ABSTRACT Tahiti lime is a species of great economic importance worldwide. In Brazil, production is concentrated in the states of São Paulo and Pará, where it is usually grafted onto the Rangpur lime. This study aimed to analyze the effects of different irrigation depths on the fruit yield, phenology, and gas exchange of Tahiti lime trees grafted onto Swingle citrumelo. Irrigation was performed during the first year at four different irrigation depths in a random block design with five blocks and four treatments to maintain the soil matric potential in the following ranges: T1: below -50 kPa, T2: from -30 to -50 kPa, T3: from -10 to -30 kPa, and T4: above -10 kPa. The flowering, carbon assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), and fruit yield were measured. Fruits were harvested earlier in the most irrigated treatment, T4, and the yield increased from 2.22 to 6.89 kg per plant from T1 to T4. The average fruit weight escalated from 78.6 to 96.1 g from T1 to T4, and carbon assimilation increased from 6.89 to 9.51 μmol CO2m-2s-1 from T1 to T4.

RESUMO A lima ácida Tahiti é uma espécie de grande importância econômica em todo o mundo. Em território brasileiro, a produção concentra-se nos estados de São Paulo e Pará, onde geralmente é enxertada em limão-cravo. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na produção de frutos, fenologia e trocas gasosas de lima ácida Tahiti enxertada em citrumelo Swingle. A irrigação foi realizada durante o primeiro ano, com quatro lâminas de irrigação diferentes em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com 5 blocos e 4 tratamentos, para manter o potencial matricial do solo nas seguintes faixas: T1: abaixo de -50 kPa, T2: de -30 a -50 kPa , T3: de -10 a -30 kPa e T4: acima de -10 kPa. Foram medidos florescimento, taxa de assimilação de carbono (A), condutância estomática (gs), transpiração (E) e produção de frutos. Os frutos foram colhidos mais cedo no tratamento mais irrigado, T4, e a produtividade aumentou de 2,22 para 6,89 kg por planta de T1 para T4. O peso médio dos frutos aumentou de 78,6 para 96,1 g de T1 para T4. A assimilação de carbono aumentou de 6,89 para 9,51 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1 de T1 para T4.

ABSTRACT: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor is a benign, rare tumor that accounts for 2-7% of odontogenic tumors. It appears with greater prevalence in the second decade of life and is located preferentially in the anterior maxilla. It is a slow-growing, non-aggressive, encapsulated lesion that can go unnoticed for years. It is derived from the odontogenic epithelium, and is characterized histologically by epithelial cells arranged in nests, eddies, or cords with little connective tissue. It may have canalicular structures and a ductiform pattern, with calcifications and it has a capsule. The present study reports two cases, the first is a 30-year-old woman and the second is a 36-year-old man, both with an adenomatoid odontogenic tumor located in the right anterior maxillary area, asymptomatic, without association with an included tooth and cystic presentation at the imaging and histopathological levels. The clinical, radiographic, histopathological and therapeutic characteristics of the cases are discussed.

RESUMEN: El tumor odontogénico adenomatoide es un tumor benigno, poco común, que corresponde al 2-7% de los tumores odontogénicos. Se presenta con mayor prevalencia en la segunda década de vida y se ubica preferentemente en maxilar anterior. Es una lesión encapsulada, no agresiva, de crecimiento lento, que puede pasar desapercibida durante años. Deriva del epitelio odontogénico, y se caracteriza histológicamente por células epiteliales dispuestas en nidos, remolinos o cordones con escaso tejido conjuntivo. Puede presentar estructuras canaliculares un patrón ductiforme, con calcificaciones y presenta cápsula. El presente estudio reporta dos casos, el primero es una mujer de 30 años y el segundo el de un hombre de 36 años, ambos con un tumor odontogénico adenomatoide ubicado en zona maxilar anterior derecha, asintomático, sin asociación con diente incluido y de presentación quística a nivel imagenológico e histopatológico. Se discuten características clínicas, radiográficas, histopatológicas y terapéuticas de los casos.

ABSTRACT Ameloblastic carcinoma is a rare, malignant epithelial odontogenic tumor with a poor prognosis. Histopathologically it preserves an ameloblastomatous differentiation pattern but shows cytological features of malignancy. Due to its rarity, there is limited information on its biological behavior, which is recognized in the literature for being nonspecific and variable, as it may present as a lesion with characteristics compatible with a benign lesion or as a highly malignant aggressive pathological entity. The latter has been a difficulty not only in its diagnosis but also in the therapeutical planning. This article reports a case of a mandibular ameloblastic carcinoma occurring in a patient in the seventh decade of life, highlighting its variable clinical, imaging and histological characteristics that allowed us to reach a definitive diagnosis.

