.2% and 6.4% in H-O and HSCT receptors respectively. The overall mortality was 36%. Conclusions: Aspergillosis is the most common IFD infection among H-O patients and HSCT receptors in our center. Candidiasis followed although only in H-O patients most probably because of routine use of antifungal prophylaxis in HSCT recipients. Continuous surveillance is required to develop local guidelines and to evalúate antifungal strategies in different clinical scenarios.

Introducción: La enfermedad fúngica invasora (EFI) es una complicación grave en pacientes hemato-oncológicos (H-O) y receptores de trasplante de precursores hematopoyéticos (TPH). Objetivo: Describir las EFI diagnosticadas en pacientes adultos H-O y receptores de TPH de nuestro centro, bajo los criterios diagnósticos revisados de EORTC/MSG. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio de vigilancia de EFI en pacientes adultos del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile entre enero 2004 y enero 2008. Resultados: Se identificaron 41 episodios de EFI, correspondientes a 39 pacientes: 46,6 ± 9,9 años, 87,8% H-Oy 12,2% TPH. Se documentaron 15/41 (36,6%) EFI demostrada, 36,6% probable y 11/41 (26,8%) posible. En 26/41 (63,4%o) se diagnosticó aspergilosis (20 pulmonar, 3 rinosinusal, 1 laríngeo y un caso cerebral-pulmonar). En 7/41 (17,1%) se diagnosticó candidiasis, 5 candidemias y 2 candidiasis hepato-esplénica posibles; 4/41 (9,8%o) correspondió a mucormicosis demostrada (2 rinosinusal, 1 oral y 1 pulmonar); en 2/41 (4,9%o) fusariosis; 1/41(2,4%)) coinfección pulmonar por mucoral y Aspergillus sp y 1 caso de rinosinusitis por Alternaría sp. La frecuencia de EFI entre pacientes H-O con neutropenia febril fue 26,2%) y 6,4%) en los receptores de TPH. La mortalidad global fue de 36%). Conclusiones: Aspergilosis es la EFI más frecuente en H-O y receptores de TPH de nuestro centro. Candidiasis es la segunda EFI en frecuencia; sin embargo, no se documentó entre los pacientes receptores de TPH, lo que puede relacionarse al uso de antifúngicos profilácticos en este grupo. Es necesaria la vigilancia continua para desarrollar guías clínicas locales y evaluar estrategias de uso de antifúngicos en distintos escenarios clínicos.

Background: Chemotherapy improves survival in advanced gastric cancer. However the most active combinations have a high level of toxicity that limits their use. Aim: To assess the response, toxicity and survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer, treated with oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin (FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy). Material and methods: Patients with stage IVgastric cancer, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer or with relapsed disease and functional capacity 0-2 of the South West Oncology Group, were included. FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy was used as first or second line treatment. The response to treatment and survival were assessed. Results: Between 2003 and 2006, 29 patients (median age 52.5 years, 69% males) were treated. FOLFOX-4 was given as first line treatment in 65% patients and as second line in 35%. There was a complete response in 4.6%, partial response in 68%, stable disease in 20.6% and progression in 6.8%. Toxicity was observed in 51% of patients, that was hematological and non hematological grade 3/4 in 14%. Median survival was 12.5 months. Conclusions: FOLFOX-4 chemotherapy was active in advanced gastric cancer and had a low level of toxicity

A disjunção palatina traz benefícios significativos nas más oclusões caracterizadas pela atresia esquelética do arco dentário superior. Desde os tempos de Angell muitos manuais foram criados com o intuito de orientar a instalação de aparelhos construídos em diferentes formatos e com materiais dos mais diversos fabricantes, utilizando, ainda, diferentes protocolos de ativação que objetivam a referida correção. A tecnologia utilizada para melhorar os materiais componentes dos aparelhos ortodônticos é muito importante mas os pequenos detalhes, que na verdade, não são pequenos, aliados aos conhecimentos científicos e ao bom senso devem ser observados, pois não se deve esperar que o aparelho "faça e resolva" tudo, corrigindo "num passe de mágica" as mordidas cruzadas posteriores. Este trabalho tem por objetivo detalhar as minúcias globais importantes, seja na confecção, na ativação e nos cuidados durante a permanência do disjuntor palatino na cavidade bucal.

The rapid maxillary expansion procedure provide significant benefits in malocclusions with esqueletal posterior crossbites.Since Angell, lots of manuals were made in effort to guide the assembly of appliances from different types and employment of several techniques to obtain the desired correction. The technology used to improve the appliance materials is very important, but little details that actually are not so small together with scientific acknowledge and good sense must be regarded because one can not wait for the appliance “to do and solve” everything, correcting the posterior cross bites by a sleight-of-hand trick. The purpose of this report is to detail some little global aspects about construction, activation and concerns during the permanence period of the rapid maxillary expansion appliance in the mouth.