Abstract Purpose This study aims to investigate the association of demographic characteristics, market conditions and risk taking with the disposition effect using data on Brazilian individual investors. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a unique data set with monthly data from June 2007 to February 2017 provided by one of the largest asset management firms in Brazil. This paper computes the proportion of gains realized and the proportion of losses realized to see if investors incur the disposition effect. This paper then performs logistic regressions to verify the association between investors’ disposition effects and demographic and portfolio characteristics. This paper analyses the prevalence of cognitive biases depending on market conditions (bull or bear markets) and include regressions by asset class as robustness checks. Findings This paper finds evidence that risk averse investors are more prone to the disposition effect, male subjects are less prone to this cognitive bias and age is not associated with the disposition effect. This paper observes that the tendency to incur the disposition effect decreases during bull markets but increases during bear markets. Also, this paper finds that sophisticated investors are more prone to selling winning assets and holding on to losses. Research limitations/implications First, paper gains and losses are based on the highest and lowest prices of the month and not on the price at the moment the sale occurred. Second, this paper had access only to end-of-month information, not to actual daily trading records. Third, because the data set relates to individual investors who trade investment funds, this paper cannot determine whether firm size is associated with the disposition effect. Fourth, age may not necessarily be a proxy for investor experience, so one should interpret the lack of significance for age in terms of generational differences. Practical implications This paper demonstrates that the disposition effect is prevalent even among wealthier and more educated investors with delegated asset classes. This paper also presents evidence on the association between demographic characteristics and cognitive biases considering a liquidity-constrained, highly volatile and developing market. Social implications This paper demonstrates that gender is an important characteristic to understand cognitive biases and that investor sophistication may not necessarily be an attenuation factor for the disposition effect in a liquidity-constrained market. Originality/value This is the first study to analyse the role of demographic characteristics and risk taking to explain the disposition effect using real information at the individual level about Brazilian investors. It is also the first to analyse the intensity of cognitive biases during bull and bear markets in the Brazilian economy.

Resumo Objetivo: Empresas e credores podem adiar certas decisões devido a ações que exigem coordenação nas recuperações de empresas. Este artigo investiga atrasos na votação de planos de recuperação durante as assembleias gerais de credores no Brasil. Metodologia: Utilizando uma amostra de 120 planos de recuperação coletados manualmente, apresentamos análises descritivas e de regressão (mínimos quadrados ordinários, ou MQO, Poisson, regressões binomiais negativas e quantílicas) para mostrar as principais características dos atrasos na votação. Resultados: Nossos resultados revelaram que uma alta concentração de dívida entre as classes de credores está relacionada a menos atrasos. Além disso, um número maior de bancos e credores com garantia real que possuem direitos de crédito na recuperação está positivamente correlacionado com os atrasos. Por fim, argumentamos que os planos de recuperação que requerem tempo adicional para a votação estão relacionados a propostas de desinvestimento. Contribuições: Ainda faltam resultados empíricos baseados na avaliação de características dos vários credores e da proposta de recuperação apresentada no plano de recuperação da empresa. Este é o primeiro artigo no Brasil que explora como os conflitos de interesse entre as classes de credores podem estar relacionados aos atrasos. Nosso artigo contribui para a literatura desenvolvida por Gilson (1990), Gilson et al. (1990), Brown et al. (1993), Franks e Tourus (1994), Helwege (1999), Ayotte e Morrison (2009), Ponticelli (2012) e Ivashina et al. (2015) sobre as características dos atrasos na votação do plano de recuperação durante os casos de reestruturação. Corroboramos os resultados obtidos em trabalhos anteriores e fornecemos uma análise do papel desempenhado por cada classe de credores no atraso da votação do plano em empresas brasileiras.

Abstract Purpose: Firms and creditors may delay certain decisions in corporate reorganizations because of actions that require coordination. This paper investigates delays in voting on reorganization plans during claimholder general meetings in Brazil. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of 120 hand-collected reorganization plans, we present descriptive and regression (OLS, Poisson, negative binomial, and quantile) analyses to show the primary characteristics of delayed votes. Findings: Our results revealed that a high concentration of debt among the different classes of claimholders appeared to be related to fewer delays. Moreover, a higher number of banks and secured creditors with claims in the reorganization appeared to be positively correlated with delays. Finally, we argue that reorganization plans that require additional time to reach a vote are related to divestment proposals. Originality/value: There is still a lack of empirical results based on evaluations of multiple creditor characteristics and the reorganization proposals presented in firms’ reorganization plans. This is the first paper in Brazil to explore how conflicts of interest among different classes of creditors may relate to delays. Our paper contributes to the literature developed by Gilson (1990), Gilson et al. (1990), Brown et al. (1993), Franks and Tourus (1994), Helwege (1999), Ayotte and Morrison (2009), Ponticelli (2012), and Ivashina et al. (2015) regarding the characteristics of delaying reorganization plan votes during restructuring cases. We corroborate the results obtained by previous papers and provide an analysis of the role played by each class of claimholder in delaying plan votes for Brazilian firms

Abstract This study analyzes a unique dataset of 125 corporate reorganization filings in Brazil from 2006 to 2016 to understand the role of bank creditor seniority in bankruptcy outcomes of small- and medium-sized companies. We find that conflict between bank creditor classes is relevant for explaining reorganization outcomes and that it occurs when organizations are in the money. Additionally, bank seniority matters more than the bank’s debt share for explaining bankruptcy outcomes in creditor-oriented regimes. Finally, we find a concave relationship between favorable votes and the number of banks involved and between favorable votes and a company’s age.