RESUMEN El carcinoma ameloblástico es un tumor odontogénico epitelial maligno, infrecuente y de mal pronóstico. Histopatológicamente es una lesión que conserva un patrón de diferenciación ameloblastomatoso, pero presenta características citológicas de malignidad. Debido a su rareza, existe poca información sobre su comportamiento biológico, el cual es reconocido en la literatura por ser inespecífico y variable, ya que puede presentarse como una lesión con características compatibles con una lesión benigna o como una entidad patológica agresiva altamente maligna. Esto último ha supuesto una dificultad no solo en su diagnóstico, sino también en la planificación terapéutica. Se reporta un caso de un carcinoma ameloblástico mandibular en un paciente perteneciente a la séptima década de la vida, destacando sus características clínicas, imagenológicas e histológicas variables que permitieron llegar a un diagnóstico correcto.

ABSTRACT: Amyloidosis groups a large set of diseases characterized by the deposit of an extracellular insoluble protein known as amyloid. Intraoral presentation of macroglossia induced by amyloidosis is a rare entity that can impair patient function and hide other pathological conditions. We report a case of an 85-year-old woman with no morbid background were the physical examination revealed macroglossia. Primary systemic amyloidosis (AL) definitive diagnosis was made after the tongue biopsy resulted positive under congo red histochemical staining, and serum immunoelectrophoresis had elevated levels for lambda light chains. Primary dental dentistry training on semiotics is imperative to diagnose early stages of hidden pathologies with low life expectancy such as AL, which in 20 % of cases are associated with life threatening diseases like multiple myeloma.

RESUMEN: Amiloidosis se refiere a un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por el deposito extracelular de proteínas insolubles llamadas amiloide. La presentación intraoral de amiloidosis con macroglosia como signo primario es una entidad extraña, la cual puede afectar la funcionalidad de los pacientes aparte de la patología subyacente. Reportamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 85 años sin antecedentes mórbidos que al examen físico presenta macroglosia. La biopsia del tejido afectado fue estudiada bajo inmunohistoquimíca con tinción rojo congo, asociada al análisis de laboratorio que consignó un aumento en el componente monoclonal de cadenas livianas lambda. Se diagnosticó como amiloidosis primaria (AL). Se considera fundamental el entrenamiento al odontólogo general para el diagnóstico precoz de estos signos clínicos, por la baja sobrevida de la amiloidosis y la probabilidad de patologías ocultas como mieloma múltiple, el cual está asociado en un 20 % con AL.

Abstract Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of enamel development disorders that alter the structure and chemical composition of the tissue. There is great variability in the clinical presentation; according to Witkop, AI can be categorized into 14 subtypes, which makes its diagnosis extremely complex. Objective: This study aimed to describe and determine the frequency of clinical and radiographic features and inheritance patterns found in 41 Chilean families diagnosed with diverse types of AI. Material and Methods: We analyzed the clinical records, photographs, pedigrees and radiographs of 121 individuals recruited between 2003 and 2016. All of the information was included in a database that was analyzed using the application Stata 14. Results: The 72 affected individuals had average age of 16 years, and no sex association with the presence of AI was found. The most frequent clinical subtypes were as follows: 43% hypomature, 25% hypoplastic, 21% hypomature/hypoplastic, 7% hypocalcified and 4% hypocalcified/hypoplastic. The number of severely affected teeth was 22, which occurred in the patients with hypocalcified and hypocalcified/hypoplasic AI who presented the highest number of damaged teeth. Caries and periodontal disease were found in 47 and 32% of the patients, respectively. Malocclusions were observed in 43% of the individuals with AI, with open bite being the most frequent. Radiographically, the thickness of the enamel decreased in 51% of the patients, and 80% showed decreased radiopacity of the enamel compared to that of dentin. Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern was found in 37% of the families with hypoplastic AI, and autosomal recessive pattern was present in 56% of the other clinical subtypes, but more frequently in those affected with hypomature and hypocalcified AI. Conclusion: Of the five clinical subtypes, autosomal recessive hypomature, autosomal dominant hypoplastic and autosomal recessive hypomature/hypoplastic AI were the most prevalent subtypes in this group.

ABSTRACT: Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominant hereditary syndrome caused by the mutation of the APC gene. In its classic form, more than 100 intestinal adenomatous polyps progress to colorectal cancer in almost 100% of cases if they are not treated. Within the extracolonic manifestations of FAP are the maxillofacial, such as: osteomas and dental alterations, which may precede the development of colonic polyposis. Although studies of colonic adenomatous polyposis and colon cancer exist in Chile, there are few reports of maxillofacial manifestations in these patients. In the family under study, previously described manifestations were found, such as: odontoma, osteomas and dental malformations; mucosal tags were also observed, with no previous association with the syndrom.

RESUMEN: La Poliposis Adenomatosa Familiar (PAF) es un síndrome hereditario autosómico dominante causado por la mutación del gen APC. En su forma clásica se desarrollan más de 100 pólipos adenomatosos intestinales que progresan a cáncer colorrectal en casi el 100% de los casos no tratados. Dentro de las manifestaciones extracolónicas de PAF, se encuentran las maxilofaciales, como: osteomas y alteraciones dentales, que pueden preceder por años al desarrollo de poliposis colónica. A pesar de que en Chile hay estudios de PAF y cáncer de colon, son escasos los reportes de manifestaciones maxilofaciales en estos pacientes. En la familia en estudio se encontró manifestaciones descritas previamente como: odontoma, osteomas y malformaciones de incisivos; adicionalmente tags mucosos que no se han asociado previamente al síndrome.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Denture stomatitis is a chronic inflammatory process of the mucosa adjacent to removable prosthesis. 71.4% of the subjects with this condition are carriers of Candida and the severity is related to the presence of this yeast. Topical antimycotics belonging to the polyene or azole family are indicated for its treatment. Efficacy of miconazole is reported to be from 80% to 100%, although resistance is described in isolates of Candida. The purpose of the study was to determine the count of Candida in older adults with oral candidiasis, before and after being treated with miconazole. Methodology: Systemic and local antecedents were recorded in 32 elderly adults with denture stomatitis. Differences in number of the colony forming units of Candida yeast, were determined before and after topical treatment with Miconazole 2%. Statistical significances were set at a value of p < 0.05. Results: Yeast counts at the start of the study significantly decreased 8 and 15 days after treatment (median 6,800, 163, 60, respectively). 56.2% of the subjects presented persistence of yeasts after treatment; 21.8% of them with counts higher than 400 CFU / ml saliva. Conclusion: In 56.2% of the study subjects, persistence of Candida yeasts was observed after 2 weeks of treatment with 2% miconazole.

RESUMEN: Introducción: Estomatitis Subprotésica, proceso inflamatorio crónico de la mucosa adyacente a prótesis removible. 71,4% de los sujetos con esta condición es portador de Candida y la severidad se relaciona con la presencia de esta levadura. Para su tratamiento se indica antimicóticos tópicos de la familia de polienos o de azoles. El propósito del estudio fue determinar el recuento de levaduras del género Candida en adultos mayores con candidiasis oral, antes y después de ser tratados con miconazol. Materiales y métodos: Se consignaron antecedentes sistémicos y locales en 32 adultos mayores con estomatitis subprotésica. Se determinó recuento de levaduras del género Candida en saliva, antes y después del tratamiento tópico con Miconazol 2%. Se aceptaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas con un error alfa igual o menor a 0.05%. Resultados: Los recuentos de levaduras del inicio del estudio disminuyeron significativamente a los días 8 y 15 después del tratamiento (mediana 6.800, 163, 60, respectivamente). 56,2% de los individuos presentó persistencia de levaduras después del tratamiento; 21,8% de ellos con recuentos superiores a 400 UFC/ml de saliva. Conclusiones: En el 56,2% de los individuos del estudio se observó persistencia de levaduras del género Candida luego de 2 semanas de tratamiento con miconazol al 2%.

Abstract: Orofacial granulomatosis is a nonspecific term that contains a wide variety of granulomatous entities, which share a clinical and histopathological presentation. It manifests as persistent or recurrent orofacial swelling, amongst other findings. Idiopathic orofacial granulomatosis, characterized by an absence of systemic granulomatous disease, is a diagnosis of exclusion. The main differential diagnosis is Crohn's disease. Its pathogenesis is unknown, however, it seems to be immune-mediated. Patch-test sensitivity to multiple allergens is well documented. Currently, therapeutic options consider restrictive diets, topical, intralesional, and systemic agents. First-line therapy is currently a matter of debate. We present a review of the value of diet therapy in this syndrome, along with two illustrative cases.

Introduction Xerostomia is a common chronic health condition that affects a great number of elderly people. Palliative treatment, such as salivary substitutes should be used, but these products are not accessible in the Chilean market. Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a new Chamomile and linseed based saliva substitute in the reduction of xerostomía-associated symptomatology in elderly people. Methodology Forty elderly subjects presenting with xerostomia of various origins were selected. Chamomile and linseed based saliva substitute and a carboxymethylcellulose based conventional artificial saliva were tested using a double-blind, randomized, cross-over clinical trial with an intervining wash out period. Results All (100%) of subjects had a sensation of dry mouth, and 58.8% mentioned a sensation of thick saliva, 52.9% needed to drink liquids to swallow, and with a sensation of swallowing difficulty. Burning tongue sensation was recorded in 23.5% of the patients. The most frequent pathologies in the sample were arterial hypertension and arthritis. Results of the clinical tests showed that Chamomile and linseed based saliva substitute significantly relieves the sensation of dry mouth and the sensation of thick saliva (Wilcoxon test P < .05). Conclusion New chamomile and linseed based saliva substitute was effective in relieving xerostomia symptoms in elderly people, and could improve the quality of life of population affected by this condition.

Introducción La xerostomía es una condición crónica que afecta a un alto porcentaje de adultos mayores, que deben ser tratados paliativamente mediante el uso de sustitutos salivales; sin embargo estos productos no se encuentran disponibles en el mercado nacional. Objetivos Evaluar la eficacia de un nuevo sustituto salival a base de manzanilla y semillas de linaza en la disminución de la sintomatología asociada a xerostomía en individuos adultos mayores. Metodología Se incluyeron 34 voluntarios adultos mayores con xerostomía de diverso origen. Un nuevo sustituto salival a base de manzanilla y semillas de linaza y un sustituto convencional a base de carboximetilcelulosa fueron testados en un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, cruzado, con período de blanqueamiento. Resultados El 100% de los sujetos presentó sensación de boca seca, el 58,8% sensación de saliva espesa, el 52,9% necesitaba beber líquidos para deglutir los alimentos y tenía sensación de dificultad para tragar. La sensación de ardor lingual se registró en el 23,5% de los individuos. Las enfermedades más frecuentes en la muestra analizada fueron la hipertensión arterial y la artritis. Los resultados del ensayo clínico indican que el sustituto salival a base de manzanilla y semillas de linaza disminuye significativamente la sensación de boca seca y la sensación de saliva espesa (test de Wilcoxon p < 0,05). Conclusión El nuevo sustituto salival a base de manzanilla y semillas de linaza es efectivo en el alivio de la sintomatología asociada a xerostomía en adultos mayores, por lo que puede contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de la población afectada por esta condición.

The objective of this study was to describe the main clinical characteristics and the relative frequency of each type of oral malignancies received at the Oral Pathology Reference Institute (IREPO) of the Faculty of Odontology; University of Chile, since 1975 to 2006. Studies were performed of 728 cases of biopsies recorded in the IREPO data base with a diagnosis corresponding to some type of Oral Malignant Tumour (OMT) and which counted with all required clinical and demographic data. Histological sections were observed by two oral pathologists with the purpose of confirming the original diagnosis. 61.6% of OMTs were observed in males and 38.4% in females. Patients average age was 65.3 years, and the most frequent localization was the alveolar/gums ridge (20% of the cases) being the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) the most frequent pathology (58.4%) These results are similar to the frequencies of oral malignancies reported for other countries as to distribution per gender, age, histological diagnosis. Nevertheless, frequency distribution of each of the OMTs is different to that indicated in most publications.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las principales caracteristicas clinicas y la frecuencia relativa de cada tipo de neoplasia maligna bucal recibidas en el Instituto de Referencia en Patologia Oral (IREPO) de la Facultad de Odontologia de la Universidad de Chile, entre los anos 1975 y 2006. Se seleccionaron todos los casos registrados en la base de datos del IREPO entre los anos 1975-2006 y que correspon - dieran a algun tipo de Tumor Maligno Oral (TMO) y de los que se contara con todos los datos clinicos y demograficos requeridos. Con el proposito de confirmar el diagnostico ori - gi nal, los cortes histologicos fueron observados por dos pato logos orales. El 61,6% de los TMO se presentaron en hombres y el 38,4% en mujeres. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 65,3 anos y la localizacion mas frecuente fue en las encias/reborde alveolar (20% de los casos), siendo el carcinoma de celulas escamosas (CCE) el tipo mas frecuente de TMO con un 58,4% de los casos. Estos resultados son similares a las frecuencias de tumores malignos orales reportadas en otros paises como tambien su distribucion por genero, edad y tipo histologico. Sin embargo, la distribucion de frecuencias de los diferentes TMO es distinta a la reportada en la mayoria de las publicaciones.

Background and Objectives: Aggressiveness is a common component of manic symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics associated with aggressive behaviour in bipolar patients with acute manic episodes. Methods: A study was carried out with 173 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for manic or mixed bipolar disorder. Clinical and demographic variables were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Significance and independence of relevant variables were tested with regression models. Results: Forty percent of patients displayed aggressive behaviour. Involuntary nature of admission, positive psychotic symptoms and lack of insight were predictors of aggressive behaviour in manic patients. Conclusions: Aggressive behaviour during acute manic episodes appears to be related with the severity of the psychopathology, and particularly positive psychotic symptoms, involuntary admissions and lack of insight.

Objetive.In smokers with clinically normal buccal mucosa, cytological changes such as increased keratinization, and higher nucleolar activity have been observed. In these studies the cells for cytological smears were obtained with a wooden spatula. Our objectives were to evaluate the depth of cytological smears of oral mucosa obtained with both a brush (endobrush) and a wooden spatula, and to compare the degree of keratinization and the nucleolar activity in smokers and non-smokers. Design. We obtained cytological smears of clinically normal lateral tongues of 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers using both a wooden spatula and endobrush. The samples were dyed with Papanicolaou and the AgNORs. Results. With the wooden spatula we found a greater percentage of enucleated superficial epithelial cells (P = 0.016) and deeper cells were obtained with an endobrush (intermediate cells) (P = 0.035). The smokers showed a greater percentage of enucleated superficial cells with both techniques, however this difference was significantly greater with Endobrush (P=0.005). The average of AgNORs in the nucleated cells was greater in smokers (3.83) than in non-smokers (2.79) (P=0.003). Conclusion. The Endobrush allows the clinician to obtain deeper cells of buccal mucosa. Smokers with clinically normal mucosa show a greater percentage of keratinized cells and a greater nucleolar activity, suggesting that cigarette smoking influences the cellular activity of the mucosa of the lateral tongue.

Objetivos. En individuos fumadores con mucosa oral clínicamente sana, se han observado cambios citológicos como una mayor queratinización, existiendo también reportes de un mayor grado de actividad nucleolar. En estos estudios, las células para frotis se han obtenido por medio de espátula de madera. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar la profundidad de muestras citológicas de mucosa oral obtenidas con cepillo para frotis (endobrush) y comparar el grado de queratinización y la actividad nucleolar en pacientes fumadores y no fumadores. Diseño del estudio. Se obtuvieron frotis de mucosa oral de borde de lengua clínicamente normal de 30 individuos fumadores y 30 no fumadores, utilizando espátula de madera y endobrush. Las muestras fueron teñidas con Papanicolaou y con la tinción AgNORs. Resultados. Con la espátula de madera se obtuvo un mayor porcentaje de células epiteliales superficiales anucleadas (P= 0.016) y con el endobrush se obtuvieron células más profundas (tipo intermedias) (P= 0.035). Los individuos fumadores presentaron un mayor porcentaje de células superficiales anucleadas con ambas técnicas, diferencia que fue estadísticamente significativa con la técnica endobrush (P=0.005). El promedio de AgNORs en las células nucleadas fue mayor en los individuos fumadores (3.83) que en los no fumadores (2.79) (P= 0.003). Conclusiones. El endobrush permite obtener células de estratos más profundos. Los individuos fumadores con mucosa clínicamente normal presentan un mayor porcentaje de células queratinizadas y una mayor actividad nucleolar, sugiriendo que el consumo de cigarrillo influye en la actividad celular de la mucosa del borde de lengua.